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Diocese of Mid-America (Reformed Episcopal Church)

2026-06-17T02:36:57Z

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= Diocese of Mid-America (Reformed Episcopal Church) =

The '''Diocese of Mid-America''' (DMA) is a diocese of the [[Reformed Episcopal Church]] (REC), a founding jurisdiction of the [[Anglican Church in North America]] (ACNA). Headquartered in Dallas, Texas, it is among the largest and most geographically expansive dioceses in the REC, covering 27 states.<ref>[citation needed]</ref> The diocese traces its origins to the founding of the REC in 1873 and to the subsequent formation of the Synod of Chicago under Bishop Charles Edward Cheney.

== History ==

=== Synod of Chicago (1875–1995) ===

Following the founding of the Reformed Episcopal Church on December 2, 1873, the Rev. Charles Edward Cheney, rector of Christ Church, Chicago, was consecrated as the second Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church. Cheney had previously been deposed from the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1871 for deleting the word "regeneration" from the baptismal office, a cause célèbre in the evangelical Anglican movement.

The '''Synod of Chicago''' was formally organized in 1875 with Bishop Cheney as its first Bishop Ordinary. Cheney served in this capacity until his death in 1916, making his episcopate one of the longest in Anglican history in North America.<ref>[citation needed]</ref> During his tenure, Cheney was a central figure in the REC's internal [[vestments controversy]], defending the use of the surplice and episcopal robes as marks of authentic Episcopal identity against those who sought to abolish all vestments in favor of the plain black gown.

Bishop '''Samuel Fallows''' succeeded Cheney as Bishop of the Synod of Chicago from 1916 to 1922, also serving as Presiding Bishop of the REC. Following Fallows, the synod was administered by acting bishops under the Presiding Bishop until Bishop '''Frank V.C. Cloak''' was elected in 1931, serving until 1953. Subsequent bishops included '''Joseph E. Kearny''', '''Howard D. Higgins''', and '''Franklin Sellers''', who served from 1974 until the synod's merger in 1996.

=== Special Jurisdiction of North America (1990–1996) ===

In 1984, Bishop '''Royal U. Grote, Jr.''' was elected Suffragan Bishop in the New York and Philadelphia Synod. As President of the Board of National Church Extension, Grote recognized the need for REC expansion west of the Mississippi River. At the 46th General Council (1990), the REC voted to establish the '''Special Jurisdiction of North America''' (SJNA), comprising all congregations not included in existing synods.

Grote was elected Missionary Bishop of the SJNA and relocated to Houston, Texas, where he planted the Church of the Holy Trinity and a daycare school. The jurisdiction grew rapidly from six parishes and four missions in 1990 to 33 parishes and missions by 1996. As the REC adopted diocesan terminology, the SJNA was redesignated the '''Missionary Diocese of North America''' (MDNA).

=== Formation of the Diocese of Mid-America (1995–present) ===

In 1995, with the approaching retirement of Bishop Franklin Sellers, the Synod of Chicago voted to merge with the Missionary Diocese of North America. The merged body was named the '''Diocese of Mid-America''', with Bishop Grote elected as Bishop Ordinary. This merger united the oldest continuous REC jurisdiction (the Synod of Chicago, heir to Cheney's episcopate) with the newest missionary expansion body.

The 48th General Council (1996) endorsed the election of the Rev. '''Daniel R. Morse''' as Assistant Bishop, later elevated to Bishop Co-adjutor. In 2008, the REC restructured diocesan boundaries and formed the '''Diocese of the Central States''' from many DMA parishes; Bishop Morse was elected its first bishop.

The Diocese of Mid-America also gave rise to the '''Diocese of the West''', initially under Bishop George Fincke. Following Fincke's stroke, the Diocese of the West returned to DMA oversight until it was reestablished through the affiliation of the Anglican Province of America's Diocese of the West under Bishop Richard Boyce. When Bishop Mott and a portion of that diocese voted to affiliate with the Missionary Diocese of All Saints, remaining parishes formed the '''Convocation of the West''' under DMA oversight. The Diocese of Western Canada & Alaska similarly joined the DMA upon Bishop Charles Dorrington's retirement.

Bishop Grote served as Bishop Ordinary until his death in November 2016. Bishop Co-adjutor '''Ray R. Sutton''' then assumed the office of Bishop Ordinary and continues to serve, also holding the office of Presiding Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church. At the 2017 Diocesan Synod, the Very Rev. '''Walter Banek''' was unanimously elected Suffragan Bishop, continuing to serve as rector of Good Shepherd Reformed Episcopal Church in Tyler, Texas.

== Cranmer Theological House ==

In 1994, Bishop Grote and the Diocese of Mid-America founded '''[[Cranmer Theological House]]''' in Shreveport, Louisiana, as the third Reformed Episcopal seminary. The late Rev. '''Louis Tarsitano''' served as its first dean. Bishop Sutton relocated from Philadelphia to serve as dean from 1995 to 2002, during which time he was consecrated bishop (July 1999). Cranmer Theological House subsequently relocated to Houston, Texas, and has operated in the Dallas–Houston corridor under the deanship of the Very Rev. '''Curtis Crenshaw'''. The seminary provides biblical and Anglican theological formation, ordination training, and external courses nationally.

== Mission and REC100 ==

The Diocese of Mid-America has maintained an explicitly missionary identity since its founding as the Special Jurisdiction of North America. Bishops Grote and Sutton jointly developed '''REC100''', a denominational mission and growth initiative for the Reformed Episcopal Church. Though Bishop Grote died before the initiative launched, REC100 continues as a legacy of his missionary vision.<ref>[citation needed]</ref>

== Bishops Ordinary and Missionary Bishops ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Bishop
! Term
! Notes
|-
| Charles Edward Cheney
| 1875–1916
| First Bishop, Synod of Chicago; Second Bishop of the REC
|-
| Samuel Fallows
| 1916–1922
| Also Presiding Bishop of the REC
|-
| Willard Brewing
| 1922–1929
| Acting Bishop under Presiding Bishop
|-
| Robert L. Rudolph
| 1922–1930
| As Presiding Bishop of the REC
|-
| Robert Westly Peach
| 1930–1931
| As Presiding Bishop of the REC
|-
| Frank V.C. Cloak
| 1931–1953
|
|-
| Joseph E. Kearny
| 1953–1957
| As Presiding Bishop of the REC
|-
| Howard D. Higgins
| 1957–1974
| As Presiding Bishop of the REC
|-
| Franklin Sellers
| 1974–1996
| Also Presiding Bishop of the REC
|-
| Royal U. Grote, Jr.
| 1990–2016
| Missionary Bishop 1990–1996; Bishop Ordinary 1996–2016
|-
| Ray R. Sutton
| 2016–present
| Also Presiding Bishop of the REC
|}

== Other Bishops of the Diocese ==

Walter Banek · Frank Brulc · Charles Camlin · William Culbertson · Charles Dorrington · George Fincke · Daniel R. Morse · Winn Mott · Gerald Schnackenburg · Sam Seamans

== See Also ==

* [[Reformed Episcopal Church]]
* [[Anglican Church in North America]]
* [[Charles Edward Cheney]]
* [[Vestments Controversy (Reformed Episcopal Church)]]
* [[Cranmer Theological House]]
* [[Diocese of the Central States (REC)]]

== External Links ==

* [https://www.recdma.org Diocese of Mid-America official website]
* [http://cranmerhouse.org Cranmer Theological House]
* [http://rec100.org REC100]

Women and Holy Orders in Anglicanism

2026-06-06T22:40:01Z

YourUsername: Protected "Women and Holy Orders in Anglicanism" ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite))

{| class="infobox" style="width:22em; float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%;"
|+ '''Women and Holy Orders in Anglicanism'''
|-
! Question at issue
| Ordination of women to the diaconate, priesthood, and episcopate
|-
! First female priest
| [[Florence Li Tim-Oi]], 1944
|-
! First female bishop
| [[Barbara Harris]], 1989
|-
! First female Archbishop of Canterbury
| [[Sarah Mullally]], 2026
|-
! Provinces ordaining women
| Majority, varying by order and province
|-
! Principal objections
| Iconic or representative argument; headship argument
|-
! Key documents
| Lambeth resolutions; [[Eames Commission]] reports; ''[[Inter Insigniores]]''; ''[[Ordinatio Sacerdotalis]]''; [[Five Guiding Principles]]
|}

'''Women and Holy Orders in Anglicanism''' refers to the long, contested, and still-unresolved question of whether women may be ordained to the three historic orders of the ordained ministry — deacon, priest (presbyter), and bishop — within the churches of the [[Anglican Communion]] and the wider Anglican world. The question is at once historical, biblical, theological, canonical, and ecumenical, and it has become one of the principal fault lines defining the internal life of global Anglicanism since the second half of the twentieth century.

For the first nineteen centuries of Christian history, and for the first four centuries of the [[Church of England]] as a distinct ecclesial body, the ordained ministry of word and sacrament was reserved to men. This was not, in the main, the product of explicit legislation but of an unbroken assumption shared with the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches, and the Oriental Orthodox churches — the three other communions that claim [[Apostolic succession|apostolic succession]] and a sacramental priesthood. The deliberate ordination of a woman as a priest did not occur in the Anglican Communion until the wartime expedient of '''Florence Li Tim-Oi''' in Hong Kong in 1944, and the first synodically sanctioned ordinations followed only in 1971. Within a single generation thereafter, a majority of Anglican provinces moved to ordain women to the priesthood, and a growing number to the episcopate, culminating in the appointment of '''Dame Sarah Mullally''' as the first woman Archbishop of Canterbury, confirmed in January 2026 and installed at Canterbury Cathedral on 25 March 2026.

This rapid transformation has not produced consensus. Anglicanism today contains, simultaneously: provinces that ordain women to all three orders; provinces that ordain women as deacons and priests but not bishops; provinces that ordain women only as deacons; provinces that ordain women to none of the orders; and, within several provinces, dioceses, parishes, and ecclesial bodies that dissent from the provincial norm in either direction. The [[Reformed Episcopal Church]] (REC) and significant parts of the [[Anglican Church in North America]] (ACNA) maintain a male-only or partially male-only ministry; the Continuing Anglican churches generally reject women's ordination entirely; the [[GAFCON]] movement and the [[Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches]] (GSFA) have maintained a moratorium on the consecration of women as bishops; and within the Church of England a formal settlement provides for the "mutual flourishing" of those who cannot in conscience receive the ministry of women priests and bishops.

This article aims to set out the full landscape: the historical precedent for a male-only ministry and the manner in which it was maintained; the development of the modern debate; the principal biblical texts and the competing approaches to interpreting them; the strongest theological arguments advanced on each side; the relevant ecclesiology; the official actions of the Lambeth Conferences and individual provinces; the ecumenical consequences; and the current state of the question across the major Anglican churches.

A note on method and tone: this article distinguishes, as far as possible, between '''established fact''' (e.g., the date of a synodical vote), '''official church position''' (e.g., a Lambeth resolution or a provincial canon), '''theological argument''' (claims advanced by partisans of a view), and '''interpretation''' (the reading of evidence). Where a claim is contested, the article identifies it as such. The historical material on the inherited tradition is documented at length from primary sources, many of them in the public domain; the theological arguments on both sides are presented in the form their own proponents would recognize.

== Definitions and Terminology ==

'''Holy Orders.''' In classical Anglican usage, "Holy Orders" denotes the three ordained ministries the Church of England retained at the Reformation. The Preface to the Anglican ''[[Ordinal]]'' (the rite for ordaining ministers, bound with the ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'') declares it "evident unto all men diligently reading Holy Scripture and ancient Authors, that from the Apostles' time there have been these Orders of Ministers in Christ's Church; Bishops, Priests, and Deacons."<ref name="Ordinal1662">Church of England, [https://www.eskimo.com/~lhowell/bcp1662/ordinal/ordinal.html The Form and Manner of Making, Ordaining, and Consecrating of Bishops, Priests, and Deacons], in the 1662 Book of Common Prayer.</ref> Ordination to these orders is, in the catholic understanding shared by Anglo-Catholics and many others, a sacramental act conveying an indelible character through the laying-on of hands by a bishop in apostolic succession.

'''Deacon.''' The first and lowest of the three orders. The deacon assists at the liturgy, reads the Gospel, may baptize and preach, and historically exercised a ministry of "succour" — charitable and pastoral service. A deacon cannot preside at the Eucharist, pronounce absolution, or give the blessing.

'''Priest / Presbyter.''' The Anglican formularies use "priest" (a contraction of ''presbyter'') for the second order. The priest presides at the Eucharist, pronounces absolution, and blesses — functions reserved to priests and bishops. The Latin and Reformed strands within Anglicanism dispute the weight to give the word "priest": Anglo-Catholics emphasize the sacrificial and representative (sacerdotal) character of the office; many Evangelicals prefer "presbyter" or "minister" and stress preaching and pastoral oversight. The difference of emphasis is significant for the ordination-of-women debate, because several of the strongest objections turn on a sacerdotal and representative understanding of priesthood.

'''Bishop / Episcopate.''' The highest order, holding the fullness of orders, the power to ordain, and oversight (''episkopē'') of a diocese. In catholic ecclesiology the bishop is the focus of unity and the guarantor of apostolic continuity. Because bishops ordain, the question of women bishops raises the additional issue of the ''validity'' and ''reception'' of the orders they confer.

'''[[Deaconess]].''' A distinct office (not, historically, one of the Holy Orders) revived in the nineteenth century for women engaged in charitable, catechetical, and pastoral work, especially to women. The relationship of the deaconess to the diaconate proper was disputed for a century and is central to the early-twentieth-century Anglican debate (see section 11).

'''Ordination of women (OoW).''' The general term for the practice and the question. "Women's ordination" is used interchangeably.

'''Complementarian / Egalitarian.''' Terms (drawn chiefly from Evangelical discourse) for two positions on the relation of the sexes. ''Complementarians'' hold that men and women are equal in dignity but have distinct, non-interchangeable roles, with headship in church and home reserved to men; many complementarians therefore oppose women priests and/or bishops. ''Egalitarians'' hold that the equal dignity of the sexes entails the interchangeability of roles, including ordained office.

'''The "iconic" or "representative" argument.''' The catholic objection (associated with [[C. S. Lewis]], the 1976 Vatican declaration ''Inter Insigniores'', and Anglo-Catholic theologians) that the priest, at the altar, acts ''in persona Christi'' — in the person of Christ — and that because the Incarnation is in a male form and the relation of Christ to the Church is iconically nuptial (Bridegroom to Bride), the priest who represents Christ to the Church must be male.

'''Headship argument.''' The Reformed/Evangelical objection that Scripture (especially 1 Timothy 2 and 1 Corinthians 11) assigns to men a distinctive "headship" of teaching and governing authority in the gathered congregation, which the presbyteral and episcopal offices embody.

'''Reception.''' A key Anglican concept: the process by which an innovation, once introduced, is tested over time against the mind of the whole Church and either received or not received as a true development. The ordination of women has officially been treated by several Anglican bodies as being "in a process of reception."

'''Provincial autonomy.''' The principle that each self-governing province of the Anglican Communion may legislate on such matters for itself, subject to the bonds of communion. The Communion has no central legislative authority; the [[Lambeth Conference]], the [[Anglican Consultative Council]], the [[Primates' Meeting]], and the Archbishop of Canterbury are "Instruments of Communion" with moral but not juridical authority over provinces.

'''[[Provincial Episcopal Visitor]] (PEV) / "flying bishop."''' In the Church of England, a bishop appointed to provide alternative episcopal oversight to parishes that, on grounds of theological conviction, cannot accept the ministry of women or of bishops who ordain them.

'''GAFCON / Global South.''' The '''Global Anglican Future Conference''' (GAFCON, since 2008) and the '''Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches''' (GSFA) are networks of theologically conservative Anglican provinces and bodies, predominantly in the Global South, which regard themselves as guardians of orthodox Anglicanism.

== Historical Background ==

=== Women's ministry in the early Church ===

There is no dispute that women exercised significant and varied ministries in the apostolic and patristic Church. The New Testament names women as patrons, co-workers, prophets, and at least one ''diakonos'': Phoebe of Cenchreae is called a ''diakonos'' of the church (Romans 16:1); Prisca (Priscilla) instructed Apollos (Acts 18:26); Philip's four daughters "prophesied" (Acts 21:9); and women "prayed and prophesied" in the Corinthian assembly (1 Corinthians 11:5). The Pauline letters greet numerous women as fellow labourers.

What is disputed is whether any of this constitutes evidence of women in the ''presbyteral'' or ''sacerdotal'' office. The historic and majority scholarly judgment — affirmed across catholic, Orthodox, and (until recently) most of Anglicanism — has been that it does not. The traditional reading distinguishes sharply between '''prophecy''' (an extraordinary, charismatic gift bestowed on men and women alike) and '''priesthood''' (the ordered, sacramental, governing office). The C. S. Lewis essay reproduced in many Anglican collections crystallizes the distinction in a single phrase: the Old and New Testaments know "prophetesses, not priestesses."

The patristic witness against women priests is early and explicit. '''Tertullian''' (c. AD 200), summarizing the discipline of the Church, wrote<ref name="MinistryWomen1919">Church of England, The Ministry of Women: A Report by a Committee Appointed by His Grace the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury (London: SPCK, 1919).</ref><ref name="Tertullian">Tertullian, De Baptismo and De Virginibus Velandis, c. AD 200.</ref> that it is not permitted to a woman to speak in church, nor to teach, baptize, offer, or "claim a share in any work of men, to say nothing of the sacerdotal office." '''Epiphanius of Salamis''' (4th century), in his catalogue of heresies<ref name="Epiphanius">Epiphanius of Salamis, Panarion (Adversus Haereses), Book III.</ref>, argued from the silence of Scripture that if women were to offer sacrifice or perform any ritual function in the Church, it would above all have befallen the Virgin Mary to do so — yet "it was not seen fit" (''at non placuit''). The few groups that did admit women to sacerdotal functions — the '''Montanists''', the '''Collyridians''', the '''Pepuzians''' — were uniformly classed as heretical sects. This is the consistent line summarized by the Church of England's own ''The Ministry of Women'' report (1919), as quoted by Bishop Arthur Hall: "We find no evidence for the admission of women to the priesthood. Save among heretical or obscure sects, there have been no Christian priestesses."

The '''order of deaconesses''' is the one substantial qualification. Deaconesses are well attested in the Christian East from the third and fourth centuries, especially at Antioch and Constantinople, and a rite for their ordination exists in the ''Apostolic Constitutions''. Their functions were largely confined to the assistance of women — at the baptism of adult women (a matter of decency in an age of full-immersion nude baptism), in the care of the sick and poor, and in the instruction of female catechumens. The patristic scholar '''Cuthbert Turner''' summarized the early evidence in two propositions widely cited in the Anglican debate: first, that no woman ever undertook a public liturgical function "in the face of the Church" — that is, in a mixed congregation; and second, that no order of women ministers was ever universal, and an order of merely local currency was never regarded as standing on a level with the orders universal in the Church. On this reading, deaconesses were ''not'' in "Holy Orders" in the strict sense. The contrary view — that the diaconate of women was a genuine ordained order, never formally condemned by any council, and therefore capable of revival — is also of long standing and was affirmed in part by the Church of England's 1919 report.

=== Medieval developments ===

In the Latin West the order of deaconesses had little purchase and largely disappeared; '''Bishop John Wordsworth''' noted that its practical development "was confined to the East," that there is "scarcely any mention of the office in the West in the first four centuries," and that when it does appear in the West it is "usually with disfavour," the first mention at Rome belonging to the eighth century. Medieval Western theology consolidated the position that the male sex is required for valid ordination.

The classic formulation is that of '''Thomas Aquinas'''<ref name="Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas, [https://www.newadvent.org/summa/5039.htm Summa Theologiae, Supplement, q. 39].</ref> (13th century). In the ''Summa Theologiae'' (Supplement, q. 39), having weighed the contrary arguments — including the gift of prophecy bestowed on women — Aquinas concluded that the male sex is required for the sacrament of Orders, and that "though all the ceremonies of ordination were performed in the case of a woman, she would not be ordained." His reasoning rested on the symbolic ("significative") requirement that the one ordained signify a position of "eminence," which he held a woman in the state of subjection could not signify. Later scholastic and canonical tradition followed Aquinas; the medieval West also venerated the Virgin Mary to an extraordinary degree without ever attributing to her any sacerdotal office — a point made by Lewis and, centuries earlier, by Epiphanius and by the English Reformer John Hooper.

=== Reformation and post-Reformation Anglicanism ===

The English Reformation altered much in the doctrine and practice of ministry — abolishing the cult of the saints, reforming the Mass, permitting clerical marriage, and subordinating the Church to the Crown — but it did not alter, or even seriously question, the reservation of the ordained ministry to men. The Reformers' objection was to particular abuses of priesthood, not to its being male. Across the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries the English divines are uniform on the point, grounding it directly in the Pauline prohibitions (1 Corinthians 14:34–35; 1 Timothy 2:11–12).

A representative sequence of primary witnesses demonstrates the consistency of the inherited Anglican mind:

* '''John Hooper''', ''An Answer unto My Lord of Winchester's Book'' (1547)<ref name="Hooper1547">John Hooper, An Answer unto My Lord of Winchester's Book (1547).</ref>, reasoning from Epiphanius: since "the ministry of Christ's church chiefly dependeth in the preaching of the gospel and the ministration of the sacraments; and as the preaching of the word is not the office of a woman, no more is the ministration of the sacraments."

* '''Anthony Scoloker''', ''A Bryefe Summe of the Bible'' (1549)<ref name="Scoloker1549">Anthony Scoloker, A Bryefe Summe of the Bible (1549).</ref>, paraphrasing 1 Timothy 2 and 1 Corinthians 14: "Suffer not a woman to teach nor to have authority over the man, but for to be in silence. For Adam was first formed, and then Eve."

* '''Alexander Nowell''' (1565)<ref name="Nowell1565">Alexander Nowell, A Reproof of "A Proof" by Thomas Dorman (1565).</ref>, distinguishing the offices of princes and civil magistrates from those of "Priests Ecclesiastical ministers," and insisting that even Queen Elizabeth neither could nor would "execute ecclesiastical functions" such as ministering the Sacraments, preaching, excommunicating, or absolving — a point of constitutional as well as theological significance for the Royal Supremacy.

* '''[[John Whitgift]]''', Archbishop of Canterbury<ref name="Whitgift1574">John Whitgift, The Defense of the Answer to the Admonition (1574); Three Articles (1583).</ref>, who in his ''Defense of the Answer to the Admonition'' (1574) held that "women may not speake ordinarily in the congregation, nor challenge any suche function unto themselves," and whose 1583 ''Three Articles'' required that "none be permitted to preach, or interpret the Scriptures, unless he be a priest, or deacon at the least."

* '''Thomas Bilson''', ''The True Difference Between Christian Subjection and Unchristian Rebellion'' (1585)<ref name="Bilson1585">Thomas Bilson, The True Difference Between Christian Subjection and Unchristian Rebellion (1585).</ref>: "That women may not undertake this charge to feed Christ's sheep, it was needless to cite Chrysostom. S. Paul said it before in other words, and we be far from any such folly."

* '''Hadrian Saravia''' (1590)<ref name="Saravia1590">Hadrian Saravia, Of the Diverse Degrees of the Ministers of the Gospel (1590).</ref>, who allowed that a learned woman "may write, and privately instruct her family," precisely because the Apostle forbade her to speak in the congregation — drawing the line at ''public'' teaching and ministry.

* '''[[Richard Hooker]]''', the pre-eminent Elizabethan apologist<ref name="HookerLaws">Richard Hooker, Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, Books III and V (1594, 1597).</ref>, in the ''Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity'' (Book V, lxii.2, 1597), connecting the apostolic prohibition on women teaching with the refusal to make them "ministers of holy things," and observing that the service of "women goddesses" by "women priests" was a mark of pagan impiety — an anticipation of the modern argument that priestesses belong to a different kind of religion.

* '''Thomas Rogers''', ''The Catholike Doctrine of the Church of England'' (1607)<ref name="Rogers1607">Thomas Rogers, The Catholike Doctrine of the Church of England (1607).</ref>, an exposition of the [[Thirty-Nine Articles]], listing among errors the opinion that "women may be Deacons, Elders, and Bishops."

* '''John Tombes''' (1667)<ref name="Tombes1667">John Tombes, Theodulia (1667).</ref>, who, while excluding women from "any Ordinary Ministery of the Word or Sacraments," nonetheless allowed that the gift of prophecy and private instruction (citing Philip's daughters and Priscilla) could not be denied women when God bestows such a gift — an early statement of the distinction between extraordinary charism and ordinary office.

* '''Patrick Smith''', ''A Preservative Against Quakerism'' (1732), and '''Edmund Gibson'''<ref name="SmithGibson">Patrick Smith, A Preservative Against Quakerism (1732); Edmund Gibson, A Letter to the Bishop of London (1741).</ref>, Bishop of London (1741), both writing against Quaker women's preaching, treating the Pauline texts as a settled and "express Prohibition of Women's Preaching or Praying in Publick Assemblies."

The recurring nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century revival of the '''deaconess''' office (from the 1860s in England) reopened, but did not at first overturn, this consensus. The order was understood by most authorities as a commissioned ministry of service rather than admission to Holy Orders. It is against this background of a near-unbroken inherited tradition — patristic, medieval, and Reformation — that the modern Anglican debate must be understood. The traditionalist case has always rested heavily on the claim that the burden of proof lies on innovation: that a national church has no authority on its own to reverse the universal and apostolic practice of the whole Church.

== Development of the debate in Anglicanism ==

The modern Anglican debate emerged in three overlapping phases.

'''Phase one (c. 1850–1920): the woman question and the deaconess.''' The revival of the deaconess order, the expansion of women's religious communities, the rise of the women's-suffrage movement, and the entry of women into the medical and legal professions all pressed the question of women's roles in the Church. The first explicit Anglican proposals for women's ordination were raised in suffrage-adjacent organizations such as the League of the Church Militant. The Church of England's committee report ''The Ministry of Women'' (1919) gathered the historical evidence and concluded against the priesthood while leaving the diaconate question open.

'''Phase two (1920–1968): containment.''' The Lambeth Conferences of 1920 and 1930 addressed the status of the deaconess and firmly resisted any extension to the priesthood (see section 9). The 1921 monograph ''Women and Holy Orders'' by '''Arthur C. A. Hall'''<ref name="Hall1921">Arthur C. A. Hall, [https://archive.org/details/womenholyorders00hall Women and Holy Orders] (New Brunswick, 1921).</ref>, Bishop of Vermont, is a representative and unusually full statement of the traditionalist case in this period, marshalling arguments from authority, reason, and expediency (see section 7 and section 20). The single great exception was the wartime ordination of '''Florence Li Tim-Oi''' in Hong Kong in 1944 (see section 18), an emergency measure that the bishop's metropolitan and the wider Communion declined to endorse, and whose priestly ministry Li Tim-Oi herself voluntarily suspended after the war.

'''Phase three (1968–present): adoption and division.''' The 1968 Lambeth Conference declined to settle the question but referred it to the newly created Anglican Consultative Council (ACC). In 1971 the ACC advised that the Bishop of Hong Kong might, with his synod's approval, ordain women to the priesthood; '''Jane Hwang (Li)''' and '''Joyce Bennett''' were ordained that year — the first synodically authorized women priests in the Communion. The 1970s then saw the irregular ordinations in the United States (the "[[Philadelphia Eleven]]," 1974), the formal authorization and regularization of women's ordination by the Episcopal Church (1976) and the [[Anglican Church of Canada]] (1976), and rapid adoption across many provinces. The consecration of '''Barbara Harris''' as a suffragan bishop in Massachusetts in 1989 opened the episcopate; '''[[Penny Jamieson]]''' of Dunedin became the first woman diocesan bishop in 1990. The Church of England admitted women to the priesthood in 1992 (first ordinations 1994) and to the episcopate in 2014 (first consecration 2015).

From the 1970s onward the debate has been inseparable from the question of Anglican ''unity and authority'': how a Communion without a central magisterium can responsibly receive — or refuse — so significant an innovation, and what becomes of communion between provinces, dioceses, and individuals who take opposite views. The realignment crisis of the early twenty-first century, driven principally by disputes over human sexuality, drew in the women's-orders question as a secondary but persistent dividing line, especially within the GAFCON and Global South networks and within ACNA.

== Biblical Foundations ==

Scripture is the primary battleground, and both sides appeal to it as authoritative. Anglicanism's formularies (Article VI of the Thirty-Nine Articles) hold Scripture to contain "all things necessary to salvation"; the dispute is therefore not over whether Scripture governs but over what it teaches and how it is to be read.

=== Texts cited in support of a male-only ordained ministry ===

* '''1 Timothy 2:11–14''' — "Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence. For Adam was first formed, then Eve. And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression." This is the single most-cited text. Its force, for traditionalists, lies in Paul's grounding of the prohibition not in local circumstance but in the '''order of creation''' (Adam formed first) — an appeal to a permanent, not merely cultural, rationale.

* '''1 Corinthians 14:34–35''' — "Let your women keep silence in the churches: for it is not permitted unto them to speak... And if they will learn any thing, let them ask their husbands at home: for it is a shame for women to speak in the church." Paul appends, "as also saith the law," again grounding the rule in something prior to the Corinthian situation.

* '''1 Corinthians 11:3–10''' — the "headship" passage: "the head of the woman is the man," with its appeal to creation order and to the angels. Traditionalists read this as establishing a created hierarchy of role (not of worth) that the teaching/governing office expresses.

* '''The choice of the Twelve''' — Christ chose twelve men as apostles, and the Last Supper (at which the Eucharist was instituted) and the post-resurrection commissioning (John 20:19–23; Matthew 28:16–20) were, on the traditional reading, addressed to men. The 1919 report's summary, quoted by Hall, draws the inference: "These facts taken together are proof that there were functions and responsibilities which at the first our Lord assigned to men and did not assign to women." This is the scriptural backbone of the later Roman argument in ''Inter Insigniores'' and ''Ordinatio Sacerdotalis''.

* '''Genesis 1–3''' — the creation of man and woman, the naming of the animals, the order of creation and fall, read as establishing complementary and non-interchangeable vocations.

=== Texts cited in support of the ordination of women ===

* '''Galatians 3:28''' — "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond nor free, there is neither male nor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus." The charter text of the egalitarian reading: baptism abolishes the distinctions that would bar any class from full participation, including ordained ministry. (Traditionalists reply that the passage concerns ''justification and incorporation into Christ'', not the ordering of offices, and that Paul who wrote Galatians 3:28 also wrote 1 Timothy 2.)

* '''Romans 16:1–7''' — Phoebe the ''diakonos'' (and ''prostatis'', "patron"); and Junia, described (v. 7) as "of note among the apostles." Much weight is placed on whether Junia is named an apostle and whether ''diakonos'' of Phoebe denotes an office. Recent text-critical work has strengthened the case that Junia is a woman; whether "among the apostles" means she ''was'' an apostle or was ''esteemed by'' the apostles remains disputed.

* '''Acts 2:17–18; Joel 2:28–29''' — the Pentecostal outpouring of the Spirit on "sons and daughters," "menservants and maidservants," who "shall prophesy." Egalitarians read the new-covenant gift of the Spirit as breaking down old restrictions. (Traditionalists, following the eighteenth-century writers above, distinguish prophecy from the ordained office and note that the prophesying daughters of Philip held no presbyteral charge.)

* '''Acts 18:26''' — Priscilla (with Aquila) instructing Apollos, cited as a precedent for women teaching.

* '''The women at the empty tomb''' — the first witnesses and proclaimers of the Resurrection (the ''apostola apostolorum'', "apostle to the apostles," a title given Mary Magdalene), urged as evidence of women's commission to proclaim the Gospel.

=== Major hermeneutical approaches ===

The biblical debate is ultimately a debate about '''interpretation'''. Four broad approaches may be distinguished:

# '''Plain-sense / trajectory-of-creation reading (traditional).''' The restrictive texts mean what they appear to mean; their appeal to creation order makes them trans-cultural and permanent; the apparent counter-examples are either extraordinary charisms (prophecy) or non-ordained ministries (deaconess, patron). On this view the burden of proof rests on those proposing change.

# '''Cultural-occasion reading (egalitarian).''' The restrictive texts address particular first-century problems (disorder at Corinth; false teaching at Ephesus; the social subordination of women) and are not binding norms for all times; the deeper biblical trajectory, climaxing in Galatians 3:28 and the new-covenant gift of the Spirit, points toward the full inclusion of women.

# '''Redemptive-movement / developmental hermeneutic.''' Scripture itself moves in a liberating direction (e.g., on slavery), and faithful reading means discerning and continuing that trajectory rather than freezing first-century social arrangements. (Critics charge that this method can be used to relativize any biblical teaching and undercuts the sufficiency of Scripture.)

# '''Reception-and-tradition reading (catholic).''' The meaning of Scripture is discerned within the living tradition of the whole Church; because that tradition has, with near unanimity until modern times, read these texts as excluding women from the priesthood, a single province lacks the authority to reverse the reading on its own. (Critics reply that tradition can err and that the Reformation itself was a recovery of Scripture against tradition.)

These hermeneutical commitments, more than the individual verses, are what divide the parties — which is why the debate has proven so intractable.

== Theological arguments for the ordination of women ==

The following sets out the case as its proponents make it, organized under the headings the article applies to each major position.

'''Scriptural basis.''' Proponents argue from the equal creation of male and female in the image of God (Genesis 1:27); the new-covenant abolition of dividing distinctions (Galatians 3:28); the Spirit's gifts poured out on women as well as men (Acts 2); the prominence of women as co-workers, deacons, patrons, and witnesses in the apostolic mission (Romans 16; Acts 18:26; the resurrection witnesses); and the conviction that the restrictive Pauline texts are occasional, addressing specific disorders, rather than permanent legislation.

'''Doctrinal reasoning.''' The central claim is '''vocation and gifting''': the Holy Spirit manifestly calls and equips women for ordained ministry, evidenced by demonstrable fruitfulness; to refuse such calls is to "quench the Spirit." A second claim is '''soteriological and Christological''': "what is not assumed is not redeemed" (Gregory of Nazianzus) — Christ assumed humanity, not maleness as such, so that the priest represents redeemed ''humanity'', which includes women. A third is the '''imago Dei''': since both sexes equally bear God's image, both can in principle represent God and humanity at the altar.

'''Understanding of tradition.''' Proponents acknowledge the weight of tradition but argue (a) that tradition is not infallible and has erred (e.g., in defending slavery or in some of the franker patristic claims about women's inferiority, such as those of Aquinas); (b) that the genuine apostolic tradition includes women's ministries that were later suppressed; and (c) that authentic tradition ''develops'' under the Spirit's guidance — the ordination of women being a legitimate development analogous to the Church's growth in understanding on other matters.

'''Understanding of authority.''' Proponents typically affirm provincial autonomy and the competence of synodical government, guided by Scripture and reason, to discern the Spirit's leading; some appeal to a prophetic understanding of the Church's authority to act ahead of full consensus. Within Anglican formularies they note that the Church has authority to order its own ministry (Article XX, XXIII, XXXIV) in matters not contrary to Scripture — and they hold women's ordination not to be contrary to Scripture rightly read.

'''Major critiques and responses.''' Critics charge that the case rests on a contestable hermeneutic that relativizes apostolic teaching, on an argument from experience ("gifting") that cannot by itself establish a sacramental change, and on a confusion of equal dignity with interchangeability of role. Proponents respond that the "gifting" argument is not bare experience but discernment of the Spirit tested by the Church; that the equality/role distinction, pressed to exclude women, collapses into the very subordination Galatians overturns; and that the burden of proof has shifted, given the long and now-tested experience of women's fruitful ordained ministry across most of the Communion.

== Theological arguments against the ordination of women ==

The traditional case is not monolithic. It comprises at least two distinct families of argument — the '''catholic/sacramental (iconic)''' and the '''Reformed/Evangelical (headship)''' — which sometimes reinforce and sometimes sit uneasily with one another. Both are presented here as their proponents make them.

=== The catholic / iconic / representative argument ===

'''Scriptural basis.''' Christ's deliberate choice of male apostles; the nuptial imagery of Christ as Bridegroom and the Church as Bride (Ephesians 5; Revelation 19, 21); the masculine language by which, on this view, God has revealed himself (Father, Son); and the Incarnation in a male form.

'''Doctrinal reasoning.''' The priest at the altar acts ''in persona Christi Capitis'' — in the person of Christ the Head — and is, in C. S. Lewis's formulation, "a double representative, who represents us to God and God to us." When the priest faces the people and speaks for God, he stands as an icon of Christ the Bridegroom addressing his Bride; the maleness of the icon is not incidental but essential to the symbolism, just as bread and wine are essential to the Eucharist. To make the symbol female, Lewis argued, is to embark on "a different religion" — the religion of the goddess — and to imply that the masculine imagery God has given is arbitrary and dispensable. Lewis grants every personal capacity to women — piety, learning, charity, holiness — and insists the objection has nothing to do with women's competence or worth; it concerns ''representation'', and what sex symbolizes "of the hidden things of God." The argument is summarized in his image of the soldier who salutes the uniform, not the wearer: only one "wearing the masculine uniform" can provisionally represent the Lord to the Church, "for we are all, corporately and individually, feminine to Him."

'''Understanding of tradition.''' Decisive weight is given to the universal and unbroken practice of the undivided Church, East and West, which never ordained women to the priesthood except among heretical sects. This is not a mere historical accident but, on the catholic view, a tradition guarded by the Holy Spirit — what the Roman declaration ''Inter Insigniores'' and ''Ordinatio Sacerdotalis'' call the Church's lack of ''authority'' to change it.

'''Understanding of authority.''' A single province, or even the whole Anglican Communion, lacks the authority to alter a matter belonging to the universal Church and bearing on the validity and recognition of sacraments. Such a change can only be received, if at all, by ecumenical consensus. To act unilaterally is to prefer the standards of "enlightened common sense" to the deposit of revelation — to exchange, in Lewis's words, revelation for "that old wraith Natural Religion."

'''Major critiques and responses.''' Critics object that the iconic argument proves too much (if maleness is essential to representing Christ, why not Jewishness, or being unmarried?), that it rests on a contestable theology of sacramental symbolism, and that it risks implying women's lesser God-likeness. Proponents respond that the relevant symbol is specifically the nuptial relation of the sexes, which Scripture singles out (Christ/Church as husband/wife) in a way it does not single out ethnicity; that maleness functions iconically as Jewishness does not; and that the argument explicitly affirms women's equal holiness and image-bearing while denying only that the sexes are ''interchangeable'' in this representative function.

=== The Reformed / Evangelical headship argument ===

'''Scriptural basis.''' 1 Timothy 2:11–14 and 1 Corinthians 11:3, read as assigning to qualified men a distinctive authority of teaching and governing in the gathered congregation, grounded in the order of creation rather than the fall or culture.

'''Doctrinal reasoning.''' "Male headship" is a created pattern, reflected in marriage and in the Church, whereby the responsibility of authoritative teaching and oversight rests with men. The presbyteral and (especially) the episcopal office embody precisely this authoritative teaching and rule; therefore these offices are reserved to men. Notably, some in this tradition (following the Church of England's 1992 debate and the influence of Bishop Michael Baughen) located the decisive "headship" line not at the priesthood but at the '''episcopate''' — accepting women presbyters while resisting women bishops — because the bishop most fully exercises authority and oversight.

'''Understanding of tradition.''' Tradition is valued but is subordinate to Scripture (the formal principle of the Reformation, reflected in Article VI and Article XXI, which holds that General Councils "may err"). The Evangelical argument therefore rests its case on the biblical texts directly rather than on the universal practice of the Church as such.

'''Understanding of authority.''' Supreme authority belongs to Scripture; the Church may not ordain practices contrary to God's Word. Where Scripture is held to reserve teaching/governing authority to men, no synod may overturn it.

'''Major critiques and responses.''' Critics argue that the headship reading rests on a few disputed texts, that ''kephalē'' ("head") may mean "source" rather than "authority over," and that the position fragments (why priests but not bishops?). Proponents respond that the creation-order grounding (not culture) is the decisive exegetical point, that the lexical debate over ''kephalē'' does not dissolve the plain force of 1 Timothy 2, and that drawing the line at the episcopate is a principled, not arbitrary, judgment about where authoritative oversight is concentrated.

=== Shared arguments: ecumenism, reception, and the burden of proof ===

Both families converge on three further points. First, '''ecumenical''': unilateral Anglican action erects a fresh and possibly insuperable obstacle to reunion with Rome and Orthodoxy — a point pressed since 1920 and confirmed by the Vatican's responses (see section 15). Second, '''reception''': an innovation not received by the whole Church remains provisional and should not be imposed on dissenters as settled doctrine; this underlies the Anglican provisions for "open reception" and alternative oversight. Third, '''the burden of proof''': a practice universal for nineteen centuries and shared with the rest of catholic Christendom should not be reversed absent overwhelming warrant, which traditionalists hold has not been shown.

== Anglican ecclesiology and Holy Orders ==

The women's-orders question cannot be assessed apart from Anglican ecclesiology, which is itself internally diverse.

'''The threefold ministry and apostolic succession.''' Anglicanism retained the historic threefold order and the historic episcopate, transmitted by the laying-on of hands in succession from the apostles. For Anglo-Catholics this succession is of the ''esse'' (being) of the Church and a guarantee of valid sacraments; for many Evangelicals it is of the ''bene esse'' (well-being) or ''plene esse'' (fullness) — valuable but not strictly constitutive. This difference shapes how gravely each party regards the prospect of ''invalid'' or ''doubtful'' orders arising from women's ordination.

'''Validity and reception of orders.''' Because bishops ordain, the consecration of women bishops raises a distinct problem: in the eyes of those who hold women cannot be validly ordained, ordinations performed by a woman bishop — or by male bishops who have themselves been ordained in a line passing through women — are doubtful. This is the root of the "tactile succession" and "sacramental assurance" concerns that produced the Church of England's flying-bishop provisions and the wider debate over the ''interchangeability of ministers'' across the Communion.

'''Authority to order ministry.''' Articles XX, XXIII, and XXXIV affirm the Church's authority to ordain rites and to call and send ministers; Article XXI holds that General Councils may err. Proponents of women's ordination invoke the former; opponents invoke the latter against the claim that any synod can settle a matter of the universal Church. The absence of a central Anglican magisterium means that, uniquely among the historic communions, Anglicanism has had to resolve the question province by province, generating precisely the patchwork that now characterizes it.

'''The concept of "impaired communion."''' Where provinces or dioceses disagree, the Communion has spoken of "impaired" or "imperfect" communion — bonds that are real but no longer full, e.g., where a bishop's orders are not recognized by another province. The women's-orders question was the first great test of this concept, later overshadowed by disputes over sexuality.

== Lambeth Conferences and official statements ==

The Lambeth Conference — the once-a-decade gathering of Anglican bishops, first held in 1867 — has no legislative power but carries great moral authority. Its resolutions trace the arc of the debate.

* '''1897 / 1908 / 1920.'''<ref name="Lambeth">Anglican Communion, [https://www.anglicancommunion.org/resources/document-library/lambeth-conference/ Lambeth Conference resolutions document library].</ref> Early conferences addressed the revival of the deaconess. '''Lambeth 1920, Resolution 47–49''' treated the deaconess as the one order of ministry for women with "the stamp of Apostolic approval," describing the office as "primarily a ministry of succour, bodily and spiritual, especially to women," to "follow the lines of the primitive rather than of the modern diaconate of men." Crucially — as Bishop Hall emphasized — the Conference ''declined'' to use the term "Holy Orders" of deaconesses, refused them authority to administer the chalice at a sick communion, and explicitly denied any advance beyond the diaconate. The 1920 resolutions were adopted on this point by a divided vote and are frequently cited by traditionalists as evidence that the Communion's considered mind long resisted women's priesthood.

* '''1930.''' The Conference reaffirmed the 1920 language on the deaconess but notably ''dropped'' the phrase "the stamp of Apostolic approval," while broadening the deaconess's permitted teaching ("instruct and preach, except in the service of Holy Communion"). The status quo otherwise held through 1948 and 1958, which produced nothing of note on the question.

* '''1948.''' A request from the diocese of South China (Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui) to authorize a twenty-year experiment of women priests — arising directly from the Li Tim-Oi case — was declined.

* '''1968.''' The Conference declined to settle the matter, judging the theological arguments "inconclusive," and referred it to the new '''Anglican Consultative Council''', requesting that any province contemplating action first consult the ACC. This procedural step opened the door: the ACC advised Hong Kong in 1971 that it might proceed.

* '''1978, Resolutions 20–21.''' With several provinces (Hong Kong, Canada, the United States, New Zealand) having by then ordained women priests, the Conference acknowledged the fact, declared its intention to "respect the autonomy of each of its member Churches," recognized both those who ordain women and those with "fundamental objections," and called for both to be maintained in communion. Resolution 20 urged provinces to admit women to the ''diaconate'' proper rather than a separate deaconess order.

* '''1988, Resolution 1.'''<ref name="Eames">The Eames Commission, Reports of the Archbishop of Canterbury's Commission on Communion and Women in the Episcopate (1989 and following).</ref> The pivotal resolution. It acknowledged that some provinces had moved or were moving to consecrate women as '''bishops''', affirmed that provinces doing so and those declining to recognize such consecrations should both be respected, and — most importantly — established the '''Eames Commission''' (the Archbishop of Canterbury's Commission on Communion and Women in the Episcopate), which articulated the framework of an '''"open process of reception."''' This held that the ordination of women was to be tested over time as a possible development, that those who could not accept it were not thereby disloyal, and that the "highest degree of communion" possible should be maintained. The language of reception became the official Anglican framing of the entire question.

* '''1998, Resolution III.2 / IV.''' Reaffirmed both the legitimacy of provinces ordaining women and the integrity of those who do not, within the continuing process of reception and "mutual respect."

* '''2008.''' Held under the shadow of the sexuality crisis; women's orders featured less prominently, the framework of reception and provincial autonomy being by then well established. (Some conservative provinces boycotted in favour of the inaugural GAFCON.)

* '''2020 (held 2022).''' By this point most provinces ordained women to at least the diaconate and a majority to the priesthood; women bishops attended in significant numbers. The Conference did not revisit the principle, though the seating and recognition of women bishops remained a point of tension with Global South provinces.

The Lambeth trajectory thus moved from containment (1920–1958), through referral (1968), to acknowledgment-with-respect-for-dissent (1978–1988), to a settled framework of provincial autonomy and "open reception" (1988 onward) — never a single Communion-wide ''decision'', which the Communion's polity makes impossible.

== The Anglican Communion and provincial diversity ==

The Anglican Communion comprises roughly forty self-governing provinces (the exact count is contested amid realignment) together with extra-provincial dioceses. There is no Communion-wide rule on women's orders; each province legislates for itself. The resulting spectrum, as of the mid-2020s, runs approximately as follows (figures shift and should be checked against current provincial canons):

* A large majority of provinces ordain women to '''all three orders'''.
* A further group ordains women as '''deacons and priests but not bishops''' — in several cases because of the '''GAFCON moratorium''' on women bishops (see section 13, section 17).
* A small number ordain women '''only as deacons''' — most notably the '''[[Church of Nigeria]]''', the Communion's largest province by attendance, which reserves the priesthood and episcopate to men.
* A very small number ordain women to '''none''' of the orders, including some smaller provinces in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, though this category has shrunk (the '''Church of the Province of Central Africa''' approved women's ordination in 2023).

By one widely cited tally (early 2020s)<ref name="LivingChurch">The Living Church, reporting on Lambeth, Kenya, Central Africa, and GAFCON developments, 2021-2025.</ref>: roughly two-thirds of provinces ordained women to all three orders; about a sixth ordained women as deacons and priests but not bishops; a handful ordained women only as deacons; and a small number ordained women to none. The trend across the period has been toward wider admission, even among historically conservative provinces (Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, South Sudan, and others now ordain women priests), while the '''episcopate''' has remained the principal remaining line of resistance, sustained by GAFCON and GSFA commitments.

Within provinces, further diversity exists: the '''[[Diocese of Sydney]]''' ([[Anglican Church of Australia]]) declines to ordain women as priests on headship grounds while the rest of the province does; the Church of England maintains internal provision for dissent in both directions; and ACNA leaves the ordination of women priests to diocesan discretion.

== Women as deacons ==

The diaconate has the longest and least contested claim. Three threads must be distinguished:

# '''The ancient order of deaconesses''' (see section 3.1), attested mainly in the East, with limited and largely female-directed functions, and disputed status relative to "Holy Orders."

# '''The revived deaconess order''' of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries — a commissioned ministry of service, which most Anglican authorities (and Lambeth 1920/1930) held ''not'' to be one of the Holy Orders proper.

# '''The modern ordained female diaconate.''' Following Lambeth 1968 and 1978, provinces increasingly admitted women to the diaconate ''as such'' — the same order as the male diaconate — rather than to a separate deaconess office. In the Church of England, women were made deaconesses from the 1980s and ordained '''deacons''' from '''1987'''.

The diaconate proved the least controversial step because (a) the patristic evidence for women deacons is comparatively strong; (b) the diaconate does not preside at the Eucharist, pronounce absolution, or bless — the functions most freighted with the sacerdotal and representative concerns; and (c) no council ever condemned the female diaconate. Even provinces that reserve the priesthood and episcopate to men — including Nigeria — ordain women as deacons. By the mid-2020s, '''all''' Anglican provinces in Africa ordained women at least as deacons. Some traditionalists nonetheless argue that admitting women to the diaconate logically tends toward the priesthood, since Anglican deacons are ordained by a bishop with prayer and the laying-on of hands into the one ordained ministry.

== Women as priests ==

The priesthood is the historical and theological crux, because it is here that the sacerdotal, representative, and headship concerns concentrate.

'''First instances.''' The wartime ordination of '''Florence Li Tim-Oi''' by Bishop R. O. Hall of Hong Kong on 25 January 1944 was an emergency response to the Japanese occupation, which had cut off priestly ministry; under pressure from the wider Communion, Li Tim-Oi did not exercise priestly functions after the war (she was publicly recognized as a priest only in the 1980s, in Canada). The first '''synodically authorized''' women priests were '''Jane Hwang (Li Tim-Oi's namesake, Jane Hwang Hsien-Yuen)''' and '''Joyce Bennett''', ordained in Hong Kong in 1971 with ACC advice.

'''The American sequence.''' On 29 July 1974, three retired or resigned bishops ordained eleven women — the '''"Philadelphia Eleven"''' — at the Church of the Advocate in Philadelphia, without the authorization of the Episcopal Church; four more (the "Washington Four") followed in 1975. These ordinations were declared irregular (and by some, invalid). At its 1976 General Convention the '''Episcopal Church (USA)''' voted<ref name="TEC">The Episcopal Church, Constitution and Canons, Title III, as amended by General Convention in 1976 and 1997.</ref> to authorize the ordination of women to the priesthood and episcopate, effective 1 January 1977, and the earlier ordinations were regularized.

'''Canada and the wider spread.''' The '''Anglican Church of Canada''' authorized women priests in 1976 (first ordinations that November). '''New Zealand''' followed in 1977. Through the 1980s and 1990s most provinces of the Communion moved to admit women to the priesthood.

'''The Church of England.''' After decades of study (including the reports ''Women and Holy Orders'', 1966, and ''The Ordination of Women to the Priesthood'', 1986) the '''General Synod''' voted on '''11 November 1992''' to approve women priests; the legislation received parliamentary and royal assent, and the first ordinations took place at '''Bristol Cathedral in March 1994'''. To accommodate dissent, the '''[[Episcopal Ministry Act of Synod 1993]]''' created '''Provincial Episcopal Visitors''' ("flying bishops") to provide alternative oversight to parishes that could not accept women's priestly ministry.

'''Continuing resistance to women priests.''' A minority of provinces and bodies still reserve the priesthood to men: the '''Church of Nigeria'''; the '''Diocese of Sydney''' within Australia; the '''Reformed Episcopal Church''' and parts of '''ACNA'''; and the '''Continuing Anglican''' churches. Their reasoning combines the headship and iconic arguments set out in section 7.

== Women as bishops ==

The episcopate raises the women's-orders question in its most acute form, because the bishop ordains and embodies oversight, and because the validity of a woman bishop's ordinations bears on the orders of everyone she ordains.

'''First instances.''' The '''Rev. Barbara Clementine Harris''' was consecrated '''Suffragan Bishop of Massachusetts on 11 February 1989''' — the first woman bishop in the Anglican Communion. '''Penny Jamieson''' became '''Bishop of Dunedin (New Zealand)''' in 1990, the first woman '''diocesan''' bishop. '''Victoria Matthews''' became the first woman bishop in Canada (1994). '''[[Kay Goldsworthy]]''' became the first woman bishop in Australia (2008) and later '''Archbishop of Perth (2017)''' — the first woman archbishop (metropolitan) in the Communion.

'''Africa.''' '''Ellinah Wamukoya''' (Swaziland/Eswatini, [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa]]) and '''Margaret Vertue''' (False Bay) were consecrated in 2012 — the first women bishops in Africa. '''Elizabeth Awut Ngor''' was consecrated in South Sudan in 2016. In Kenya, '''Emily Onyango''' and '''Rose Okeno''' were consecrated in 2021, and Onyango became Kenya's first woman '''diocesan''' bishop; their consecrations occurred despite the GAFCON moratorium. A small group of African women bishops (in Kenya, South Sudan, Southern Africa, and Angola–Mozambique) had emerged by the mid-2020s.

'''The Church of England.''' After the failure of draft legislation in November 2012, the General Synod approved women bishops on '''14 July 2014''', accompanied by the '''House of Bishops' Declaration on the Ministry of Bishops and Priests''' and the '''Five Guiding Principles''' (see section 16). '''[[Libby Lane]]''' was consecrated '''Bishop of Stockport (suffragan) on 26 January 2015''' — the first woman bishop in the Church of England. '''[[Rachel Treweek]]''' became '''Bishop of Gloucester''' later in 2015, the first woman '''diocesan''' bishop in England (and the first woman in the House of Lords as a Lord Spiritual).

'''The Archbishopric of Canterbury.''' On '''3 October 2025''' it was announced that '''Dame Sarah Mullally'''<ref name="MullallyAppointment">Church of England, [https://www.churchofengland.org/media/press-releases/rt-revd-and-rt-hon-dame-sarah-mullally-dbe-become-106th-archbishop-canterbury "The Rt Revd and Rt Hon Dame Sarah Mullally DBE to become 106th Archbishop of Canterbury"] (3 October 2025).</ref><ref name="MullallyInstall">Anglican Communion Office, [https://www.anglicancommunion.org/installation-of-the-archbishop-of-canterbury/ "The Installation of the Archbishop of Canterbury"] (25 March 2026).</ref>, Bishop of London since 2018, had been nominated as the '''106th Archbishop of Canterbury''' — the first woman to hold the office in its history. Her election was confirmed at St Paul's Cathedral on 28 January 2026, and she was installed at Canterbury Cathedral on 25 March 2026. The appointment was welcomed by supporters as a milestone and criticized by the GAFCON Primates Council (chaired by Archbishop Laurent Mbanda of Rwanda), who stated that, in their view, a majority of the Communion still holds that Scripture requires a male episcopate, and that the appointment would therefore impair the Archbishop's capacity to serve as a focus of unity.

'''The GAFCON / Global South moratorium.''' GAFCON agreed a voluntary '''moratorium on the consecration of women bishops in 2014'''<ref name="GAFCON2017">GAFCON, Task Force on Women in the Episcopate Report (2017); GAFCON, [https://www.gafcon.org/resources/the-jerusalem-declaration Jerusalem Declaration] (2008).</ref>, and its '''Task Force on Women in the Episcopate''' (chaired by Bishop Samson Mwaluda, with Stephen Noll as convener) recommended in 2017 that GAFCON provinces "retain the historic practice of the consecration only of men as bishops until and unless a strong consensus to change emerges." The South Sudan (2016) and Kenya (2021) consecrations breached this moratorium; the GAFCON Primates treated them as anomalies, declined to enforce discipline, and characterized the matter as one of disagreement that "will [not] disrupt our mission" — a ''de facto'' concession that the episcopate question is, for GAFCON, not church-dividing in the way the sexuality question is.

== Reception and recognition of orders between provinces ==

Because Anglicanism lacks a central authority and because some provinces hold women's orders to be invalid, the '''mutual recognition of ministers''' is not automatic. The practical questions include: whether a woman priest or bishop from one province may officiate in another; whether ordinations performed by a woman bishop are recognized; and whether the historic interchangeability of Anglican clergy — a hallmark of the Communion — survives.

The official framework remains the '''Eames Commission's "open process of reception"''' (1988): the innovation is provisional until received (or not) by the whole Church; communion is to be maintained at the "highest degree" possible; and both those who accept and those who reject women's orders are to be regarded as loyal Anglicans. In practice this has produced '''"impaired" or "imperfect" communion''' in places — for example, where a province or diocese will not license women clergy or will not recognize the orders of those ordained by women.

The '''Church of England's internal version''' of this — the Five Guiding Principles and the provision of PEVs and the [[Society of St Wilfrid and St Hilda]] — applies the same logic ''within'' a single province, allowing parishes to receive sacramental ministry only from male bishops and priests whose orders pass through unbroken male lines ("sacramental assurance"). Critics regard this as institutionalizing a "taint" theory and as incompatible with full recognition of women's orders; defenders regard it as the honest acknowledgment that reception is genuinely open and that consciences on both sides must be respected.

== Ecumenical implications ==

The ecumenical dimension has shaped the debate from the outset. Bishop Hall warned in 1921 that Anglican action would make "an insuperable bar to reunion with other historic branches of the Catholic Church," citing letters from Greek and Russian Orthodox representatives. That warning has been substantially borne out.

=== Roman Catholic dialogue ===

The Roman Catholic Church teaches that it lacks the authority to ordain women. When the question arose in Anglicanism, '''Pope Paul VI''' wrote to Archbishop Donald Coggan (1975–76) stating that the Catholic Church "holds that it is not admissible to ordain women to the priesthood, for very fundamental reasons," citing Christ's choice of male apostles, the constant practice of the Church, and her teaching authority. The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued '''Inter Insigniores''' (1976)<ref name="InterInsigniores">Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, [https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_decl_19761015_inter-insigniores_en.html Inter Insigniores] (1976).</ref><ref name="OS1994">John Paul II, [https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/apost_letters/1994/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_19940522_ordinatio-sacerdotalis.html Ordinatio Sacerdotalis] (1994).</ref><ref name="ApostolicaeCurae">Leo XIII, [https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/apost_letters/documents/hf_l-xiii_apl_18960913_apostolicae-curae.html Apostolicae Curae] (1896).</ref>, and '''Pope John Paul II''' issued the apostolic letter '''Ordinatio Sacerdotalis (1994)''', declaring "that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the Church's faithful." Rome regards Anglican women's ordinations as invalid (consistent with its prior judgment, in ''[[Apostolicae Curae]]'', 1896, that Anglican orders as such are "absolutely null and utterly void," though the women's-orders question added a fresh and, from Rome's view, decisive obstacle). The '''Anglican–Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC)''' had reached notable agreement on ministry in the 1970s; the advance of women's ordination is widely regarded as having halted progress toward the reconciliation of ministries. The 2009 apostolic constitution '''[[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]'''<ref name="Anglicanorum">Benedict XVI, [https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_ben-xvi_apc_20091104_anglicanorum-coetibus.html Anglicanorum Coetibus] (2009).</ref>, establishing '''[[Personal Ordinariates]]''' for former Anglicans, was in part a response to Anglican developments on orders and sexuality.

=== Eastern Orthodox dialogue ===

The Eastern Orthodox churches likewise maintain a male-only priesthood and episcopate as a matter of unbroken apostolic tradition. As early as 1920, the Archimandrite of the Greek Church in England warned that Orthodox canons "explicitly forbid women to take any active part in ministrations... during the Liturgy." Orthodox representatives in the Anglican–Orthodox dialogue have consistently stated that Anglican women's ordinations are an obstacle to unity and are not recognized; the question (together with sexuality) effectively stalled the prospect of any recognition of Anglican orders by Orthodoxy. Some Orthodox churches have, however, discussed reviving an order of '''deaconesses''' (notably the Church of Alexandria), which they distinguish sharply from the priesthood.

=== Lutheran relations ===

Relations here run in the opposite direction. Most Lutheran churches in communion or full-communion relationship with Anglican provinces — for example, the churches party to the '''[[Porvoo Communion]]''' (1992/96, linking British and Irish Anglican churches with Nordic and Baltic Lutherans) and the '''Evangelical Lutheran Church in America''' (in full communion with the Episcopal Church via ''[[Called to Common Mission]]'', 2000) — ordain women. Women's ordination has therefore generally '''facilitated''' rather than hindered Anglican–Lutheran rapprochement, since the partners share the practice. (Some conservative Lutheran bodies that do not ordain women stand apart from these agreements.)

=== Other ecumenical partners ===

* '''Methodist and Reformed churches''', with which Anglicans have various dialogues and (in some provinces) covenants, largely ordain women, easing those relationships.
* '''The Old Catholic Churches of the Union of Utrecht''', in full communion with Anglicans since the '''[[Bonn Agreement]] (1931)''', were themselves divided by women's ordination; most Utrecht churches now ordain women, while the breakaway traditionalist groups do not — mirroring the Anglican fracture.
* '''Oriental Orthodox churches''' maintain a male-only priesthood and regard the innovation as a barrier, as do most '''conservative Evangelical''' and '''Pentecostal''' bodies that share Anglican concerns elsewhere.

The net ecumenical effect has been a realignment: women's ordination drew Anglicanism closer to the Protestant churches that share the practice and further from the Catholic, Orthodox, and Oriental churches that hold a sacramental male priesthood — precisely the trade-off that traditionalists, from Hall onward, foresaw.

== Canon law and ecclesiastical legislation ==

Because each province legislates independently, there is no single Anglican canon on the subject. The principal instruments include:

* '''Episcopal Church (USA):''' the 1976 General Convention amendment to '''Title III''' of the canons (effective 1 January 1977) removed gender as a bar to ordination; the canon now refers to candidates without reference to sex. A 1997 amendment made the canons on access to ordination mandatory on all dioceses (the so-called "Canon III" requirement), constraining the few dioceses (e.g., Fort Worth, Quincy, San Joaquin) that had declined to ordain women.

* '''Anglican Church of Canada:''' 1975–76 General Synod canonical changes authorizing women's ordination; a "conscience clause" initially protected dissenting bishops (later allowed to lapse).

* '''Church of England:''' the '''Priests (Ordination of Women) Measure 1993''' (with the '''Ordination of Women (Financial Provisions) Measure 1993''' and the '''Episcopal Ministry Act of Synod 1993''', creating PEVs); and the '''Bishops and Priests (Consecration and Ordination of Women) Measure 2014''', accompanied by the '''House of Bishops' Declaration on the Ministry of Bishops and Priests''' and the '''Five Guiding Principles'''. The Five Guiding Principles affirm, in summary: (1) the Church is fully and unequivocally committed to all three orders being open to all without reference to gender, and office-holders deserve respect and canonical obedience; (2) those who cannot receive women's ministry remain "within the spectrum of teaching and tradition of the Anglican Communion," and the Church is committed to enabling them to "flourish"; (3) the decision is set within the wider, still-open process of discernment in the Communion and the universal Church; (4) and (5) pastoral and sacramental provision is to be made for parishes that, by resolution, request the ministry of male bishops and priests, with arrangements made in a spirit of "mutual flourishing." Parishes may pass a resolution under the Declaration requesting such arrangements; oversight is provided by the PEVs and the bishops of '''the Society of St Wilfrid and St Hilda'''.

* '''Reformed Episcopal Church (REC) / Anglican Church in North America (ACNA):''' the REC ordains only men to all three orders. ACNA's '''constitution and canons''' leave the ordination<ref name="ACNA2017">Anglican Church in North America College of Bishops, [https://anglicanchurch.net/college-of-bishops-statement-on-the-ordination-of-women/ Statement on the Ordination of Women] (2017).</ref> of women to the '''diaconate and presbyterate to the discretion of each diocese''', while reserving the '''episcopate to men'''. In 2017 ACNA's College of Bishops issued a statement concluding that the province had not reached consensus on women's ordination to the priesthood, affirming that the practice would continue where dioceses permitted it while the matter was studied, and reaffirming a male episcopate.

* '''GAFCON / GSFA:''' not provinces but networks; their commitments (the 2014 moratorium on women bishops; the '''[[Jerusalem Declaration]]''', 2008; the GSFA's covenantal structure) function as moral, not canonical, constraints on member churches.

== Major Anglican provinces and current positions ==

''(Positions evolve; the following reflects the state of affairs through the mid-2020s and should be verified against current provincial canons.)''

'''Church of England.''' Ordains women to all three orders (deacons 1987; priests 1992/94; bishops 2014/15). Formal internal provision for dissent via the House of Bishops' Declaration, the Five Guiding Principles, PEVs, and the Society of St Wilfrid and St Hilda. '''Sarah Mullally''' became the first woman Archbishop of Canterbury (installed 25 March 2026).

'''[[The Episcopal Church]] (USA).''' Ordains women to all three orders since 1976/77 (Barbara Harris, first woman bishop, 1989; '''[[Katharine Jefferts Schori]]''', first woman Presiding Bishop, 2006–2015). Dioceses may no longer decline to ordain women; the issue is settled within TEC, and the formerly dissenting dioceses largely departed to ACNA.

'''Anglican Church of Canada.''' Ordains women to all three orders since 1976 (bishops from 1994). The issue is settled; no formal dissent structure remains.

'''Anglican Church of Australia.''' Ordains women as deacons (1980s), priests (from '''1992''', beginning in Perth), and bishops (from '''2008''', Kay Goldsworthy; first woman archbishop/metropolitan, Perth, 2017). The '''Diocese of Sydney''', on a complementarian/headship basis, ordains women as deacons but '''not as priests''', and does not appoint women bishops; the province accommodates this internal diversity.

'''The [[Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia]].''' The province historically called the "Church of the Province of New Zealand" was reconstituted in 1992 under a three-''tikanga'' (cultural-stream) constitution serving Māori, Pākehā (New Zealanders of European descent), and Polynesian Anglicans. It ordains women to all three orders; '''Penny Jamieson''' (Dunedin, 1990) was the world's first woman diocesan bishop. ''(The user's separate references to "the Anglican Church of New Zealand" and "the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia" denote the same province under its former and current names.)''

'''Anglican Church of Southern Africa (ACSA).''' Ordains women to all three orders; women priests from '''1992'''; first African women bishops (Ellinah Wamukoya, Margaret Vertue) consecrated in '''2012'''. ACSA is not part of the GAFCON moratorium and consecrates women bishops.

'''[[Anglican Church of Kenya]] (ACK).''' Ordains women as deacons and priests (first woman priest, Lucia Okuthe, '''1983'''). Despite Kenya's prominent role in GAFCON and the 2014 moratorium, ACK amended its constitution in '''2019''' to permit women bishops and consecrated '''Emily Onyango''' and '''Rose Okeno''' in '''2021''' (Onyango its first woman diocesan), under Archbishop Jackson Ole Sapit.

'''Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion).''' The largest province by attendance. Ordains women '''only as deacons''', and in limited roles; reserves the '''priesthood and episcopate to men'''. A leading voice in GAFCON and the Global South.

'''Anglican Church of Uganda.''' Ordains women as deacons and priests; maintains the GAFCON moratorium on women bishops. Reports of moves toward women bishops were clarified by Archbishop Stephen Kaziimba (2022) as deferring to the GAFCON consensus.

'''GAFCON (Global Anglican Future Conference).''' A movement, not a province; founded 2008. Member provinces ordain women variously (most to the priesthood; Nigeria only to the diaconate). GAFCON maintains its 2014 moratorium on the consecration of women bishops, while treating breaches (South Sudan, Kenya) as anomalies rather than grounds for separation. In October 2025 GAFCON issued a statement ("the future has arrived")<ref name="GAFCONFuture">GAFCON Primates, [https://gafcon.org/communique-updates/the-future-has-arrived/ "The Future Has Arrived"] (16 October 2025).</ref> asserting its self-understanding as a primary expression of global Anglicanism.

'''Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches (GSFA).''' A covenantal fellowship of (mostly) Global South provinces emphasizing biblical orthodoxy; overlaps substantially with GAFCON. Member provinces' practices on women's orders vary, with the episcopate the principal point of restraint.

== Significant historical milestones ==

* '''1944''' — Florence Li Tim-Oi ordained priest in Hong Kong (wartime emergency; ministry later suspended).
* '''1968''' — Lambeth refers the question to the Anglican Consultative Council.
* '''1971''' — Hong Kong ordains Jane Hwang and Joyce Bennett, the first synodically authorized women priests.
* '''1974''' — The "Philadelphia Eleven" irregularly ordained in the United States; '''1975''', the "Washington Four."
* '''1976''' — TEC and the Anglican Church of Canada authorize women priests (and, in TEC, bishops).
* '''1977''' — First regular TEC ordinations (1 January); New Zealand authorizes women priests.
* '''1989''' — Barbara Harris consecrated, first woman bishop in the Communion.
* '''1990''' — Penny Jamieson (Dunedin), first woman diocesan bishop.
* '''1992''' — Church of England Synod approves women priests (11 November); Australia's first women priests (Perth).
* '''1994''' — First Church of England women priests ordained (Bristol Cathedral, March).
* '''2008''' — Kay Goldsworthy, first woman bishop in Australia; first GAFCON; GAFCON later (2014) adopts the women-bishops moratorium.
* '''2012''' — First women bishops in Africa (Southern Africa: Wamukoya, Vertue).
* '''2014''' — Church of England Synod approves women bishops (14 July).
* '''2015''' — Libby Lane, first Church of England woman bishop (26 January); Rachel Treweek, first English woman diocesan bishop.
* '''2021''' — Kenya consecrates its first women bishops (Onyango, Okeno) despite the GAFCON moratorium.
* '''2023''' — Province of Central Africa approves women's ordination; Angola–Mozambique consecrates its first woman bishop.
* '''2025–26''' — Sarah Mullally appointed (October 2025) and installed (25 March 2026) as the first woman Archbishop of Canterbury.

== Key figures in the debate ==

'''Advocates and pioneers.''' Florence Li Tim-Oi (first woman priest); Jane Hwang and Joyce Bennett (first authorized); the Philadelphia Eleven (including Carter Heyward, Suzanne Hiatt); Barbara Harris (first bishop); Penny Jamieson; Kay Goldsworthy; Libby Lane; Rachel Treweek; Katharine Jefferts Schori; Sarah Mullally. The organization '''[[Women and the Church|Women and the Church (WATCH)]]''' has campaigned in England for full equality and, more recently, for revisiting the 2014 settlement.

'''Theological opponents and traditionalist leaders.''' C. S. Lewis (whose 1948 essay ''Priestesses in the Church?'' remains the most influential popular statement of the iconic argument); Bishop Arthur C. A. Hall (whose 1921 ''Women and Holy Orders'' is a thorough early statement); E. L. Mascall and the Anglo-Catholic theologians of the mid-twentieth century; the leaders of '''[[Forward in Faith]]''' and '''the Society of St Wilfrid and St Hilda''' in England; on the Evangelical side, figures associated with '''Reform''' and with the Diocese of Sydney (e.g., the influence of the Jensen brothers); and, in the GAFCON context, Stephen Noll (convener of the Task Force on Women in the Episcopate) and Bishop Samson Mwaluda (its chair).

'''Mediating and ecclesiological figures.''' Archbishop Robert Runcie (under whom the Eames Commission was formed); Archbishop Robin Eames (chair of the Commission that articulated the "open reception" framework); and successive Archbishops of Canterbury who held the Communion's competing convictions in tension.

== Major documents and reports ==

* '''The Ministry of Women''' (Church of England, 1919) — the Archbishop of Canterbury's committee report surveying the historical and biblical evidence; influential in concluding against the priesthood while leaving the diaconate open.
* '''Women and Holy Orders''' (Arthur C. A. Hall, 1921) — a representative traditionalist monograph arguing from authority, reason, and expediency (see below).
* '''Priestesses in the Church?''' (C. S. Lewis, 1948; reprinted in ''God in the Dock'', 1970) — the classic popular statement of the iconic/representative argument.
* '''Women and Holy Orders''' (Church of England, 1966) and '''The Ordination of Women to the Priesthood''' (1986) — the studies preceding the 1992 vote.
* '''Inter Insigniores''' (Vatican CDF, 1976) and '''Ordinatio Sacerdotalis''' (John Paul II, 1994) — the definitive Roman Catholic statements, directly engaging the Anglican developments.
* '''The Eames Commission Reports''' (1989–) — the Anglican framework of "open reception."
* '''Women Bishops in the Church of England?''' (the '''Rochester Report''', 2004)<ref name="Rochester2004">Church of England, Women Bishops in the Church of England? (the Rochester Report, 2004).</ref> — the major English study preceding the women-bishops legislation.
* '''The House of Bishops' Declaration on the Ministry of Bishops and Priests''' and the '''Five Guiding Principles''' (2014) — the basis of the English settlement.
* '''GAFCON Task Force on Women in the Episcopate Report''' (2017) and the '''Jerusalem Declaration''' (2008).

'''On the public-domain primary sources used in this article.''' Bishop Hall's 1921 monograph illustrates the structure of the early-twentieth-century traditionalist case, dividing it into '''authority''' ("St Paul's words are certainly applicable... we find no evidence for the admission of women to the priesthood"), '''reason''' (arguing that "the office of Priest and Pastor is distinctly that of a ruler," and that the sexes are "differently constituted, physiologically and psychologically"), and '''expediency''' (canvassing the likely effect on men's recruitment to ministry, the practical questions of marriage and motherhood, and the resistance of devout churchwomen). Several of Hall's "reason" and "expediency" arguments — for instance, that women's "emotional, affectionate, and sympathetic temperament" is "a certain disqualification for the exercise of authority" — rest on assumptions about the sexes that few defenders of the traditional position would now advance, and which proponents of women's ordination cite as evidence that the historical case was entangled with views of women's capacities later abandoned. The enduring core of the traditional argument — the appeal to Scripture, apostolic practice, and the universal tradition of the Church — is logically separable from those dated assumptions, and most contemporary traditionalists rest the case there.

== Contemporary issues and ongoing discussions ==

* '''The English settlement under strain.''' A decade after 2014, WATCH and others have pressed to revisit the Five Guiding Principles and to constrain alternative episcopal oversight, while Forward in Faith, the Society, and conservative Evangelicals insist that the promises of "mutual flourishing" be honoured. Whether the settlement can hold — and whether a similar model could govern the parallel dispute over same-sex relationships — is actively debated.

* '''The episcopate as the remaining frontier.''' With most provinces now ordaining women priests, the consecration of women bishops is the principal live question, especially within GAFCON and the Global South, where the 2014 moratorium has been breached but not abandoned.

* '''The Archbishopric of Canterbury.''' Sarah Mullally's appointment sharpened the structural problem: if the Archbishop of Canterbury is meant to be a "focus of unity," and a majority of the Communion's ''attending'' Anglicans belong to provinces that do not recognize women bishops, the office's unifying function is contested. This has accelerated proposals (from GAFCON and others) to reconceive the Instruments of Communion.

* '''"Reception" — open or closed?''' A persistent question is whether the process of reception is still genuinely open (as the Eames framework holds) or has, in practice, been closed by the fact of widespread adoption — and what either answer implies for the standing of dissenters.

* '''Sacramental assurance and "taint."''' The provision of male-only sacramental lines within provinces that ordain women remains theologically and pastorally fraught, raising questions about the unity of the episcopate and the recognition of orders.

* '''Relation to the sexuality debate.''' Women's orders and same-sex blessings/marriage are distinct questions with distinct arguments, but they have become entangled in the realignment of global Anglicanism; many conservatives treat acceptance of women priests as compatible with orthodoxy while treating same-sex marriage as church-dividing, a distinction GAFCON has formalized.

== Frequently asked questions ==

===Has the Anglican Communion as a whole decided this question?===
No. The Communion has no central legislative authority. Each province decides for itself; the Lambeth Conferences have offered guidance and a framework ("open reception") but not a binding decision.

===Did the early Church have women priests?===
On the majority historical reading, no — women priests are attested only among groups the Church classed as heretical (Montanists, Collyridians). Women did serve as '''deaconesses''', especially in the East, with limited and largely female-directed functions; whether this constituted "Holy Orders" is disputed.

===Is the objection to women priests based on thinking women inferior?===
The strongest forms of the objection (Lewis; ''Inter Insigniores''; modern complementarians) explicitly deny this, resting instead on arguments about sacramental representation or created roles. Some historical statements of the case (e.g., parts of Hall, 1921) did rest on now-abandoned views of women's capacities; proponents of women's ordination point to this as a weakness of the historical case, while contemporary traditionalists locate the argument elsewhere.

===What is the difference between the "iconic" and "headship" arguments?===
The iconic (catholic) argument concerns the priest's sacramental representation of Christ the Bridegroom at the altar; the headship (Evangelical) argument concerns the reservation of authoritative teaching and oversight to men in the gathered church. They reach similar conclusions by different routes and rest on different ecclesiologies.

===Are women's ordinations recognized by other churches?===
Not by the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, or Oriental Orthodox churches, which regard them as invalid; yes by most Lutheran, Methodist, and Reformed churches that ordain women themselves.

===Why do some Anglican provinces ordain women as priests but not bishops?===
Chiefly because of the GAFCON moratorium and/or a headship argument that locates the decisive line at the episcopate (the locus of greatest authority and oversight), accepting women presbyters while reserving the episcopate to men.

===What provision exists for those who cannot accept women's orders?===
In the Church of England, the House of Bishops' Declaration, the Five Guiding Principles, Provincial Episcopal Visitors ("flying bishops"), and the Society of St Wilfrid and St Hilda. Elsewhere, provisions vary; some provinces have none.

===Is this the same debate as the one over same-sex marriage?===
No — they are distinct questions with distinct biblical and theological arguments, though they have become politically entangled in the realignment of global Anglicanism.

== Chronological Timeline ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Event
|-
| c. 200 || Tertullian states women may not teach, baptize, offer, or hold sacerdotal office
|-
| 4th c. || Deaconesses well attested in the East; Epiphanius argues from Mary's example against women offering sacrifice
|-
| 13th c. || Aquinas: male sex required for valid ordination
|-
| 1547–1607 || English Reformers and divines (Hooper, Whitgift, Bilson, Hooker, Rogers) reaffirm a male ministry
|-
| 1860s || Revival of the deaconess order in the Church of England
|-
| 1919 || ''The Ministry of Women'' report
|-
| 1920 || Lambeth treats deaconess as the one order with "Apostolic approval"; denies advance beyond diaconate
|-
| 1921 || Hall, ''Women and Holy Orders''
|-
| 1930 || Lambeth drops "stamp of Apostolic approval" language
|-
| 1944 || Florence Li Tim-Oi ordained priest (Hong Kong, wartime)
|-
| 1948 || Lewis, ''Priestesses in the Church?''; Lambeth declines South China proposal
|-
| 1968 || Lambeth refers the question to the ACC
|-
| 1971 || Hong Kong ordains the first authorized women priests
|-
| 1974 || Philadelphia Eleven
|-
| 1976 || TEC and Canada authorize women priests
|-
| 1977 || First regular TEC ordinations; New Zealand authorizes
|-
| 1978 || Lambeth Res. 20–21: respect for provincial autonomy and for dissent
|-
| 1987 || Church of England ordains women deacons
|-
| 1988 || Lambeth Res. 1; Eames Commission and "open reception"
|-
| 1989 || Barbara Harris, first woman bishop
|-
| 1990 || Penny Jamieson, first woman diocesan bishop
|-
| 1992 || CoE Synod approves women priests; Australia's first women priests
|-
| 1993–94 || CoE legislation; PEVs created; first CoE women priests (1994)
|-
| 1994 || ''Ordinatio Sacerdotalis'' (Rome)
|-
| 2004 || Rochester Report (women bishops in England)
|-
| 2008 || First woman bishop in Australia; first GAFCON
|-
| 2012 || First women bishops in Africa (Southern Africa)
|-
| 2014 || CoE approves women bishops; GAFCON moratorium on women bishops; Five Guiding Principles
|-
| 2015 || Libby Lane and Rachel Treweek (CoE)
|-
| 2017 || ACNA College of Bishops statement; GAFCON Task Force report
|-
| 2021 || Kenya consecrates women bishops
|-
| 2023 || Central Africa approves women's ordination
|-
| 2025–26 || Sarah Mullally, first woman Archbishop of Canterbury
|}

== Glossary ==

;Adiaphora
:"things indifferent"; matters on which Christians may legitimately differ without breaking communion. Whether women's orders is adiaphora is itself disputed.
;Apostolic succession
:the transmission of ministry by the laying-on of hands in continuity from the apostles.
;Complementarian / Egalitarian
:see section 2.
;Deaconess
:a (usually non-ordained) order of women in service ministry; distinct from the female diaconate.
;Eames Commission
:the body that articulated the "open reception" framework (1988).
;GAFCON / GSFA
:conservative Anglican networks (see section 2, section 17).
;In persona Christi
:"in the person of Christ"; the priest's sacramental representation of Christ.
;Instruments of Communion
:the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lambeth Conference, the Anglican Consultative Council, and the Primates' Meeting.
;Mutual flourishing
:the principle, in the English settlement, that those on both sides of the question should be enabled to flourish.
;Open reception
:the view that the innovation is provisional until received (or not) by the whole Church.
;Ordinal
:the rite for ordaining deacons, priests, and bishops.
;PEV ("flying bishop")
:a Provincial Episcopal Visitor providing alternative oversight.
;Presbyter / Priest
:the second order (see section 2).
;Province
:a self-governing national or regional church within the Communion.
;Sacerdotal
:pertaining to priesthood understood as sacrificial/representative.
;The Society (of St Wilfrid and St Hilda)
:the body, supported by Forward in Faith, providing sacramental oversight to English traditionalists.
;Tikanga
:cultural stream (Māori, Pākehā, Polynesian) in the constitution of the Aotearoa NZ and Polynesia province.

== See also ==

* [[Ordination of women]] (general)
* [[Apostolic succession]]; [[Holy Orders]]; [[Ordinal|the Anglican Ordinal]]
* [[Thirty-Nine Articles|The Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion]]
* [[Lambeth Conference]]; [[Anglican Consultative Council]]; [[Primates' Meeting]]
* [[GAFCON]]; [[Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches]]; [[Jerusalem Declaration|the Jerusalem Declaration]]
* [[Forward in Faith]]; [[Society of St Wilfrid and St Hilda|the Society of St Wilfrid and St Hilda]]; [[Women and the Church|Women and the Church (WATCH)]]
* ''[[Apostolicae Curae]]''; ''[[Inter Insigniores]]''; ''[[Ordinatio Sacerdotalis]]''; [[Anglicanorum Coetibus]]
* [[Anglican realignment]]; [[Anglican Church in North America|the Anglican Church in North America]]; [[Reformed Episcopal Church|the Reformed Episcopal Church]]
* [[Porvoo Communion|The Porvoo Communion]]; ''[[Called to Common Mission]]''; [[Bonn Agreement|the Bonn Agreement]]

== Notes and references ==

{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==

* E. L. Mascall, ''Women Priests?'' (1972).
* C. S. Lewis, "Priestesses in the Church?" in ''God in the Dock'' (1970).
* ''Man, Woman, and Priesthood'', ed. Peter Moore (1978).
* ''Consecrated Women? A Contribution to the Women Bishops Debate'' (ed. Jonathan Baker / Forward in Faith, 2004).
* Sarah Coakley, ''God, Sexuality, and the Self'' (2013) — for a constructive theological treatment.
* William Witt, ''Icons of Christ: A Biblical and Systematic Theology for Women's Ordination'' (2020) — a sustained Anglican case in favour.
* Stephen Noll, "Women Bishops and Reception" (2019).
* ''The Ministry of Women in the Early Church'', ed. and trans. of patristic sources (various).
* Cuthbert Turner, studies on the early diaconate; John Wordsworth, ''The Ministry of Grace''.

== External links ==

* The Anglican Communion document library (Lambeth resolutions): [https://www.anglicancommunion.org/resources/document-library/lambeth-conference/ Anglican Communion document library]
* The Church of England, House of Bishops' Declaration and Five Guiding Principles: [https://www.churchofengland.org/resources/house-bishops-declaration-ministry-bishops-and-priests House of Bishops' Declaration and Five Guiding Principles]
* The Vatican: ''Inter Insigniores'', ''Ordinatio Sacerdotalis'': [https://www.vatican.va Vatican documents]
* GAFCON: [https://www.gafcon.org GAFCON]; the Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches: [https://www.thegsfa.org Global South Fellowship of Anglican Churches]
* Forward in Faith and the Society of St Wilfrid and St Hilda: [https://www.forwardinfaith.com Forward in Faith]
* Women and the Church (WATCH): [https://womenandthechurch.org Women and the Church]

== Summary: agreement, disagreement, and unresolved questions ==

'''Areas of broad agreement.''' Across the spectrum, Anglicans generally affirm: that men and women are of equal dignity and worth, equally created in the image of God and equally redeemed in Christ; that women have always exercised real and vital ministries in the Church; that the diaconate (in some form) has the strongest historical claim for women and is now nearly universal in practice; and that Scripture, rightly interpreted, is the final authority. Even most who differ sharply agree that the question of women's ''priesthood and episcopate'' is not, in itself, a matter of salvation — a point GAFCON has explicitly conceded — even as they disagree about whether it is church-dividing.

'''Continuing disagreement.''' Anglicans remain divided over: whether the restrictive biblical texts are permanent or culturally bound; whether the priest's representative function requires a male icon of Christ; whether male "headship" is a created and abiding order; whether a province (or the Communion) has authority to alter the universal practice of the Church; and whether the episcopate stands on different ground from the priesthood. These disagreements track deeper divisions of hermeneutic, ecclesiology, and the doctrine of authority that long predate the modern debate.

'''Unresolved theological and structural questions.''' Several questions remain genuinely open within the Communion: Is the "process of reception" still open, or has it been closed by widespread adoption — and what follows for the standing of dissenters either way? Can "mutual flourishing" and alternative oversight be sustained over the long term, or do they institutionalize a division that must eventually resolve one way or the other? How can the Archbishop of Canterbury function as a focus of unity when a large share of the Communion does not recognize the orders of women bishops? And what does the women's-orders question — the first great test of Anglican identity in the absence of a central magisterium — portend for the Communion's capacity to hold together amid still-graver disputes?

The traditional position can claim the weight of nineteen centuries of near-universal practice, the continuing witness of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, and a coherent (if internally varied) theological rationale; the case for women's ordination can claim the now-extensive and fruitful experience of women's ministry across most of the Communion, a serious biblical and theological argument, and the considered judgment of most Anglican provinces. That both cases can be stated with such force, by serious and faithful Anglicans, is precisely why the question has reshaped — and continues to reshape — the Anglican Communion.

''This article is a reference compilation. Dates, provincial positions, and figures change; readers should verify current canons and statistics against official provincial sources. Statements of fact are documented from primary and official church sources; theological arguments are presented as their proponents make them and should not be read as endorsements.''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women and Holy Orders in Anglicanism}}
[[Category:Anglican Theology]]
[[Category:Holy Orders]]
[[Category:Ordination of women]]
[[Category:Anglican Communion]]
[[Category:Reformed Episcopal Church]]
[[Category:Book of Common Prayer]]
[[Category:Ecclesiology]]

User:SteveMacas

2026-05-12T22:53:43Z

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#REDIRECT [[User:SteveMacias]]

User:SteveMacias

2026-05-12T22:53:42Z

YourUsername: YourUsername moved page User:SteveMacas to User:SteveMacias: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "SteveMacas" to "SteveMacias"

= Steve Macias =
'''Steve Macias''' is an Anglican priest, educator, and writer. He serves as Rector of [[St. Paul’s Anglican Church (Los Altos, California)]] and as Headmaster of [[Canterbury Christian School]].

__TOC__

== Ministry ==

== External Links ==
* [https://www.stevemacias.com Personal website]
* [https://saintpauls.net Parish website]
* [https://canterbury.school Canterbury Christian School]

[[Category:Anglican priests]]
[[Category:Reformed Episcopal Church]]
[[Category:Headmasters]]
[[Category:American writers]]

Priesthood (Anglican)

2025-10-22T23:00:54Z

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{{Short description|Anglican doctrine of the priesthood based on the classical High Church tradition}}

'''Priesthood (Anglican view)''' refers to the Anglican understanding of the ministry of the '''presbyter''' or '''priest''', as set forth in the historic Ordinal attached to the ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'' and interpreted by classical Anglican divines of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Within this tradition—often described as the '''old High Church''' or '''Caroline''' understanding—the priesthood is viewed as a divinely instituted order for the preaching of the Word, the administration of the Sacraments, and the pastoral care of Christ’s flock.

== Scriptural and patristic foundation ==
The Anglican view of priesthood begins from the conviction that the Christian ministry derives from the commission of Christ to His Apostles (John 20:21–23; Matthew 28:19–20) and that this apostolic ministry was continued in the Church through episcopal ordination. The ''Preface to the Ordinal'' (1662) affirms that “from the Apostles’ time there have been these Orders of Ministers in Christ’s Church; Bishops, Priests, and Deacons.”

Anglican divines saw this threefold ministry as both scriptural and catholic. [[Richard Hooker]] wrote that “the ministry of the Gospel is an order whereunto none are admitted but by ordination received from a bishop” (''Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity'', V.77.5), and [[Lancelot Andrewes]] described the priest as “a messenger, a watchman, and a steward of the mysteries of God.” The priesthood thus stands not as a human office of convenience but as a participation in Christ’s own pastoral and mediatorial ministry.

== Nature of the priestly office ==
According to the ''Form and Manner of Ordering of Priests'' in the 1662 ''Book of Common Prayer'', the Anglican priest is ordained with the laying on of hands by the bishop and receives authority to “preach the Word of God, and to minister the holy Sacraments.” The newly ordained priest is charged:<blockquote style="font-size:95%; line-height:1.4em;">Be thou a faithful Dispenser of the Word of God, and of His holy Sacraments; In the Name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost. Amen.</blockquote>The priest’s ministry is therefore twofold:

* '''Word''' – to read and expound the Scriptures publicly and privately, to teach the faith, and to “banish and drive away all erroneous and strange doctrines.”
* '''Sacrament''' – to consecrate and administer Baptism and the Holy Communion, as well as to bless, absolve, and comfort the faithful.

This dual emphasis—Word and Sacrament—reflects the Reformation settlement of Anglican theology, maintaining the patristic conception of the priest as both preacher and celebrant.

== Representative and mediatory character ==
In the old High Church understanding, the priest is a '''representative''' figure who stands both ''on behalf of the people before God'' and ''on behalf of God before the people''. Hooker called this “a public function wherein man doth that which otherwise God Himself doth.” [[Jeremy Taylor]] described the priesthood as “the visible minister of an invisible grace,” and [[William Beveridge]] spoke of it as “a divine commission from Christ, conveyed through His Church, for the perpetuating of His own ministry to the end of the world.”

This representative character, however, is not construed as independent mediation but as a participation in the one priesthood of Christ (Hebrews 7:24). The priest acts ''in persona Christi'', yet always as a steward and servant of the mysteries, not as an additional mediator.

== Sacramental authority ==
In Anglican theology, the efficacy of the Sacraments depends not upon the personal holiness of the minister but upon Christ’s promise and institution. The ''Article XXVI'' of the ''[[Thirty-Nine Articles]]'' affirms that “the unworthiness of the ministers hinders not the effect of the Sacraments.” Nevertheless, ordination confers a real and permanent character: the bishop’s laying on of hands is regarded as an instrument of divine commission.

The ''Ordinal'' expresses this in sacramental terms: “Receive the Holy Ghost for the Office and Work of a Priest in the Church of God.” This formula, retained from the 1550 Edwardian Ordinal and continued in 1662, reflects the classical Anglican belief that ordination conveys grace for the ministry, though distinct from the sacerdotalism of later Roman theology.

== Relation to episcopacy ==
Priests in Anglicanism serve under the authority of a bishop, who alone possesses the fullness of the apostolic office. Hooker insisted that “the power to ordain and to govern belongs unto Bishops only” (''Laws'', VII.11.10). This episcopal subordination safeguards the unity and catholicity of the Church. The ''Ordinal'' thus directs that no one “shall be accounted or taken to be a lawful Priest... except he be called, tried, examined, and admitted thereunto by lawful authority, and by public prayer, with imposition of hands by the Bishop.”

== Distinction from other orders ==
Anglicans maintain three distinct orders of ministry:

* '''Bishops''', who oversee and ordain;
* '''Priests''', who preach and administer the sacraments;
* '''Deacons''', who assist in service and charity.

While sharing in the same grace of Holy Orders, each order possesses different functions. The priest is not a “sacrificer” in the Levitical sense but presides over the Eucharistic memorial in which Christ’s one sacrifice is pleaded and proclaimed. As [[John Cosin]] wrote, “The priest offereth the sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving, as minister of Him that is both Priest and Sacrifice.”

== Old High Church interpretation ==
The old High Churchmen of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries emphasized:

* the apostolic continuity of the Anglican priesthood;
* the sacramental reality of ordination;
* and the corporate, representative character of the Church’s ministry.

They resisted both Puritan reductions of ministry to lay preaching and Tractarian developments that blurred the distinction between priest and bishop. For the High Church tradition, the Anglican priesthood was at once ''catholic'' and ''reformed''—catholic in origin and sacramental character, reformed in rejecting sacerdotal excess and grounding all authority in Scripture and primitive practice.

== Modern Anglican statements ==
Contemporary Anglican formularies, including the ''[[Jerusalem Declaration]]'' (2008) and the ''Reformed Episcopal Church Constitution and Canons'', continue to affirm the threefold order of ministry as essential to Anglican identity. The 2019 ''Book of Common Prayer'' (Anglican Church in North America) retains the classical ordination charge: “Take thou authority to preach the Word of God, and to minister the Holy Sacraments.”

== See also ==

* [[Anglican ministry]]
* [[Book of Common Prayer]]
* [[Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion]]
* [[Apostolic succession]]
* [[Thirty-Nine Articles]]
* [[Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity]]
* [[High Church]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=<ref>''Book of Common Prayer'' (1662), “The Form and Manner of Ordering of Priests.”</ref>
<ref>Richard Hooker, ''Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity'', Book V, LXXVII.5; VII.11.10.</ref>
<ref>Lancelot Andrewes, ''Ninety-Six Sermons'' (1657).</ref>
<ref>Jeremy Taylor, ''The Worthy Communicant'' (1660).</ref>
<ref>William Beveridge, ''Private Thoughts upon Religion'' (1709).</ref>
<ref>John Cosin, ''Notes on the Book of Common Prayer'' (1712).</ref>
<ref>''Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion'', Article XXIII and XXVI.</ref>}}

Priestesses in the Church?

2025-10-22T22:57:39Z

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'''Priestesses in the Church?''' is an essay by British author and theologian '''C. S. Lewis''', first published on '''14 August 1948''' in ''Time and Tide'' magazine under the column title '''Notes on the Way'''. The piece addresses the question of the ordination of women in the Church of England, offering Lewis’s theological and philosophical argument against admitting women to priestly orders. It was later reprinted posthumously in ''[[God in the Dock]]: Essays on Theology and Ethics'' (1970).

== Background ==
In the late 1940s, discussions about the possibility of ordaining women as priests were emerging in Anglican circles. Lewis, though best known for his works of fiction and Christian apologetics, took an interest in the ecclesiological implications of such proposals. The essay reflects his concern that ordaining women would represent a fundamental alteration of Christian symbolism and doctrine rather than a mere administrative reform.

The essay begins with two epigraphs from [[Richard Hooker]]’s ''[[Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity]]'' (1594–1597), situating Lewis’s argument within the Anglican theological tradition and its classical understanding of ecclesiastical order.

== Summary ==
Lewis argues that ordaining women as priests would not simply be a reform within Christianity but would amount to the creation of a ''different religion''. His reasoning rests on several interrelated claims:

* '''Representation of God.''' A priest, Lewis says, is a ''double representative''—speaking to God on behalf of humanity and to humanity on behalf of God. While a woman could fulfill the first role, he contends that she cannot symbolically represent God to the congregation in the second, given the consistently masculine imagery used by Scripture for God and Christ.

* '''Symbolism of gender.''' Lewis maintains that sex and symbolism are not arbitrary in Christian theology. The masculine form of God’s self-revelation and the imagery of the Church as the Bride of Christ are central to Christian doctrine. Introducing priestesses, he argues, would distort that revealed pattern.

* '''Nature and revelation.''' The essay stresses that Christianity includes elements that are ''supra-rational''—truths that cannot be justified by mere social or practical reasoning. To alter them for pragmatic reasons, Lewis warns, would replace divine revelation with ''natural religion''.

* '''Equality vs. interchangeability.''' Lewis distinguishes between equality and sameness, asserting that Christian teaching holds men and women equal in worth but distinct in vocation. Treating the sexes as interchangeable, he says, adopts a ''legal fiction'' foreign to Christian anthropology.

The essay concludes with a metaphor comparing the Church to a ballroom: while factories and political parties operate on utilitarian principles, the Church, like a dance, reflects an ordered, symbolic, and participatory pattern rooted in creation itself.

== Full text ==
The full text of C. S. Lewis’s essay '''''Priestesses in the Church?''''' (first published 14 August 1948 in ''Time and Tide'') is reproduced below from the public domain. No alterations have been made to the original wording or punctuation.<blockquote style="font-size:95%; line-height:1.5em;">"I should like Balls infinitely better," said Caroline Bingley, "if they were carried on in a different manner ... It would surely be much more rational if conversation instead of dancing made the order of the day."

"Much more rational, I dare say," replied her brother, "but it would not be near so much like a Ball." We are told that the lady was silenced: yet it could be maintained that Jane Austen has not allowed Bingley to put forward the full strength of his position. He ought to have replied with a distinguo. In one, sense conversation is more rational for conversation may exercise the reason alone, dancing does not. But there is nothing irrational in exercising other powers than our reason. On certain occasions and for certain purposes the real irrationality is with those who will not do so. The man who would try to break a horse or write a poem or beget a child by pure syllogizing would be an irrational man; though at the same time syllogizing is in itself a more rational activity than the activities demanded by these achievements. It is rational not to reason, or not to limit oneself to reason, in the wrong place; and the more rational a man is the better he knows this.

These remarks are not intended as a contribution to the criticism of Pride and Prejudice. They came into my head when I heard that the Church of England was being advised to declare women capable of Priests' Orders. I am, indeed, informed that such a proposal is very unlikely to be seriously considered by the authorities. To take such a revolutionary step at the present moment, to cut ourselves off from the Christian past and to widen the divisions between ourselves and other Churches by establishing an order of priestesses in our midst, would be an almost wanton degree of imprudence. And the Church of England herself would be torn in shreds by the operation. My concern with the proposal is of a more theoretical kind. The question involves something even deeper than a revolution in order.

I have every respect for those who wish women to be priestesses. I think they are sincere and pious and sensible people. Indeed, in a way they are too sensible. That is where my dissent from them resembles Bingley's dissent from his sister. I am tempted to say that the proposed arrangement would make us much more rational "but not near so much like a Church".

For at first sight all the rationality (in Caroline Bingley's sense) is on the side of the innovators. We are short of priests. We have discovered in one profession after another that women can do very well all sorts of things which were once supposed to be in the power of men alone. No one among those who dislike the proposal is maintaining that women are less capable than men of piety, zeal, learning and whatever else seems necessary for the pastoral office. What, then, except prejudice begotten by tradition, forbids us to draw on the huge reserves which could pour into the priesthood if women were here, as in so many other professions, put on the same footing as men? And against this flood of common sense, the opposers (many of them women) can produce at first nothing but an inarticulate distaste, a sense of discomfort which they themselves find it hard to analyse.

That this reaction does not spring from any contempt for women is, I think, plain from history. The Middle Ages carried their reverence for one Woman to a point at which the charge could be plausibly made that the Blessed Virgin became in their eyes almost "a fourth Person of the Trinity". But never, so far as I know, in all those ages was anything remotely resembling a sacerdotal office attributed to her. All salvation depends on the decision which she made in the words ''Ecce ancilla''; she is united in nine months" inconceivable intimacy with the eternal Word; she stands at the foot of the cross." But she is absent both from the Last Supper and from the descent of the Spirit at Pentecost. Such is the record of Scripture. Nor can you daff it aside by saying that local and temporary conditions condemned women to silence and private life. There were female preachers. One man had four daughters who all "prophesied", i.e. preached. There were prophetesses even in Old Testament times. Prophetesses, not priestesses.

At this point the common sensible reformer is apt to ask why, if women can preach, they cannot do all the rest of a priest's work. This question deepens the discomfort of my side. We begin to feel that what really divides us from our opponents is a difference between the meaning which they and we give to the word "priest". The more they speak (and speak truly) about the competence of women in administration, their tact and sympathy as advisers, their national talent for "visiting", the more we feel that the central thing is being forgotten. To us a priest is primarily a representative, a double representative, who represents us to God and God to us. Our very eyes teach us this in church. Sometimes the priest turns his back on us and faces the East - he speaks to God for us: sometimes he faces us and speaks to us for God. We have no objection to a woman doing the first: the whole difficulty is about the second. But why? Why should a woman not in this sense represent God? Certainly not because she is necessarily, or even probably, less holy or less charitable or stupider than a man. In that sense she may be as "God-like" as a man; and a given women much more so than a given man. The sense in which she cannot represent God will perhaps be plainer if we look at the thing the other way round.

Suppose the reformer stops saying that a good woman may be like God and begins saying that God is like a good woman. Suppose he says that we might just as well pray to "Our Mother which art in heaven" as to "Our Father". Suppose he suggests that the Incarnation might just as well have taken a female as a male form, and the Second Person of the Trinity be as well called the Daughter as the Son. Suppose, finally, that the mystical marriage were reversed, that the Church were the Bridegroom and Christ the Bride. All this, as it seems to me, is involved in the claim that a woman can represent God as a priest does.

Now it is surely the case that if all these supposals were ever carried into effect we should be embarked on a different religion. Goddesses have, of course, been worshipped: many religions have had priestesses. But they are religions quite different in character from Christianity. Common sense, disregarding the discomfort, or even the horror, which the idea of turning all our theological language into the feminine gender arouses in most Christians, will ask "Why not? Since God is in fact not a biological being and has no sex, what can it matter whether we say He or She, Father or Mother, Son or Daughter?"

But Christians think that God Himself has taught us how to speak of Him. To say that it does not matter is to say either that all the masculine imagery is not inspired, is merely human in origin, or else that, though inspired, it is quite arbitrary and unessential. And this is surely intolerable: or, if tolerable, it is an argument not in favour of Christian priestesses but against Christianity. It is also surely based on a shallow view of imagery. Without drawing upon religion, we know from our poetical experience that image and apprehension cleave closer together than common sense is here prepared to admit; that a child who has been taught to pray to a Mother in Heaven would have a religious life radically different from that of a Christian child. And as image and apprehension are in an organic unity, so, for a Christian, are human body and human soul.

The innovators are really implying that sex is something superficial, irrelevant to the spiritual life. To say that men and women are equally eligible for a certain profession is to say that for the purposes of that profession their sex is irrelevant. We are, within that context, treating both as neuters.

As the State grows more like a hive or an ant-hill it needs an increasing number of workers who can be treated as neuters. This may be inevitable for our secular life. But in our Christian life we must return to reality. There we are not homogeneous units, but different and complementary organs of a mystical body. Lady Nunburnholme has claimed that the equality of men and women is a Christian principle. I do not remember the text in scripture nor the Fathers, nor Hooker, nor the Prayer Book which asserts it; but that is not here my point. The point is that unless "equal" means "interchangeable", equality makes nothing for the priesthood of women. And the kind of equality which implies that the equals are interchangeable (like counters or identical machines) is, among humans, a legal fiction. It may be a useful legal fiction. But in church we turn our back on fictions. One of the ends for which sex was created was to symbolize to us the hidden things of God. One of the functions of human marriage is to express the nature of the union between Christ and the Church. We have no authority to take the living and semitive figures which God has painted on the canvas of our nature and shift them about as if they were mere geometrical figures.

This is what common sense will call "mystical". Exactly. The Church claims to be the bearer of a revelation. If that claim is false then we want not to make priestesses but to abolish priests. If it is true, then we should expect to find in the Church an element which unbelievers will call irrational and which believers will call supra-rational. There ought to be something in it opaque to our reason though not contrary to it - as the facts of sex and sense on the natural level are opaque. And that is the real issue. The Church of England can remain a church only if she retains this opaque element. If we abandon that, if we retain only what can be justified by standards of prudence and convenience at the bar of enlightened common sense, then we exchange revelation for that old wraith Natural Religion.

It is painful, being a man, to have to assert the privilege, or the burden, which Christianity lays upon my own sex. I am crushingly aware how inadequate most of us are, in our actual and historical individualities, to fill the place prepared for us. But it is an old saying in the army that you salute the uniform not the wearer. Only one wearing the masculine uniform can (provisionally, and till the Parousia) represent the Lord to the Church: for we are all, corporately and individually, feminine to Him. We men may often make very bad priests. That is because we are insufficiently masculine. It is no cure to call in those who are not masculine at all. A given man may make a very bad husband; you cannot mend matters by trying to reverse the roles. He may make a bad male partner in a dance. The cure for that is that men should more diligently attend dancing classes; not that the ballroom should henceforward ignore distinctions of sex and treat all dancers as neuter. That would, of course, be eminently sensible, civilized, and enlightened, but, once more, "not near so much like a Ball".

And this parallel between the Church and the Ball is not so fanciful as some would think. The Church ought to be more like a Ball than it is like a factory or a political party. Or, to speak more strictly, they are at the circumference and the Church at the Centre and the Ball comes in between. The factory and the political party are artificial creations - "a breath can make them as a breath has made". In them we are not dealing with human beings in their concrete entirety only with "hands" or voters. I am not of course using "artificial" in any derogatory sense. Such artifices are necessary: but because they are our artifices we are free to shuffle, scrap and experiment as we please. But the Ball exists to stylize something which is natural and which concerns human beings in their entirety-namely, courtship. We cannot shuffle or tamper so much. With the Church, we are farther in: for there we are dealing with male and female not merely as facts of nature but as the live and awful shadows of realities utterly beyond our control and largely beyond our direct knowledge. Or rather, we are not dealing with them but (as we shall soon learn if we meddle) they are dealing with us.</blockquote>

== Source editions ==

* '''Primary:''' ''Priestesses in the Church?'' by C. S. Lewis (''Time and Tide'', 14 August 1948).
* '''Reprint:''' ''God in the Dock: Essays on Theology and Ethics'' (Eerdmans, 1970).
* Supplementary notes: [http://www.ldolphin.org/priestesses.html ldolphin.org/priestesses.html]
* Last updated: September 15, 2021.
* No changes have been made to the original text.

== Publication and textual history ==

* '''Original publication:''' ''Time and Tide'', Vol. XXIX (14 August 1948), under the column ''Notes on the Way''.
* '''Reprint:''' ''[[God in the Dock]]: Essays on Theology and Ethics'', ed. Walter Hooper (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970).
* '''Primary text:''' [http://www.episcopalnet.org/TRACTS/priestesses.html "Priestesses in the Church?"] (EpiscopalNet.org)
* '''Additional reference:''' [http://www.ldolphin.org/priestesses.html ldolphin.org/priestesses.html]

No textual changes are noted in these reproductions; both present the essay as originally published.

== Reception and influence ==
''Priestesses in the Church?'' has remained one of Lewis’s most frequently cited essays in debates over women’s ordination within Anglicanism and wider Christian theology. Traditionalists view it as a concise articulation of the symbolic and sacramental logic behind the male-only priesthood, while critics regard it as reflective of mid-twentieth-century assumptions about gender and authority.

The essay continues to appear in discussions of:

* sacramental representation in Anglican and Roman Catholic theology;
* inclusive or gender-neutral language for God;
* C. S. Lewis’s broader theology of gender and symbolism.

== See also ==

* [[Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion]]
* [[God in the Dock]]
* [[Richard Hooker]]
* [[Priesthood (Anglican)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=<ref name="TT1948">C. S. Lewis, "Notes on the Way: Priestesses in the Church?" ''Time and Tide'' Vol. XXIX (14 August 1948).</ref>
<ref name="GITD1970">C. S. Lewis, ''God in the Dock: Essays on Theology and Ethics'', ed. Walter Hooper (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1970).</ref>
<ref>Richard Hooker, ''Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity'', Book V lxii.2 (1597).</ref>
<ref>[http://www.episcopalnet.org/TRACTS/priestesses.html EpiscopalNet.org – Full text of "Priestesses in the Church?"]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.ldolphin.org/priestesses.html ldolphin.org – Notes and commentary]</ref>}}

Canon law

2025-10-20T02:07:15Z

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'''Canon law''' is the tradition of canonical legislation, which governs Orthodox Church life. It touches on every area of Church life, including [[Ecclesiology]], [[Liturgy]], and [[Ethics]]. Although generally referred to as canon law, it is more correctly referred to in the community as the ''tradition of the holy canons''. This law, the canonical tradition, involves persons who are invested with authority (such as bishops) enabled with the means of creating, formulating, interpreting, executing, validating, amending and revoking these ''laws'' through synodical or conciliar action.

== See also ==
#[[Didache|'''The Didache''']], or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles.
#The '''[[Ecumenical Councils]]'''
#'''[[The Rudder]]''', the 85 Canons of the Holy and Altogether August Apostles, plus the Canons of the First through Fourth Ecumenical Councils constitute what is known as ''The Rudder''.

*[[Nomocanon]]

;People
* [[John Zonaras]] (11th c.)
* [[Theodore IV of Antioch|Theodore Balsamon]] (12th c.)
* [[Matthew Blastares]] (14th c.)
* [[Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain]] (18th c.)
* [[Nikodim (Milas) of Dalmatia]] (19th c.)



==Articles and Books on Orthodox Canon Law==
* N. Athanasiev. "The Canons of the Church: Changeable or Unchangeable?" ''St. Vladimir's Theological Quarterly'', 11 (1967), pp. 54-68.
* John H. Erickson, ''The Challenge of Our Past: Studies in Orthodox Canon Law and Church History''.Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0881410860.
*Archbishop Peter L'Huillier, ''The Church of the Ancient Councils: The Disciplinary Work of the First Four Ecumenical Councils''. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir's Seminary Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0881410075.
* Lewis J. Patsavos. ''The Canon Law of the Orthodox Catholic Church'' (Mimeographed Notes). Brookline, MA.: Holy Cross Bookstore, 1975.
*Lewis J. Patsavos, ''Spiritual Dimensions of the Holy Canons''. Brookline, MA: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1885652683.
* Henry R. Percival, Ed. ''The Seven Ecumenical Councils of the Undivided Church: Their Canons and Dogmatic Decrees, Together with the Canons of All the Local Synods Which Have Received Ecumenical Acceptance''. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1956.
*Panteleimon Rodopoulos and George Dion Dragas, Ed. ''An Overview of Orthodox Canon Law''. Orthodox Research Institute, 2007. ISBN 978-1933275154.
*Patrick Viscuso, ''Orthodox Canon Law: A Casebook for Study''. InterOrthodox Press, 2007. ISBN 978-1932401103.
*[http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article7101.asp The Stand of the Orthodox Church on Controversial Issues] by Stanley Harakas
*B. Archondonis. "A Common Code for the Orthodox Churches," Kanon I (1973), pp. 45-53.
* [http://www.theo.kuleuven.be/page/doctoraltheses/69/ The Theology of Oikonomia and Its Implications for Sacramental and Ecumenical Perspectives] by Sabu John
* [http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article7071.asp The Canonical Tradition of the Orthodox Church] by Lewis Patsavos
* [http://www.orthodoxa.org/GB/orthodoxy/canonlaw/russianterritory.htm The Russian Canonical Territory] - some comments from an Orthodox historico-canonical perspective
* [http://www.geocities.com/berolini/subseciva.htm Studies in Roman and Byzantine Law] - an index of articles in this journal is available online

==Parallels in other religious groups==
* Byzantine Catholic canon law - [http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG1199.HTM Code of Canons for the Oriental Churches]
* Roman Catholic - [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09056a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia article on Canon Law] (outdated, but informative)
* In Judaism, see [[w:Halakha]]
* In Islam, see [[w:Sharia]], [[w:Fatwa]], and [[w:Fiqh]]

== External links ==

'''Source Texts'''
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/byzantium/alltexts.html#Byzantine%20Legal%20Documents Byzantine Legal Documents] - An index by Paul Halsall
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091019073019/http://www.geocities.com/ekeied/ Post-Byzantine Law on the Web] - This site is devoted to the promotion of the study of law in Venetian and Ottoman Greece to the 19th century
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100913042026/http://www.synaxis.org/cnet/stjohn/canons.htm The Rudder]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/Pedalion Complete scan of the Pedalion in Greek] (1886 edition published in Athens. This is the book The Rudder translates. Link to pdf file at that site.)
*[http://ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-14/TOC.htm Canons and Definitions of the Ecumenical Councils]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120208202238/http://aggreen.net/canons/canons.html Canons of the Orthodox Church]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/SyntagmaTonTheionKaiHieronKanononTonTeHagionKaiPaneuphemonApostolon Canons of the Orthodox Church in Greek] (Link to pdf scans of all 6 volumes of the definitive 19th century collection of Rhalle and Potle)
*[http://www.archive.org/details/drevneslavianska00bene Canons of the Orthodox Church in Slavonic with Greek parallel] (Link to pdf scan of Beneshevich's 1906 Drevne-Slavonskaia Kormchaia [Old Slavonic Kormchaia{Kniga}, 14 Chapters without commentary])

[[index.php?title=Category:Canon Law|*]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Councils]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Ecumenical Councils]]

[[fr:Droit canon]]
[[ro:Drept canonic]]

Module:Citation/CS1

2025-10-20T01:36:36Z

YourUsername: Created page with "require ('strict'); ----------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >-------------------------------------- each of these counts against the Lua upvalue limit local validation; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation local utilities; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local z = {}; -- table of tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities local identifiers; -- f..."

require ('strict');

--[[--------------------------< F O R W A R D D E C L A R A T I O N S >--------------------------------------

each of these counts against the Lua upvalue limit

]]

local validation; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation

local utilities; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities
local z = {}; -- table of tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities

local identifiers; -- functions and tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers
local metadata; -- functions in Module:Citation/CS1/COinS
local cfg = {}; -- table of configuration tables that are defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration
local whitelist = {}; -- table of tables listing valid template parameter names; defined in Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist

--[[------------------< P A G E S C O P E V A R I A B L E S >---------------

declare variables here that have page-wide scope that are not brought in from
other modules; that are created here and used here

]]

local added_deprecated_cat; -- Boolean flag so that the category is added only once
local added_vanc_errs; -- Boolean flag so we only emit one Vancouver error / category
local added_generic_name_errs; -- Boolean flag so we only emit one generic name error / category and stop testing names once an error is encountered
local added_numeric_name_errs; -- Boolean flag so we only emit one numeric name error / category and stop testing names once an error is encountered
local added_numeric_name_maint; -- Boolean flag so we only emit one numeric name maint category and stop testing names once a category has been emitted
local is_preview_mode; -- true when article is in preview mode; false when using 'Preview page with this template' (previewing the module)
local is_sandbox; -- true when using sandbox modules to render citation

--[[--------------------------< F I R S T _ S E T >------------------------------------------------------------

Locates and returns the first set value in a table of values where the order established in the table,
left-to-right (or top-to-bottom), is the order in which the values are evaluated. Returns nil if none are set.

This version replaces the original 'for _, val in pairs do' and a similar version that used ipairs. With the pairs
version the order of evaluation could not be guaranteed. With the ipairs version, a nil value would terminate
the for-loop before it reached the actual end of the list.

]]

local function first_set (list, count)
local i = 1;
while i <= count do -- loop through all items in list
if utilities.is_set( list[i] ) then
return list[i]; -- return the first set list member
end
i = i + 1; -- point to next
end
end

--[[--------------------------< A D D _ V A N C _ E R R O R >----------------------------------------------------

Adds a single Vancouver system error message to the template's output regardless of how many error actually exist.
To prevent duplication, added_vanc_errs is nil until an error message is emitted.

added_vanc_errs is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above

]]

local function add_vanc_error (source, position)
if added_vanc_errs then return end

added_vanc_errs = true; -- note that we've added this category
utilities.set_message ('err_vancouver', {source, position});
end

--[[--------------------------< I S _ S C H E M E >------------------------------------------------------------

does this thing that purports to be a URI scheme seem to be a valid scheme? The scheme is checked to see if it
is in agreement with http://tools.ietf.org/html/std66#section-3.1 which says:
Scheme names consist of a sequence of characters beginning with a
letter and followed by any combination of letters, digits, plus
("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-").

returns true if it does, else false

]]

local function is_scheme (scheme)
return scheme and scheme:match ('^%a[%a%d%+%.%-]*:'); -- true if scheme is set and matches the pattern
end

--[=[-------------------------< I S _ D O M A I N _ N A M E >--------------------------------------------------

Does this thing that purports to be a domain name seem to be a valid domain name?

Syntax defined here: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1034#section-3.5
BNF defined here: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4234
Single character names are generally reserved; see https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-dnsind-iana-dns-01#page-15;
see also [[Single-letter second-level domain]]
list of TLDs: https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db

RFC 952 (modified by RFC 1123) requires the first and last character of a hostname to be a letter or a digit. Between
the first and last characters the name may use letters, digits, and the hyphen.

Also allowed are IPv4 addresses. IPv6 not supported

domain is expected to be stripped of any path so that the last character in the last character of the TLD. tld
is two or more alpha characters. Any preceding '//' (from splitting a URL with a scheme) will be stripped
here. Perhaps not necessary but retained in case it is necessary for IPv4 dot decimal.

There are several tests:
the first character of the whole domain name including subdomains must be a letter or a digit
internationalized domain name (ASCII characters with .xn-- ASCII Compatible Encoding (ACE) prefix xn-- in the TLD) see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490
single-letter/digit second-level domains in the .org, .cash, and .today TLDs
q, x, and z SL domains in the .com TLD
i and q SL domains in the .net TLD
single-letter SL domains in the ccTLDs (where the ccTLD is two letters)
two-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters)
three-plus-character SL domains in gTLDs (where the gTLD is two or more letters)
IPv4 dot-decimal address format; TLD not allowed

returns true if domain appears to be a proper name and TLD or IPv4 address, else false

]=]

local function is_domain_name (domain)
if not domain then
return false; -- if not set, abandon
end

domain = domain:gsub ('^//', ''); -- strip '//' from domain name if present; done here so we only have to do it once

if not domain:match ('^[%w]') then -- first character must be letter or digit
return false;
end

if domain:match ('^%a+:') then -- hack to detect things that look like s:Page:Title where Page: is namespace at Wikisource
return false;
end

local patterns = { -- patterns that look like URLs
'%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.%a%a+$', -- three or more character hostname.hostname or hostname.tld
'%f[%w][%w][%w%-]+[%w]%.xn%-%-[%w]+$', -- internationalized domain name with ACE prefix
'%f[%a][qxz]%.com$', -- assigned one character .com hostname (x.com times out 2015-12-10)
'%f[%a][iq]%.net$', -- assigned one character .net hostname (q.net registered but not active 2015-12-10)
'%f[%w][%w]%.%a%a$', -- one character hostname and ccTLD (2 chars)
'%f[%w][%w][%w]%.%a%a+$', -- two character hostname and TLD
'^%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?%.%d%d?%d?', -- IPv4 address
'[%a%d]+%:?' -- IPv6 address
}

for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- loop through the patterns list
if domain:match (pattern) then
return true; -- if a match then we think that this thing that purports to be a URL is a URL
end
end

for _, d in ipairs (cfg.single_letter_2nd_lvl_domains_t) do -- look for single letter second level domain names for these top level domains
if domain:match ('%f[%w][%w]%.' .. d) then
return true
end
end
return false; -- no matches, we don't know what this thing is
end

--[[--------------------------< I S _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------------

returns true if the scheme and domain parts of a URL appear to be a valid URL; else false.

This function is the last step in the validation process. This function is separate because there are cases that
are not covered by split_url(), for example is_parameter_ext_wikilink() which is looking for bracketted external
wikilinks.

]]

local function is_url (scheme, domain)
if utilities.is_set (scheme) then -- if scheme is set check it and domain
return is_scheme (scheme) and is_domain_name (domain);
else
return is_domain_name (domain); -- scheme not set when URL is protocol-relative
end
end

--[[--------------------------< S P L I T _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------

Split a URL into a scheme, authority indicator, and domain.

First remove Fully Qualified Domain Name terminator (a dot following TLD) (if any) and any path(/), query(?) or fragment(#).

If protocol-relative URL, return nil scheme and domain else return nil for both scheme and domain.

When not protocol-relative, get scheme, authority indicator, and domain. If there is an authority indicator (one
or more '/' characters immediately following the scheme's colon), make sure that there are only 2.

Any URL that does not have news: scheme must have authority indicator (//). TODO: are there other common schemes
like news: that don't use authority indicator?

Strip off any port and path;

]]

local function split_url (url_str)
local scheme, authority, domain;

url_str = url_str:gsub ('([%a%d])%.?[/%?#].*$', '%1'); -- strip FQDN terminator and path(/), query(?), fragment (#) (the capture prevents false replacement of '//')

if url_str:match ('^//%S*') then -- if there is what appears to be a protocol-relative URL
domain = url_str:match ('^//(%S*)')
elseif url_str:match ('%S-:/*%S+') then -- if there is what appears to be a scheme, optional authority indicator, and domain name
scheme, authority, domain = url_str:match ('(%S-:)(/*)(%S+)'); -- extract the scheme, authority indicator, and domain portions
if utilities.is_set (authority) then
authority = authority:gsub ('//', '', 1); -- replace place 1 pair of '/' with nothing;
if utilities.is_set(authority) then -- if anything left (1 or 3+ '/' where authority should be) then
return scheme; -- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message
end
else
if not scheme:match ('^news:') then -- except for news:..., MediaWiki won't link URLs that do not have authority indicator; TODO: a better way to do this test?
return scheme; -- return scheme only making domain nil which will cause an error message
end
end
domain = domain:gsub ('(%a):%d+', '%1'); -- strip port number if present
end

return scheme, domain;
end

--[[--------------------------< L I N K _ P A R A M _ O K >---------------------------------------------------

checks the content of |title-link=, |series-link=, |author-link=, etc. for properly formatted content: no wikilinks, no URLs

Link parameters are to hold the title of a Wikipedia article, so none of the WP:TITLESPECIALCHARACTERS are allowed:
# < > [ ] | { } _
except the underscore which is used as a space in wiki URLs and # which is used for section links

returns false when the value contains any of these characters.

When there are no illegal characters, this function returns TRUE if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL (the
|<param>-link= parameter is ok); else false when value appears to be a valid URL (the |<param>-link= parameter is NOT ok).

]]

local function link_param_ok (value)
local scheme, domain;
if value:find ('[<>%[%]|{}]') then -- if any prohibited characters
return false;
end

scheme, domain = split_url (value); -- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL;
return not is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value DOES NOT appear to be a valid URL
end

--[[--------------------------< L I N K _ T I T L E _ O K >---------------------------------------------------

Use link_param_ok() to validate |<param>-link= value and its matching |<title>= value.

|<title>= may be wiki-linked but not when |<param>-link= has a value. This function emits an error message when
that condition exists

check <link> for inter-language interwiki-link prefix. prefix must be a MediaWiki-recognized language
code and must begin with a colon.

]]

local function link_title_ok (link, lorig, title, torig)
local orig;
if utilities.is_set (link) then -- don't bother if <param>-link doesn't have a value
if not link_param_ok (link) then -- check |<param>-link= markup
orig = lorig; -- identify the failing link parameter
elseif title:find ('%[%[') then -- check |title= for wikilink markup
orig = torig; -- identify the failing |title= parameter
elseif link:match ('^%a+:') then -- if the link is what looks like an interwiki
local prefix = link:match ('^(%a+):'):lower(); -- get the interwiki prefix

if cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix] then -- if prefix is in the map, must have preceding colon
orig = lorig; -- flag as error
end
end
end

if utilities.is_set (orig) then
link = ''; -- unset
utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', orig); -- URL or wikilink in |title= with |title-link=;
end

return link; -- link if ok, empty string else
end

--[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------------

Determines whether a URL string appears to be valid.

First we test for space characters. If any are found, return false. Then split the URL into scheme and domain
portions, or for protocol-relative (//example.com) URLs, just the domain. Use is_url() to validate the two
portions of the URL. If both are valid, or for protocol-relative if domain is valid, return true, else false.

Because it is different from a standard URL, and because this module used external_link() to make external links
that work for standard and news: links, we validate newsgroup names here. The specification for a newsgroup name
is at https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5536#section-3.1.4

]]

local function check_url( url_str )
if nil == url_str:match ("^%S+$") then -- if there are any spaces in |url=value it can't be a proper URL
return false;
end
local scheme, domain;

scheme, domain = split_url (url_str); -- get scheme or nil and domain or nil from URL;

if 'news:' == scheme then -- special case for newsgroups
return domain:match('^[%a%d%+%-_]+%.[%a%d%+%-_%.]*[%a%d%+%-_]$');
end

return is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value appears to be a valid URL
end

--[=[-------------------------< I S _ P A R A M E T E R _ E X T _ W I K I L I N K >----------------------------

Return true if a parameter value has a string that begins and ends with square brackets [ and ] and the first
non-space characters following the opening bracket appear to be a URL. The test will also find external wikilinks
that use protocol-relative URLs. Also finds bare URLs.

The frontier pattern prevents a match on interwiki-links which are similar to scheme:path URLs. The tests that
find bracketed URLs are required because the parameters that call this test (currently |title=, |chapter=, |work=,
and |publisher=) may have wikilinks and there are articles or redirects like '//Hus' so, while uncommon, |title=[[//Hus]]
is possible as might be [[en://Hus]].

]=]

local function is_parameter_ext_wikilink (value)
local scheme, domain;

if value:match ('%f[%[]%[%a%S*:%S+.*%]') then -- if ext. wikilink with scheme and domain: [xxxx://yyyyy.zzz]
scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(%a%S*:%S+).*%]'));
elseif value:match ('%f[%[]%[//%S+.*%]') then -- if protocol-relative ext. wikilink: [//yyyyy.zzz]
scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('%f[%[]%[(//%S+).*%]'));
elseif value:match ('%a%S*:%S+') then -- if bare URL with scheme; may have leading or trailing plain text
scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(%a%S*:%S+)'));
elseif value:match ('^//%S+') or value:match ('%s//%S+') then -- if protocol-relative bare URL: //yyyyy.zzz; authority indicator (//) must be be preceded nothing or by whitespace
scheme, domain = split_url (value:match ('(//%S+)')); -- what is left should be the domain
else
return false; -- didn't find anything that is obviously a URL
end

return is_url (scheme, domain); -- return true if value appears to be a valid URL
end

--[[-------------------------< C H E C K _ F O R _ U R L >-----------------------------------------------------

loop through a list of parameters and their values. Look at the value and if it has an external link, emit an error message.

]]

local function check_for_url (parameter_list, error_list)
for k, v in pairs (parameter_list) do -- for each parameter in the list
if is_parameter_ext_wikilink (v) then -- look at the value; if there is a URL add an error message
table.insert (error_list, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k));
end
end
end

--[[--------------------------< S A F E _ F O R _ U R L >------------------------------------------------------

Escape sequences for content that will be used for URL descriptions

]]

local function safe_for_url( str )
if str:match( "%[%[.-%]%]" ) ~= nil then
utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url', {});
end

return str:gsub( '[%[%]\n]', {
['['] = '[',
[']'] = ']',
['\n'] = ' ' } );
end

--[[--------------------------< E X T E R N A L _ L I N K >----------------------------------------------------

Format an external link with error checking

]]

local function external_link (URL, label, source, access)
local err_msg = '';
local domain;
local path;
local base_url;

if not utilities.is_set (label) then
label = URL;
if utilities.is_set (source) then
utilities.set_message ('err_bare_url_missing_title', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)});
else
error (cfg.messages["bare_url_no_origin"]); -- programmer error; valid parameter name does not have matching meta-parameter
end
end
if not check_url (URL) then
utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)});
end

domain, path = URL:match ('^([/%.%-%+:%a%d]+)([/%?#].*)$'); -- split the URL into scheme plus domain and path
if path then -- if there is a path portion
path = path:gsub ('[%[%]]', {['['] = '%5b', [']'] = '%5d'}); -- replace '[' and ']' with their percent-encoded values
URL = table.concat ({domain, path}); -- and reassemble
end

base_url = table.concat ({ "[", URL, " ", safe_for_url (label), "]" }); -- assemble a wiki-markup URL

if utilities.is_set (access) then -- access level (subscription, registration, limited)
base_url = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ext-link-access-signal'], {cfg.presentation[access].class, cfg.presentation[access].title, base_url}); -- add the appropriate icon
end

return base_url;
end

--[[--------------------------< D E P R E C A T E D _ P A R A M E T E R >--------------------------------------

Categorize and emit an error message when the citation contains one or more deprecated parameters. The function includes the
offending parameter name to the error message. Only one error message is emitted regardless of the number of deprecated
parameters in the citation.

added_deprecated_cat is a Boolean declared in page scope variables above

]]

local function deprecated_parameter(name)
if not added_deprecated_cat then
added_deprecated_cat = true; -- note that we've added this category
utilities.set_message ('err_deprecated_params', {name}); -- add error message
end
end

--[=[-------------------------< K E R N _ Q U O T E S >--------------------------------------------------------

Apply kerning to open the space between the quote mark provided by the module and a leading or trailing quote
mark contained in a |title= or |chapter= parameter's value.

This function will positive kern either single or double quotes:
"'Unkerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks'"
" 'Kerned title with leading and trailing single quote marks' " (in real life the kerning isn't as wide as this example)
Double single quotes (italic or bold wiki-markup) are not kerned.

Replaces Unicode quote marks in plain text or in the label portion of a [[L|D]] style wikilink with typewriter
quote marks regardless of the need for kerning. Unicode quote marks are not replaced in simple [[D]] wikilinks.

Call this function for chapter titles, for website titles, etc.; not for book titles.

]=]

local function kern_quotes (str)
local cap = '';
local wl_type, label, link;

wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (str); -- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]]

if 1 == wl_type then -- [[D]] simple wikilink with or without quote marks
if mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\"“”\'‘’].+[\"“”\'‘’]%]%]') then -- leading and trailing quote marks
str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str);
str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str);
elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[[\"“”\'‘’].+%]%]') then -- leading quote marks
str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], str);
elseif mw.ustring.match (str, '%[%[.+[\"“”\'‘’]%]%]') then -- trailing quote marks
str = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], str);
end

else -- plain text or [[L|D]]; text in label variable
label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[“”]', '\"'); -- replace “” (U+201C & U+201D) with " (typewriter double quote mark)
label = mw.ustring.gsub (label, '[‘’]', '\''); -- replace ‘’ (U+2018 & U+2019) with ' (typewriter single quote mark)

cap = mw.ustring.match (label, "^([\"\'][^\'].+)"); -- match leading double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup)
if utilities.is_set (cap) then
label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-left'], cap);
end

cap = mw.ustring.match (label, "^(.+[^\'][\"\'])$") -- match trailing double or single quote but not doubled single quotes (italic markup)
if utilities.is_set (cap) then
label = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['kern-right'], cap);
end

if 2 == wl_type then
str = utilities.make_wikilink (link, label); -- reassemble the wikilink
else
str = label;
end
end
return str;
end

--[[--------------------------< F O R M A T _ S C R I P T _ V A L U E >----------------------------------------

|script-title= holds title parameters that are not written in Latin-based scripts: Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, etc. These scripts should
not be italicized and may be written right-to-left. The value supplied by |script-title= is concatenated onto Title after Title has been wrapped
in italic markup.

Regardless of language, all values provided by |script-title= are wrapped in <bdi>...</bdi> tags to isolate RTL languages from the English left to right.

|script-title= provides a unique feature. The value in |script-title= may be prefixed with a two-character ISO 639-1 language code and a colon:
|script-title=ja:*** *** (where * represents a Japanese character)
Spaces between the two-character code and the colon and the colon and the first script character are allowed:
|script-title=ja : *** ***
|script-title=ja: *** ***
|script-title=ja :*** ***
Spaces preceding the prefix are allowed: |script-title = ja:*** ***

The prefix is checked for validity. If it is a valid ISO 639-1 language code, the lang attribute (lang="ja") is added to the <bdi> tag so that browsers can
know the language the tag contains. This may help the browser render the script more correctly. If the prefix is invalid, the lang attribute
is not added. At this time there is no error message for this condition.

Supports |script-title=, |script-chapter=, |script-<periodical>=

]]

local function format_script_value (script_value, script_param)
local lang=''; -- initialize to empty string
local name;
if script_value:match('^%l%l%l?%s*:') then -- if first 3 or 4 non-space characters are script language prefix
lang = script_value:match('^(%l%l%l?)%s*:%s*%S.*'); -- get the language prefix or nil if there is no script
if not utilities.is_set (lang) then
utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing title part']}); -- prefix without 'title'; add error message
return ''; -- script_value was just the prefix so return empty string
end
-- if we get this far we have prefix and script
name = cfg.lang_tag_remap[lang] or mw.language.fetchLanguageName( lang, cfg.this_wiki_code ); -- get language name so that we can use it to categorize
if utilities.is_set (name) then -- is prefix a proper ISO 639-1 language code?
script_value = script_value:gsub ('^%l+%s*:%s*', ''); -- strip prefix from script
-- is prefix one of these language codes?
if utilities.in_array (lang, cfg.script_lang_codes) then
utilities.add_prop_cat ('script', {name, lang})
else
utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['unknown language code']}); -- unknown script-language; add error message
end
lang = ' lang="' .. lang .. '" '; -- convert prefix into a lang attribute
else
utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['invalid language code']}); -- invalid language code; add error message
lang = ''; -- invalid so set lang to empty string
end
else
utilities.set_message ('err_script_parameter', {script_param, cfg.err_msg_supl['missing prefix']}); -- no language code prefix; add error message
end
script_value = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['bdi'], {lang, script_value}); -- isolate in case script is RTL

return script_value;
end

--[[--------------------------< S C R I P T _ C O N C A T E N A T E >------------------------------------------

Initially for |title= and |script-title=, this function concatenates those two parameter values after the script
value has been wrapped in <bdi> tags.

]]

local function script_concatenate (title, script, script_param)
if utilities.is_set (script) then
script = format_script_value (script, script_param); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; returns empty string on error
if utilities.is_set (script) then
title = title .. ' ' .. script; -- concatenate title and script title
end
end
return title;
end

--[[--------------------------< W R A P _ M S G >--------------------------------------------------------------

Applies additional message text to various parameter values. Supplied string is wrapped using a message_list
configuration taking one argument. Supports lower case text for {{citation}} templates. Additional text taken
from citation_config.messages - the reason this function is similar to but separate from wrap_style().

]]

local function wrap_msg (key, str, lower)
if not utilities.is_set ( str ) then
return "";
end
if true == lower then
local msg;
msg = cfg.messages[key]:lower(); -- set the message to lower case before
return utilities.substitute ( msg, str ); -- including template text
else
return utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages[key], str );
end
end

--[[----------------< W I K I S O U R C E _ U R L _ M A K E >-------------------

Makes a Wikisource URL from Wikisource interwiki-link. Returns the URL and appropriate
label; nil else.

str is the value assigned to |chapter= (or aliases) or |title= or |title-link=

]]

local function wikisource_url_make (str)
local wl_type, D, L;
local ws_url, ws_label;
local wikisource_prefix = table.concat ({'https://', cfg.this_wiki_code, '.wikisource.org/wiki/'});

wl_type, D, L = utilities.is_wikilink (str); -- wl_type is 0 (not a wikilink), 1 (simple wikilink), 2 (complex wikilink)

if 0 == wl_type then -- not a wikilink; might be from |title-link=
str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace
if utilities.is_set (str) then
ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL
wikisource_prefix, -- prefix
str, -- article title
});
ws_label = str; -- label for the URL
end
elseif 1 == wl_type then -- simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article]]
str = D:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or D:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace
if utilities.is_set (str) then
ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL
wikisource_prefix, -- prefix
str, -- article title
});
ws_label = str; -- label for the URL
end
elseif 2 == wl_type then -- non-so-simple wikilink: [[Wikisource:ws article|displayed text]] ([[L|D]])
str = L:match ('^[Ww]ikisource:(.+)') or L:match ('^[Ss]:(.+)'); -- article title from interwiki link with long-form or short-form namespace
if utilities.is_set (str) then
ws_label = D; -- get ws article name from display portion of interwiki link
ws_url = table.concat ({ -- build a Wikisource URL
wikisource_prefix, -- prefix
str, -- article title without namespace from link portion of wikilink
});
end
end

if ws_url then
ws_url = mw.uri.encode (ws_url, 'WIKI'); -- make a usable URL
ws_url = ws_url:gsub ('%%23', '#'); -- undo percent-encoding of fragment marker
end

return ws_url, ws_label, L or D; -- return proper URL or nil and a label or nil
end

--[[----------------< F O R M A T _ P E R I O D I C A L >-----------------------

Format the three periodical parameters: |script-<periodical>=, |<periodical>=,
and |trans-<periodical>= into a single Periodical meta-parameter.

]]

local function format_periodical (script_periodical, script_periodical_source, periodical, trans_periodical)

if not utilities.is_set (periodical) then
periodical = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation
else
periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', periodical); -- style
end

periodical = script_concatenate (periodical, script_periodical, script_periodical_source); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped

if utilities.is_set (trans_periodical) then
trans_periodical = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', trans_periodical);
if utilities.is_set (periodical) then
periodical = periodical .. ' ' .. trans_periodical;
else -- here when trans-periodical without periodical or script-periodical
periodical = trans_periodical;
utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'periodical'});
end
end

return periodical;
end

--[[------------------< F O R M A T _ C H A P T E R _ T I T L E >---------------

Format the four chapter parameters: |script-chapter=, |chapter=, |trans-chapter=,
and |chapter-url= into a single chapter meta- parameter (chapter_url_source used
for error messages).

]]

local function format_chapter_title (script_chapter, script_chapter_source, chapter, chapter_source, trans_chapter, trans_chapter_source, chapter_url, chapter_url_source, no_quotes, access)
local ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (chapter); -- make a wikisource URL and label from a wikisource interwiki link
if ws_url then
ws_label = ws_label:gsub ('_', ' '); -- replace underscore separators with space characters
chapter = ws_label;
end

if not utilities.is_set (chapter) then
chapter = ''; -- to be safe for concatenation
else
if false == no_quotes then
chapter = kern_quotes (chapter); -- if necessary, separate chapter title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks
chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', chapter);
end
end

chapter = script_concatenate (chapter, script_chapter, script_chapter_source); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped

if utilities.is_set (chapter_url) then
chapter = external_link (chapter_url, chapter, chapter_url_source, access); -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate
elseif ws_url then
chapter = external_link (ws_url, chapter .. ' ', 'ws link in chapter'); -- adds bare_url_missing_title error if appropriate; space char to move icon away from chap text; TODO: better way to do this?
chapter = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, chapter});
end

if utilities.is_set (trans_chapter) then
trans_chapter = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_chapter);
if utilities.is_set (chapter) then
chapter = chapter .. ' ' .. trans_chapter;
else -- here when trans_chapter without chapter or script-chapter
chapter = trans_chapter;
chapter_source = trans_chapter_source:match ('trans%-?(.+)'); -- when no chapter, get matching name from trans-<param>
utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {chapter_source});
end
end

return chapter;
end

--[[----------------< H A S _ I N V I S I B L E _ C H A R S >-------------------

This function searches a parameter's value for non-printable or invisible characters.
The search stops at the first match.

This function will detect the visible replacement character when it is part of the Wikisource.

Detects but ignores nowiki and math stripmarkers. Also detects other named stripmarkers
(gallery, math, pre, ref) and identifies them with a slightly different error message.
See also coins_cleanup().

Output of this function is an error message that identifies the character or the
Unicode group, or the stripmarker that was detected along with its position (or,
for multi-byte characters, the position of its first byte) in the parameter value.

]]

local function has_invisible_chars (param, v)
local position = ''; -- position of invisible char or starting position of stripmarker
local capture; -- used by stripmarker detection to hold name of the stripmarker
local stripmarker; -- boolean set true when a stripmarker is found

capture = string.match (v, '[%w%p ]*'); -- test for values that are simple ASCII text and bypass other tests if true
if capture == v then -- if same there are no Unicode characters
return;
end

for _, invisible_char in ipairs (cfg.invisible_chars) do
local char_name = invisible_char[1]; -- the character or group name
local pattern = invisible_char[2]; -- the pattern used to find it
position, _, capture = mw.ustring.find (v, pattern); -- see if the parameter value contains characters that match the pattern

if position and (cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then -- if we found a zero-width joiner character
if mw.ustring.find (v, cfg.indic_script) then -- it's ok if one of the Indic scripts
position = nil; -- unset position
elseif cfg.emoji_t[mw.ustring.codepoint (v, position+1)] then -- is zwj followed by a character listed in emoji{}?
position = nil; -- unset position
end
end

if position then
if 'nowiki' == capture or 'math' == capture or -- nowiki and math stripmarkers (not an error condition)
('templatestyles' == capture and utilities.in_array (param, {'id', 'quote'})) then -- templatestyles stripmarker allowed in these parameters
stripmarker = true; -- set a flag
elseif true == stripmarker and cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture then -- because stripmakers begin and end with the delete char, assume that we've found one end of a stripmarker
position = nil; -- unset
else
local err_msg;
if capture and not (cfg.invisible_defs.del == capture or cfg.invisible_defs.zwj == capture) then
err_msg = capture .. ' ' .. char_name;
else
err_msg = char_name .. ' ' .. 'character';
end

utilities.set_message ('err_invisible_char', {err_msg, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', param), position}); -- add error message
return; -- and done with this parameter
end
end
end
end

--[[-------------------< A R G U M E N T _ W R A P P E R >----------------------

Argument wrapper. This function provides support for argument mapping defined
in the configuration file so that multiple names can be transparently aliased to
single internal variable.

]]

local function argument_wrapper ( args )
local origin = {};

return setmetatable({
ORIGIN = function ( self, k )
local dummy = self[k]; -- force the variable to be loaded.
return origin[k];
end
},
{
__index = function ( tbl, k )
if origin[k] ~= nil then
return nil;
end

local args, list, v = args, cfg.aliases[k];

if type( list ) == 'table' then
v, origin[k] = utilities.select_one ( args, list, 'err_redundant_parameters' );
if origin[k] == nil then
origin[k] = ''; -- Empty string, not nil
end
elseif list ~= nil then
v, origin[k] = args[list], list;
else
-- maybe let through instead of raising an error?
-- v, origin[k] = args[k], k;
error( cfg.messages['unknown_argument_map'] .. ': ' .. k);
end

-- Empty strings, not nil;
if v == nil then
v = '';
origin[k] = '';
end

tbl = rawset( tbl, k, v );
return v;
end,
});
end

--[[--------------------------< N O W R A P _ D A T E >-------------------------

When date is YYYY-MM-DD format wrap in nowrap span: <span ...>YYYY-MM-DD</span>.
When date is DD MMMM YYYY or is MMMM DD, YYYY then wrap in nowrap span:
<span ...>DD MMMM</span> YYYY or <span ...>MMMM DD,</span> YYYY

DOES NOT yet support MMMM YYYY or any of the date ranges.

]]

local function nowrap_date (date)
local cap = '';
local cap2 = '';

if date:match("^%d%d%d%d%-%d%d%-%d%d$") then
date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap1'], date);

elseif date:match("^%a+%s*%d%d?,%s+%d%d%d%d$") or date:match ("^%d%d?%s*%a+%s+%d%d%d%d$") then
cap, cap2 = string.match (date, "^(.*)%s+(%d%d%d%d)$");
date = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['nowrap2'], {cap, cap2});
end

return date;
end

--[[--------------------------< S E T _ T I T L E T Y P E >---------------------

This function sets default title types (equivalent to the citation including
|type=<default value>) for those templates that have defaults. Also handles the
special case where it is desirable to omit the title type from the rendered citation
(|type=none).

]]

local function set_titletype (cite_class, title_type)
if utilities.is_set (title_type) then
if 'none' == cfg.keywords_xlate[title_type] then
title_type = ''; -- if |type=none then type parameter not displayed
end
return title_type; -- if |type= has been set to any other value use that value
end

return cfg.title_types [cite_class] or ''; -- set template's default title type; else empty string for concatenation
end

--[[--------------------------< S A F E _ J O I N >-----------------------------

Joins a sequence of strings together while checking for duplicate separation characters.

]]

local function safe_join( tbl, duplicate_char )
local f = {}; -- create a function table appropriate to type of 'duplicate character'
if 1 == #duplicate_char then -- for single byte ASCII characters use the string library functions
f.gsub = string.gsub
f.match = string.match
f.sub = string.sub
else -- for multi-byte characters use the ustring library functions
f.gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
f.match = mw.ustring.match
f.sub = mw.ustring.sub
end

local str = ''; -- the output string
local comp = ''; -- what does 'comp' mean?
local end_chr = '';
local trim;
for _, value in ipairs( tbl ) do
if value == nil then value = ''; end

if str == '' then -- if output string is empty
str = value; -- assign value to it (first time through the loop)
elseif value ~= '' then
if value:sub(1, 1) == '<' then -- special case of values enclosed in spans and other markup.
comp = value:gsub( "%b<>", "" ); -- remove HTML markup (<span>string</span> -> string)
else
comp = value;
end
-- typically duplicate_char is sepc
if f.sub(comp, 1, 1) == duplicate_char then -- is first character same as duplicate_char? why test first character?
-- Because individual string segments often (always?) begin with terminal punct for the
-- preceding segment: 'First element' .. 'sepc next element' .. etc.?
trim = false;
end_chr = f.sub(str, -1, -1); -- get the last character of the output string
-- str = str .. "<HERE(enchr=" .. end_chr .. ")" -- debug stuff?
if end_chr == duplicate_char then -- if same as separator
str = f.sub(str, 1, -2); -- remove it
elseif end_chr == "'" then -- if it might be wiki-markup
if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. "''" then -- if last three chars of str are sepc''
str = f.sub(str, 1, -4) .. "''"; -- remove them and add back ''
elseif f.sub(str, -5, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]]''" then -- if last five chars of str are sepc]]''
trim = true; -- why? why do this and next differently from previous?
elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]''" then -- if last four chars of str are sepc]''
trim = true; -- same question
end
elseif end_chr == "]" then -- if it might be wiki-markup
if f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]]" then -- if last three chars of str are sepc]] wikilink
trim = true;
elseif f.sub(str, -3, -1) == duplicate_char .. '"]' then -- if last three chars of str are sepc"] quoted external link
trim = true;
elseif f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. "]" then -- if last two chars of str are sepc] external link
trim = true;
elseif f.sub(str, -4, -1) == duplicate_char .. "'']" then -- normal case when |url=something & |title=Title.
trim = true;
end
elseif end_chr == " " then -- if last char of output string is a space
if f.sub(str, -2, -1) == duplicate_char .. " " then -- if last two chars of str are <sepc><space>
str = f.sub(str, 1, -3); -- remove them both
end
end

if trim then
if value ~= comp then -- value does not equal comp when value contains HTML markup
local dup2 = duplicate_char;
if f.match(dup2, "%A" ) then dup2 = "%" .. dup2; end -- if duplicate_char not a letter then escape it

value = f.gsub(value, "(%b<>)" .. dup2, "%1", 1 ) -- remove duplicate_char if it follows HTML markup
else
value = f.sub(value, 2, -1 ); -- remove duplicate_char when it is first character
end
end
end
str = str .. value; -- add it to the output string
end
end
return str;
end

--[[--------------------------< I S _ S U F F I X >-----------------------------

returns true if suffix is properly formed Jr, Sr, or ordinal in the range 1–9.
Puncutation not allowed.

]]

local function is_suffix (suffix)
if utilities.in_array (suffix, {'Jr', 'Sr', 'Jnr', 'Snr', '1st', '2nd', '3rd'}) or suffix:match ('^%dth$') then
return true;
end
return false;
end

--[[--------------------< I S _ G O O D _ V A N C _ N A M E >-------------------

For Vancouver style, author/editor names are supposed to be rendered in Latin
(read ASCII) characters. When a name uses characters that contain diacritical
marks, those characters are to be converted to the corresponding Latin
character. When a name is written using a non-Latin alphabet or logogram, that
name is to be transliterated into Latin characters. The module doesn't do this
so editors may/must.

This test allows |first= and |last= names to contain any of the letters defined
in the four Unicode Latin character sets
[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf C0 Controls and Basic Latin] 0041–005A, 0061–007A
[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf C1 Controls and Latin-1 Supplement] 00C0–00D6, 00D8–00F6, 00F8–00FF
[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf Latin Extended-A] 0100–017F
[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0180.pdf Latin Extended-B] 0180–01BF, 01C4–024F

|lastn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, and apostrophes.
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/)
|firstn= also allowed to contain hyphens, spaces, apostrophes, and periods

This original test:
if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, "^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿǄ-ɏ%-%s%']*$")
or nil == mw.ustring.find (first, "^[A-Za-zÀ-ÖØ-öø-ƿǄ-ɏ%-%s%'%.]+[2-6%a]*$") then
was written outside of the code editor and pasted here because the code editor
gets confused between character insertion point and cursor position. The test has
been rewritten to use decimal character escape sequence for the individual bytes
of the Unicode characters so that it is not necessary to use an external editor
to maintain this code.

\195\128-\195\150 – À-Ö (U+00C0–U+00D6 – C0 controls)
\195\152-\195\182 – Ø-ö (U+00D8-U+00F6 – C0 controls)
\195\184-\198\191 – ø-ƿ (U+00F8-U+01BF – C0 controls, Latin extended A & B)
\199\132-\201\143 – Ǆ-ɏ (U+01C4-U+024F – Latin extended B)

]]

local function is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, position)
if not suffix then
if first:find ('[,%s]') then -- when there is a space or comma, might be first name/initials + generational suffix
first = first:match ('(.-)[,%s]+'); -- get name/initials
suffix = first:match ('[,%s]+(.+)$'); -- get generational suffix
end
end
if utilities.is_set (suffix) then
if not is_suffix (suffix) then
add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position);
return false; -- not a name with an appropriate suffix
end
end
if nil == mw.ustring.find (last, "^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191%-%s%']*$") or
nil == mw.ustring.find (first, "^[A-Za-z\195\128-\195\150\195\152-\195\182\195\184-\198\191\199\132-\201\143\225\184\128-\225\187\191%-%s%'%.]*$") then
add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['non-Latin char'], position);
return false; -- not a string of Latin characters; Vancouver requires Romanization
end;
return true;
end

--[[--------------------------< R E D U C E _ T O _ I N I T I A L S >------------------------------------------

Attempts to convert names to initials in support of |name-list-style=vanc.

Names in |firstn= may be separated by spaces or hyphens, or for initials, a period.
See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35062/.

Vancouver style requires family rank designations (Jr, II, III, etc.) to be rendered
as Jr, 2nd, 3rd, etc. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35085/.
This code only accepts and understands generational suffix in the Vancouver format
because Roman numerals look like, and can be mistaken for, initials.

This function uses ustring functions because firstname initials may be any of the
Unicode Latin characters accepted by is_good_vanc_name ().

]]

local function reduce_to_initials (first, position)
if first:find (',', 1, true) then
return first; -- commas not allowed; abandon
end

local name, suffix = mw.ustring.match (first, "^(%u+) ([%dJS][%drndth]+)$");

if not name then -- if not initials and a suffix
name = mw.ustring.match (first, "^(%u+)$"); -- is it just initials?
end

if name then -- if first is initials with or without suffix
if 3 > mw.ustring.len (name) then -- if one or two initials
if suffix then -- if there is a suffix
if is_suffix (suffix) then -- is it legitimate?
return first; -- one or two initials and a valid suffix so nothing to do
else
add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.suffix, position); -- one or two initials with invalid suffix so error message
return first; -- and return first unmolested
end
else
return first; -- one or two initials without suffix; nothing to do
end
end
end -- if here then name has 3 or more uppercase letters so treat them as a word

local initials_t, names_t = {}, {}; -- tables to hold name parts and initials
local i = 1; -- counter for number of initials

names_t = mw.text.split (first, '[%s%-]+'); -- split into a sequence of names and possible suffix

while names_t[i] do -- loop through the sequence
if 1 < i and names_t[i]:match ('[%dJS][%drndth]+%.?$') then -- if not the first name, and looks like a suffix (may have trailing dot)
names_t[i] = names_t[i]:gsub ('%.', ''); -- remove terminal dot if present
if is_suffix (names_t[i]) then -- if a legitimate suffix
table.insert (initials_t, ' ' .. names_t[i]); -- add a separator space, insert at end of initials sequence
break; -- and done because suffix must fall at the end of a name
end -- no error message if not a suffix; possibly because of Romanization
end
if 3 > i then
table.insert (initials_t, mw.ustring.sub (names_t[i], 1, 1)); -- insert the initial at end of initials sequence
end
i = i + 1; -- bump the counter
end

return table.concat (initials_t); -- Vancouver format does not include spaces.
end

--[[--------------------------< I N T E R W I K I _ P R E F I X E N _ G E T >----------------------------------

extract interwiki prefixen from <value>. Returns two one or two values:
false – no prefixen
nil – prefix exists but not recognized
project prefix, language prefix – when value has either of:
:<project>:<language>:<article>
:<language>:<project>:<article>
project prefix, nil – when <value> has only a known single-letter prefix
nil, language prefix – when <value> has only a known language prefix

accepts single-letter project prefixen: 'd' (wikidata), 's' (wikisource), and 'w' (wikipedia) prefixes; at this
writing, the other single-letter prefixen (b (wikibook), c (commons), m (meta), n (wikinews), q (wikiquote), and
v (wikiversity)) are not supported.

]]

local function interwiki_prefixen_get (value, is_link)
if not value:find (':%l+:') then -- if no prefix
return false; -- abandon; boolean here to distinguish from nil fail returns later
end

local prefix_patterns_linked_t = { -- sequence of valid interwiki and inter project prefixen
'^%[%[:([dsw]):(%l%l+):', -- wikilinked; project and language prefixes
'^%[%[:(%l%l+):([dsw]):', -- wikilinked; language and project prefixes
'^%[%[:([dsw]):', -- wikilinked; project prefix
'^%[%[:(%l%l+):', -- wikilinked; language prefix
}

local prefix_patterns_unlinked_t = { -- sequence of valid interwiki and inter project prefixen
'^:([dsw]):(%l%l+):', -- project and language prefixes
'^:(%l%l+):([dsw]):', -- language and project prefixes
'^:([dsw]):', -- project prefix
'^:(%l%l+):', -- language prefix
}

local cap1, cap2;
for _, pattern in ipairs ((is_link and prefix_patterns_linked_t) or prefix_patterns_unlinked_t) do
cap1, cap2 = value:match (pattern);
if cap1 then
break; -- found a match so stop looking
end
end

if cap1 and cap2 then -- when both then :project:language: or :language:project: (both forms allowed)
if 1 == #cap1 then -- length == 1 then :project:language:
if cfg.inter_wiki_map[cap2] then -- is language prefix in the interwiki map?
return cap1, cap2; -- return interwiki project and interwiki language
end
else -- here when :language:project:
if cfg.inter_wiki_map[cap1] then -- is language prefix in the interwiki map?
return cap2, cap1; -- return interwiki project and interwiki language
end
end
return nil; -- unknown interwiki language
elseif not (cap1 or cap2) then -- both are nil?
return nil; -- we got something that looks like a project prefix but isn't; return fail
elseif 1 == #cap1 then -- here when one capture
return cap1, nil; -- length is 1 so return project, nil language
else -- here when one capture and its length it more than 1
if cfg.inter_wiki_map[cap1] then -- is language prefix in the interwiki map?
return nil, cap1; -- return nil project, language
end
end
end

--[[--------------------------< L I S T _ P E O P L E >--------------------------

Formats a list of people (authors, contributors, editors, interviewers, translators)

names in the list will be linked when
|<name>-link= has a value
|<name>-mask- does NOT have a value; masked names are presumed to have been
rendered previously so should have been linked there

when |<name>-mask=0, the associated name is not rendered

]]

local function list_people (control, people, etal)
local sep;
local namesep;
local format = control.format;
local maximum = control.maximum;
local name_list = {};

if 'vanc' == format then -- Vancouver-like name styling?
sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl_vanc']; -- name-list separator between names is a comma
namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name_vanc']; -- last/first separator is a space
else
sep = cfg.presentation['sep_nl']; -- name-list separator between names is a semicolon
namesep = cfg.presentation['sep_name']; -- last/first separator is <comma><space>
end

if sep:sub (-1, -1) ~= " " then sep = sep .. " " end
if utilities.is_set (maximum) and maximum < 1 then return "", 0; end -- returned 0 is for EditorCount; not used for other names

for i, person in ipairs (people) do
if utilities.is_set (person.last) then
local mask = person.mask;
local one;
local sep_one = sep;

if utilities.is_set (maximum) and i > maximum then
etal = true;
break;
end

if mask then
local n = tonumber (mask); -- convert to a number if it can be converted; nil else
if n then
one = 0 ~= n and string.rep("—", n) or nil; -- make a string of (n > 0) mdashes, nil else, to replace name
person.link = nil; -- don't create link to name if name is replaces with mdash string or has been set nil
else
one = mask; -- replace name with mask text (must include name-list separator)
sep_one = " "; -- modify name-list separator
end
else
one = person.last; -- get surname
local first = person.first -- get given name
if utilities.is_set (first) then
if ("vanc" == format) then -- if Vancouver format
one = one:gsub ('%.', ''); -- remove periods from surnames (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7271/box/A35029/)
if not person.corporate and is_good_vanc_name (one, first, nil, i) then -- and name is all Latin characters; corporate authors not tested
first = reduce_to_initials (first, i); -- attempt to convert first name(s) to initials
end
end
one = one .. namesep .. first;
end
end
if utilities.is_set (person.link) then
one = utilities.make_wikilink (person.link, one); -- link author/editor
end

if one then -- if <one> has a value (name, mdash replacement, or mask text replacement)
local proj, tag = interwiki_prefixen_get (one, true); -- get the interwiki prefixen if present
if 'w' == proj and ('Wikipedia' == mw.site.namespaces.Project['name']) then
proj = nil; -- for stuff like :w:de:<article>, :w is unnecessary TODO: maint cat?
end
if proj then
local proj_name = ({['d'] = 'Wikidata', ['s'] = 'Wikisource', ['w'] = 'Wikipedia'})[proj]; -- :w (wikipedia) for linking from a non-wikipedia project
if proj_name then
one = one .. utilities.wrap_style ('interproj', proj_name); -- add resized leading space, brackets, static text, language name
utilities.add_prop_cat ('interproj-linked-name', proj); -- categorize it; <proj> is sort key
tag = nil; -- unset; don't do both project and language
end
end
if tag == cfg.this_wiki_code then
tag = nil; -- stuff like :en:<article> at en.wiki is pointless TODO: maint cat?
end
if tag then
local lang = cfg.lang_tag_remap[tag] or cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag];
if lang then -- error messaging done in extract_names() where we know parameter names
one = one .. utilities.wrap_style ('interwiki', lang); -- add resized leading space, brackets, static text, language name
utilities.add_prop_cat ('interwiki-linked-name', tag); -- categorize it; <tag> is sort key
end
end

table.insert (name_list, one); -- add it to the list of names
table.insert (name_list, sep_one); -- add the proper name-list separator
end
end
end

local count = #name_list / 2; -- (number of names + number of separators) divided by 2
if 0 < count then
if 1 < count and not etal then
if 'amp' == format then
name_list[#name_list-2] = " & "; -- replace last separator with ampersand text
elseif 'and' == format then
if 2 == count then
name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_and; -- replace last separator with 'and' text
else
name_list[#name_list-2] = cfg.presentation.sep_nl_end; -- replace last separator with '(sep) and' text
end
end
end
name_list[#name_list] = nil; -- erase the last separator
end

local result = table.concat (name_list); -- construct list
if etal and utilities.is_set (result) then -- etal may be set by |display-authors=etal but we might not have a last-first list
result = result .. sep .. cfg.messages['et al']; -- we've got a last-first list and etal so add et al.
end

return result, count; -- return name-list string and count of number of names (count used for editor names only)
end

--[[--------------------< M A K E _ C I T E R E F _ I D >-----------------------

Generates a CITEREF anchor ID if we have at least one name or a date. Otherwise
returns an empty string.

namelist is one of the contributor-, author-, or editor-name lists chosen in that
order. year is Year or anchor_year.

]]

local function make_citeref_id (namelist, year)
local names={}; -- a table for the one to four names and year
for i,v in ipairs (namelist) do -- loop through the list and take up to the first four last names
names[i] = v.last
if i == 4 then break end -- if four then done
end
table.insert (names, year); -- add the year at the end
local id = table.concat(names); -- concatenate names and year for CITEREF id
if utilities.is_set (id) then -- if concatenation is not an empty string
return "CITEREF" .. id; -- add the CITEREF portion
else
return ''; -- return an empty string; no reason to include CITEREF id in this citation
end
end

--[[--------------------------< C I T E _ C L A S S _A T T R I B U T E _M A K E >------------------------------

construct <cite> tag class attribute for this citation.

<cite_class> – config.CitationClass from calling template
<mode> – value from |mode= parameter

]]

local function cite_class_attribute_make (cite_class, mode)
local class_t = {};
table.insert (class_t, 'citation'); -- required for blue highlight
if 'citation' ~= cite_class then
table.insert (class_t, cite_class); -- identify this template for user css
table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs1'); -- identify the citation style for user css or javascript
else
table.insert (class_t, utilities.is_set (mode) and mode or 'cs2'); -- identify the citation style for user css or javascript
end
for _, prop_key in ipairs (z.prop_keys_t) do
table.insert (class_t, prop_key); -- identify various properties for user css or javascript
end

return table.concat (class_t, ' '); -- make a big string and done
end

--[[---------------------< N A M E _ H A S _ E T A L >--------------------------

Evaluates the content of name parameters (author, editor, etc.) for variations on
the theme of et al. If found, the et al. is removed, a flag is set to true and
the function returns the modified name and the flag.

This function never sets the flag to false but returns its previous state because
it may have been set by previous passes through this function or by the associated
|display-<names>=etal parameter

]]

local function name_has_etal (name, etal, nocat, param)

if utilities.is_set (name) then -- name can be nil in which case just return
local patterns = cfg.et_al_patterns; -- get patterns from configuration

for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- loop through all of the patterns
if name:match (pattern) then -- if this 'et al' pattern is found in name
name = name:gsub (pattern, ''); -- remove the offending text
etal = true; -- set flag (may have been set previously here or by |display-<names>=etal)
if not nocat then -- no categorization for |vauthors=
utilities.set_message ('err_etal', {param}); -- and set an error if not added
end
end
end
end

return name, etal;
end

--[[---------------------< N A M E _ I S _ N U M E R I C >----------------------

Add an error message and category when <name> parameter value does not contain letters.

Add a maintenance category when <name> parameter value has numeric characters mixed with characters that are
not numeric characters; could be letters and/or punctuation characters.

This function will only emit one error and one maint message for the current template. Does not emit both error
and maint messages/categories for the same parameter value.

returns nothing

]]

local function name_is_numeric (name, name_alias, list_name)
local patterns = {
'^%D+%d', -- <name> must have digits preceded by other characters
'^%D*%d+%D+', -- <name> must have digits followed by other characters
}

if not added_numeric_name_errs and mw.ustring.match (name, '^[%A]+$') then -- if we have not already set an error message and <name> does not have any alpha characters
utilities.set_message ('err_numeric_names', name_alias); -- add an error message
added_numeric_name_errs = true; -- set the flag so we emit only one error message
return; -- when here no point in further testing; abandon
end

if not added_numeric_name_maint then -- if we have already set a maint message
for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns) do -- spin through list of patterns
if mw.ustring.match (name, pattern) then -- digits preceded or followed by anything but digits; %D+ includes punctuation
utilities.set_message ('maint_numeric_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]); -- add a maint cat for this template
added_numeric_name_maint = true; -- set the flag so we emit only one maint message
return; -- when here no point in further testing; abandon
end
end
end
end

--[[-----------------< N A M E _ H A S _ M U L T _ N A M E S >------------------

Evaluates the content of last/surname (authors etc.) parameters for multiple names.
Multiple names are indicated if there is more than one comma or any "unescaped"
semicolons. Escaped semicolons are ones used as part of selected HTML entities.
If the condition is met, the function adds the multiple name maintenance category.

Same test for first except that commas should not appear in given names (MOS:JR says
that the generational suffix does not take a separator character). Titles, degrees,
postnominals, affiliations, all normally comma separated don't belong in a citation.

<name> – name parameter value
<list_name> – AuthorList, EditorList, etc
<limit> – number of allowed commas; 1 (default) for surnames; 0 for given names

returns nothing

]]

local function name_has_mult_names (name, list_name, limit)
local _, commas, semicolons, nbsps;
limit = limit and limit or 1;
if utilities.is_set (name) then
_, commas = name:gsub (',', ''); -- count the number of commas
_, semicolons = name:gsub (';', ''); -- count the number of semicolons
-- nbsps probably should be its own separate count rather than merged in
-- some way with semicolons because Lua patterns do not support the
-- grouping operator that regex does, which means there is no way to add
-- more entities to escape except by adding more counts with the new
-- entities
_, nbsps = name:gsub (' ',''); -- count nbsps

-- There is exactly 1 semicolon per   entity, so subtract nbsps
-- from semicolons to 'escape' them. If additional entities are added,
-- they also can be subtracted.
if limit < commas or 0 < (semicolons - nbsps) then
utilities.set_message ('maint_mult_names', cfg.special_case_translation [list_name]); -- add a maint message
end
end
end

--[=[-------------------------< I S _ G E N E R I C >----------------------------------------------------------

Compares values assigned to various parameters according to the string provided as <item> in the function call.
<item> can have on of two values:
'generic_names' – for name-holding parameters: |last=, |first=, |editor-last=, etc
'generic_titles' – for |title=

There are two types of generic tests. The 'accept' tests look for a pattern that should not be rejected by the
'reject' test. For example,
|author=[[John Smith (author)|Smith, John]]
would be rejected by the 'author' reject test. But piped wikilinks with 'author' disambiguation should not be
rejected so the 'accept' test prevents that from happening. Accept tests are always performed before reject
tests.

Each of the 'accept' and 'reject' sequence tables hold tables for en.wiki (['en']) and local.wiki (['local'])
that each can hold a test sequence table The sequence table holds, at index [1], a test pattern, and, at index
[2], a boolean control value. The control value tells string.find() or mw.ustring.find() to do plain-text search (true)
or a pattern search (false). The intent of all this complexity is to make these searches as fast as possible so
that we don't run out of processing time on very large articles.

Returns
true when a reject test finds the pattern or string
false when an accept test finds the pattern or string
nil else

]=]

local function is_generic (item, value, wiki)
local test_val;
local str_lower = { -- use string.lower() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.lower() or local.wiki (['local'])
['en'] = string.lower,
['local'] = mw.ustring.lower,
}
local str_find = { -- use string.find() for en.wiki (['en']) and use mw.ustring.find() or local.wiki (['local'])
['en'] = string.find,
['local'] = mw.ustring.find,
}

local function test (val, test_t, wiki) -- local function to do the testing; <wiki> selects lower() and find() functions
val = test_t[2] and str_lower[wiki](value) or val; -- when <test_t[2]> set to 'true', plaintext search using lowercase value
return str_find[wiki] (val, test_t[1], 1, test_t[2]); -- return nil when not found or matched
end

local test_types_t = {'accept', 'reject'}; -- test accept patterns first, then reject patterns
local wikis_t = {'en', 'local'}; -- do tests for each of these keys; en.wiki first, local.wiki second

for _, test_type in ipairs (test_types_t) do -- for each test type
for _, generic_value in pairs (cfg.special_case_translation[item][test_type]) do -- spin through the list of generic value fragments to accept or reject
for _, wiki in ipairs (wikis_t) do
if generic_value[wiki] then
if test (value, generic_value[wiki], wiki) then -- go do the test
return ('reject' == test_type); -- param value rejected, return true; false else
end
end
end
end
end
end

--[[--------------------------< N A M E _ I S _ G E N E R I C >------------------------------------------------

calls is_generic() to determine if <name> is a 'generic name' listed in cfg.generic_names; <name_alias> is the
parameter name used in error messaging

]]

local function name_is_generic (name, name_alias)
if not added_generic_name_errs and is_generic ('generic_names', name) then
utilities.set_message ('err_generic_name', name_alias); -- set an error message
added_generic_name_errs = true;
end
end

--[[--------------------------< N A M E _ C H E C K S >--------------------------------------------------------

This function calls various name checking functions used to validate the content of the various name-holding parameters.

]]

local function name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias)
local accept_name;

if utilities.is_set (last) then
last, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (last); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <last>

if not accept_name then -- <last> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup
name_has_mult_names (last, list_name); -- check for multiple names in the parameter
name_is_numeric (last, last_alias, list_name); -- check for names that have no letters or are a mix of digits and other characters
name_is_generic (last, last_alias); -- check for names found in the generic names list
end
end

if utilities.is_set (first) then
first, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (first); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <first>

if not accept_name then -- <first> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup
name_has_mult_names (first, list_name, 0); -- check for multiple names in the parameter; 0 is number of allowed commas in a given name
name_is_numeric (first, first_alias, list_name); -- check for names that have no letters or are a mix of digits and other characters
name_is_generic (first, first_alias); -- check for names found in the generic names list
end
local wl_type, D = utilities.is_wikilink (first);
if 0 ~= wl_type then
first = D;
utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', first_alias);
end
end

return last, first; -- done
end

--[[----------------------< E X T R A C T _ N A M E S >-------------------------

Gets name list from the input arguments

Searches through args in sequential order to find |lastn= and |firstn= parameters
(or their aliases), and their matching link and mask parameters. Stops searching
when both |lastn= and |firstn= are not found in args after two sequential attempts:
found |last1=, |last2=, and |last3= but doesn't find |last4= and |last5= then the
search is done.

This function emits an error message when there is a |firstn= without a matching
|lastn=. When there are 'holes' in the list of last names, |last1= and |last3=
are present but |last2= is missing, an error message is emitted. |lastn= is not
required to have a matching |firstn=.

When an author or editor parameter contains some form of 'et al.', the 'et al.'
is stripped from the parameter and a flag (etal) returned that will cause list_people()
to add the static 'et al.' text from Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration. This keeps
'et al.' out of the template's metadata. When this occurs, an error is emitted.

]]

local function extract_names(args, list_name)
local names = {}; -- table of names
local last; -- individual name components
local first;
local link;
local mask;
local i = 1; -- loop counter/indexer
local n = 1; -- output table indexer
local count = 0; -- used to count the number of times we haven't found a |last= (or alias for authors, |editor-last or alias for editors)
local etal = false; -- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. in an author parameter

local last_alias, first_alias, link_alias; -- selected parameter aliases used in error messaging
while true do
last, last_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ); -- search through args for name components beginning at 1
first, first_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i );
link, link_alias = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i );
mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i );

if last then -- error check |lastn= alias for unknown interwiki link prefix; done here because this is where we have the parameter name
local project, language = interwiki_prefixen_get (last, true); -- true because we expect interwiki links in |lastn= to be wikilinked
if nil == project and nil == language then -- when both are nil
utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', last_alias); -- not known, emit an error message -- TODO: err_bad_interwiki?
last = utilities.remove_wiki_link (last); -- remove wikilink markup; show display value only
end
end

if link then -- error check |linkn= alias for unknown interwiki link prefix
local project, language = interwiki_prefixen_get (link, false); -- false because wiki links in |author-linkn= is an error
if nil == project and nil == language then -- when both are nil
utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', link_alias); -- not known, emit an error message -- TODO: err_bad_interwiki?
link = nil; -- unset so we don't link
link_alias = nil;
end
end

last, etal = name_has_etal (last, etal, false, last_alias); -- find and remove variations on et al.
first, etal = name_has_etal (first, etal, false, first_alias); -- find and remove variations on et al.
last, first = name_checks (last, first, list_name, last_alias, first_alias); -- multiple names, extraneous annotation, etc. checks

if first and not last then -- if there is a firstn without a matching lastn
local alias = first_alias:find ('given', 1, true) and 'given' or 'first'; -- get first or given form of the alias
utilities.set_message ('err_first_missing_last', {
first_alias, -- param name of alias missing its mate
first_alias:gsub (alias, {['first'] = 'last', ['given'] = 'surname'}), -- make param name appropriate to the alias form
}); -- add this error message
elseif not first and not last then -- if both firstn and lastn aren't found, are we done?
count = count + 1; -- number of times we haven't found last and first
if 2 <= count then -- two missing names and we give up
break; -- normal exit or there is a two-name hole in the list; can't tell which
end
else -- we have last with or without a first
local result;
link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, last, last_alias); -- check for improper wiki-markup

if first then
link = link_title_ok (link, link_alias, first, first_alias); -- check for improper wiki-markup
end

names[n] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = false}; -- add this name to our names list (corporate for |vauthors= only)
n = n + 1; -- point to next location in the names table
if 1 == count then -- if the previous name was missing
utilities.set_message ('err_missing_name', {list_name:match ("(%w+)List"):lower(), i - 1}); -- add this error message
end
count = 0; -- reset the counter, we're looking for two consecutive missing names
end
i = i + 1; -- point to next args location
end

return names, etal; -- all done, return our list of names and the etal flag
end

--[[--------------------------< N A M E _ T A G _ G E T >------------------------------------------------------

attempt to decode |language=<lang_param> and return language name and matching tag; nil else.

This function looks for:
<lang_param> as a tag in cfg.lang_tag_remap{}
<lang_param> as a name in cfg.lang_name_remap{}

<lang_param> as a name in cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t
<lang_param> as a tag in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t
when those fail, presume that <lang_param> is an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki does not recognize. Strip all
script, region, variant, whatever subtags from <lang_param> to leave just a two or three character language tag
and look for the new <lang_param> in cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t{}

on success, returns name (in properly capitalized form) and matching tag (in lowercase); on failure returns nil

]]

local function name_tag_get (lang_param)
local lang_param_lc = mw.ustring.lower (lang_param); -- use lowercase as an index into the various tables
local name;
local tag;

name = cfg.lang_tag_remap[lang_param_lc]; -- assume <lang_param_lc> is a tag; attempt to get remapped language name
if name then -- when <name>, <lang_param> is a tag for a remapped language name
if cfg.lang_name_remap[name:lower()][2] ~= lang_param_lc then
utilities.set_message ('maint_unknown_lang'); -- add maint category if not already added
return name, cfg.lang_name_remap[name:lower()][2]; -- so return name and tag from lang_name_remap[name]; special case to xlate sr-ec and sr-el to sr-cyrl and sr-latn
end
return name, lang_param_lc; -- so return <name> from remap and <lang_param_lc>
end

tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*'); -- still assuming that <lang_param_lc> is a tag; strip script, region, variant subtags
name = cfg.lang_tag_remap[tag]; -- attempt to get remapped language name with language subtag only
if name then -- when <name>, <tag> is a tag for a remapped language name
return name, tag; -- so return <name> from remap and <tag>
end

if cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc] then -- not a remapped tag, assume <lang_param_lc> is a name; attempt to get remapped language tag
return cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][1], cfg.lang_name_remap[lang_param_lc][2]; -- for this <lang_param_lc>, return a (possibly) new name and appropriate tag
end

name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[lang_param_lc]; -- assume that <lang_param_lc> is a tag; attempt to get its matching language name

if name then
return name, lang_param_lc; -- <lang_param_lc> is a tag so return it and <name>
end

tag = cfg.mw_languages_by_name_t[lang_param_lc]; -- assume that <lang_param_lc> is a language name; attempt to get its matching tag

if tag then
return cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag], tag; -- <lang_param_lc> is a name so return the name from the table and <tag>
end

tag = lang_param_lc:match ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*'); -- is <lang_param_lc> an IETF-like tag that MediaWiki doesn't recognize? <tag> gets the language subtag; nil else

if tag then
name = cfg.mw_languages_by_tag_t[tag]; -- attempt to get a language name using the shortened <tag>
if name then
return name, tag; -- <lang_param_lc> is an unrecognized IETF-like tag so return <name> and language subtag
end
end
end

--[[-------------------< L A N G U A G E _ P A R A M E T E R >------------------

Gets language name from a provided two- or three-character ISO 639 code. If a code
is recognized by MediaWiki, use the returned name; if not, then use the value that
was provided with the language parameter.

When |language= contains a recognized language (either code or name), the page is
assigned to the category for that code: Category:Norwegian-language sources (no).
For valid three-character code languages, the page is assigned to the single category
for '639-2' codes: Category:CS1 ISO 639-2 language sources.

Languages that are the same as the local wiki are not categorized. MediaWiki does
not recognize three-character equivalents of two-character codes: code 'ar' is
recognized but code 'ara' is not.

This function supports multiple languages in the form |language=nb, French, th
where the language names or codes are separated from each other by commas with
optional space characters.

]]

local function language_parameter (lang)
local tag; -- some form of IETF-like language tag; language subtag with optional region, sript, vatiant, etc subtags
local lang_subtag; -- ve populates |language= with mostly unecessary region subtags the MediaWiki does not recognize; this is the base language subtag
local name; -- the language name
local language_list = {}; -- table of language names to be rendered
local names_t = {}; -- table made from the value assigned to |language=

local this_wiki_name = mw.language.fetchLanguageName (cfg.this_wiki_code, cfg.this_wiki_code); -- get this wiki's language name

names_t = mw.text.split (lang, '%s*,%s*'); -- names should be a comma separated list

for _, lang in ipairs (names_t) do -- reuse lang here because we don't yet know if lang is a language name or a language tag
name, tag = name_tag_get (lang); -- attempt to get name/tag pair for <lang>; <name> has proper capitalization; <tag> is lowercase

if utilities.is_set (tag) then
lang_subtag = tag:gsub ('^(%a%a%a?)%-.*', '%1'); -- for categorization, strip any IETF-like tags from language tag

if cfg.this_wiki_code ~= lang_subtag then -- when the language is not the same as this wiki's language
if 2 == lang_subtag:len() then -- and is a two-character tag
utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source', {name, tag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it; tag appended to allow for multiple language categorization
else -- or is a recognized language (but has a three-character tag)
utilities.add_prop_cat ('foreign-lang-source-2', {lang_subtag}, lang_subtag); -- categorize it differently TODO: support multiple three-character tag categories per cs1|2 template?
end
elseif cfg.local_lang_cat_enable then -- when the language and this wiki's language are the same and categorization is enabled
utilities.add_prop_cat ('local-lang-source', {name, lang_subtag}); -- categorize it
end
else
name = lang; -- return whatever <lang> has so that we show something
utilities.set_message ('maint_unknown_lang'); -- add maint category if not already added
end

table.insert (language_list, name);
name = ''; -- so we can reuse it
end

name = utilities.make_sep_list (#language_list, language_list);
if (1 == #language_list) and (lang_subtag == cfg.this_wiki_code) then -- when only one language, find lang name in this wiki lang name; for |language=en-us, 'English' in 'American English'
return ''; -- if one language and that language is this wiki's return an empty string (no annotation)
end
return (" " .. wrap_msg ('language', name)); -- otherwise wrap with '(in ...)'
--[[ TODO: should only return blank or name rather than full list
so we can clean up the bunched parenthetical elements Language, Type, Format
]]
end

--[[-----------------------< S E T _ C S _ S T Y L E >--------------------------

Gets the default CS style configuration for the given mode.
Returns default separator and either postscript as passed in or the default.
In CS1, the default postscript and separator are '.'.
In CS2, the default postscript is the empty string and the default separator is ','.

]]

local function set_cs_style (postscript, mode)
if utilities.is_set(postscript) then
-- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs1 postscript
-- we catch the opposite case for cs2 in set_style
if mode == 'cs1' and postscript == cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode] then
utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript');
end
else
postscript = cfg.presentation['ps_' .. mode];
end
return cfg.presentation['sep_' .. mode], postscript;
end

--[[--------------------------< S E T _ S T Y L E >-----------------------------

Sets the separator and postscript styles. Checks the |mode= first and the
#invoke CitationClass second. Removes the postscript if postscript == none.

]]

local function set_style (mode, postscript, cite_class)
local sep;
if 'cs2' == mode then
sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2');
elseif 'cs1' == mode then
sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1');
elseif 'citation' == cite_class then
sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs2');
else
sep, postscript = set_cs_style (postscript, 'cs1');
end

if cfg.keywords_xlate[postscript:lower()] == 'none' then
-- emit a maintenance message if user postscript is the default cs2 postscript
-- we catch the opposite case for cs1 in set_cs_style
if 'cs2' == mode or ('cs1' ~= mode and 'citation' == cite_class) then -- {{citation |title=Title |mode=cs1 |postscript=none}} should not emit maint message
utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript');
end
postscript = '';
end

return sep, postscript
end

--[=[-------------------------< I S _ P D F >-----------------------------------

Determines if a URL has the file extension that is one of the PDF file extensions
used by [[MediaWiki:Common.css]] when applying the PDF icon to external links.

returns true if file extension is one of the recognized extensions, else false

]=]

local function is_pdf (url)
return url:match ('%.pdf$') or url:match ('%.PDF$') or
url:match ('%.pdf[%?#]') or url:match ('%.PDF[%?#]') or
url:match ('%.PDF&#035') or url:match ('%.pdf&#035');
end

--[[--------------------------< S T Y L E _ F O R M A T >-----------------------

Applies CSS style to |format=, |chapter-format=, etc. Also emits an error message
if the format parameter does not have a matching URL parameter. If the format parameter
is not set and the URL contains a file extension that is recognized as a PDF document
by MediaWiki's commons.css, this code will set the format parameter to (PDF) with
the appropriate styling.

]]

local function style_format (format, url, fmt_param, url_param)
if utilities.is_set (format) then
format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', format); -- add leading space, parentheses, resize
if not utilities.is_set (url) then
utilities.set_message ('err_format_missing_url', {fmt_param, url_param}); -- add an error message
end
elseif is_pdf (url) then -- format is not set so if URL is a PDF file then
format = utilities.wrap_style ('format', 'PDF'); -- set format to PDF
else
format = ''; -- empty string for concatenation
end
return format;
end

--[[---------------------< G E T _ D I S P L A Y _ N A M E S >------------------

Returns a number that defines the number of names displayed for author and editor
name lists and a Boolean flag to indicate when et al. should be appended to the name list.

When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is a number greater than or equal to zero,
return the number and the previous state of the 'etal' flag (false by default
but may have been set to true if the name list contains some variant of the text 'et al.').

When the value assigned to |display-xxxxors= is the keyword 'etal', return a number
that is one greater than the number of authors in the list and set the 'etal' flag true.
This will cause the list_people() to display all of the names in the name list followed by 'et al.'

In all other cases, returns nil and the previous state of the 'etal' flag.

inputs:
max: A['DisplayAuthors'] or A['DisplayEditors'], etc; a number or some flavor of etal
count: #a or #e
list_name: 'authors' or 'editors'
etal: author_etal or editor_etal

This function sets an error message when |display-xxxxors= value greater than or equal to number of names but
not when <max> comes from {{cs1 config}} global settings. When using global settings, <param> is set to the
keyword 'cs1 config' which is used to supress the normal error. Error is suppressed because it is to be expected
that some citations in an article will have the same or fewer names that the limit specified in {{cs1 config}}.

]]

local function get_display_names (max, count, list_name, etal, param)
if utilities.is_set (max) then
if 'etal' == max:lower():gsub("[ '%.]", '') then -- the :gsub() portion makes 'etal' from a variety of 'et al.' spellings and stylings
max = count + 1; -- number of authors + 1 so display all author name plus et al.
etal = true; -- overrides value set by extract_names()
elseif max:match ('^%d+$') then -- if is a string of numbers
max = tonumber (max); -- make it a number
if (max >= count) and ('cs1 config' ~= param) then -- error when local |display-xxxxors= value greater than or equal to number of names; not an error when using global setting
utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max}); -- add error message
max = nil;
end
else -- not a valid keyword or number
utilities.set_message ('err_disp_name', {param, max}); -- add error message
max = nil; -- unset; as if |display-xxxxors= had not been set
end
end

return max, etal;
end

--[[----------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ P A G E _ C H E C K >---------------

Adds error if |page=, |pages=, |quote-page=, |quote-pages= has what appears to be
some form of p. or pp. abbreviation in the first characters of the parameter content.

check page for extraneous p, p., pp, pp., pg, pg. at start of parameter value:
good pattern: '^P[^%.P%l]' matches when page begins PX or P# but not Px
where x and X are letters and # is a digit
bad pattern: '^[Pp][PpGg]' matches when page begins pp, pP, Pp, PP, pg, pG, Pg, PG

]]

local function extra_text_in_page_check (val, name)
if not val:match (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.good_ppattern) then
for _, pattern in ipairs (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.bad_ppatterns) do -- spin through the selected sequence table of patterns
if val:match (pattern) then -- when a match, error so
utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_pages', name); -- add error message
return; -- and done
end
end
end
end

--[[--------------------------< E X T R A _ T E X T _ I N _ V O L _ I S S _ C H E C K >------------------------

Adds error if |volume= or |issue= has what appears to be some form of redundant 'type' indicator. Applies to
both; this function looks for issue text in both |issue= and |volume= and looks for volume-like text in |voluem=
and |issue=.

For |volume=:
'V.', or 'Vol.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations or 'Volume' in the first characters of the parameter
content (all case insensitive). 'V' and 'v' (without the dot) are presumed to be roman numerals so
are allowed.

For |issue=:
'No.', 'I.', 'Iss.' (with or without the dot) abbreviations, or 'Issue' in the first characters of the
parameter content (all case insensitive); numero styling: 'n°' with degree sign U+00B0, and № precomposed
numero sign U+2116.

Single character values ('v', 'i', 'n') allowed when not followed by separator character ('.', ':', '=', or
whitespace character) – param values are trimmed of whitespace by MediaWiki before delivered to the module.

<val> is |volume= or |issue= parameter value
<name> is |volume= or |issue= parameter name for error message
<selector> is 'v' for |volume=, 'i' for |issue=

sets error message on failure; returns nothing

]]

local function extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (val, name, selector)
if not utilities.is_set (val) then
return;
end

local handler = 'v' == selector and 'err_extra_text_volume' or 'err_extra_text_issue';
val = val:lower(); -- force parameter value to lower case

for _, pattern in ipairs (cfg.vol_iss_pg_patterns.vi_patterns_t) do -- spin through the sequence table of patterns
if val:match (pattern) then -- when a match, error so
utilities.set_message (handler, name); -- add error message
return; -- and done
end
end
end

--[=[-------------------------< G E T _ V _ N A M E _ T A B L E >----------------------------------------------

split apart a |vauthors= or |veditors= parameter. This function allows for corporate names, wrapped in doubled
parentheses to also have commas; in the old version of the code, the doubled parentheses were included in the
rendered citation and in the metadata. Individual author names may be wikilinked

|vauthors=Jones AB, [[E. B. White|White EB]], ((Black, Brown, and Co.))

]=]

local function get_v_name_table (vparam, output_table, output_link_table)
local _, accept = utilities.has_accept_as_written (vparam);
if accept then
utilities.add_prop_cat ('vanc-accept'); -- add properties category
end
local name_table = mw.text.split(vparam, "%s*,%s*"); -- names are separated by commas
local wl_type, label, link; -- wl_type not used here; just a placeholder

local i = 1;

while name_table[i] do
if name_table[i]:match ('^%(%(.*[^%)][^%)]$') then -- first segment of corporate with one or more commas; this segment has the opening doubled parentheses
local name = name_table[i];
i = i + 1; -- bump indexer to next segment
while name_table[i] do
name = name .. ', ' .. name_table[i]; -- concatenate with previous segments
if name_table[i]:match ('^.*%)%)$') then -- if this table member has the closing doubled parentheses
break; -- and done reassembling so
end
i = i + 1; -- bump indexer
end
table.insert (output_table, name); -- and add corporate name to the output table
table.insert (output_link_table, ''); -- no wikilink
else
wl_type, label, link = utilities.is_wikilink (name_table[i]); -- wl_type is: 0, no wl (text in label variable); 1, [[D]]; 2, [[L|D]]
table.insert (output_table, label); -- add this name
if 1 == wl_type then
table.insert (output_link_table, label); -- simple wikilink [[D]]
else
table.insert (output_link_table, link); -- no wikilink or [[L|D]]; add this link if there is one, else empty string
end
end
i = i + 1;
end
return output_table;
end

--[[--------------------------< P A R S E _ V A U T H O R S _ V E D I T O R S >--------------------------------

This function extracts author / editor names from |vauthors= or |veditors= and finds matching |xxxxor-maskn= and
|xxxxor-linkn= in args. It then returns a table of assembled names just as extract_names() does.

Author / editor names in |vauthors= or |veditors= must be in Vancouver system style. Corporate or institutional names
may sometimes be required and because such names will often fail the is_good_vanc_name() and other format compliance
tests, are wrapped in doubled parentheses ((corporate name)) to suppress the format tests.

Supports generational suffixes Jr, 2nd, 3rd, 4th–6th.

This function sets the Vancouver error when a required comma is missing and when there is a space between an author's initials.

]]

local function parse_vauthors_veditors (args, vparam, list_name)
local names = {}; -- table of names assembled from |vauthors=, |author-maskn=, |author-linkn=
local v_name_table = {};
local v_link_table = {}; -- when name is wikilinked, targets go in this table
local etal = false; -- return value set to true when we find some form of et al. vauthors parameter
local last, first, link, mask, suffix;
local corporate = false;

vparam, etal = name_has_etal (vparam, etal, true); -- find and remove variations on et al. do not categorize (do it here because et al. might have a period)
v_name_table = get_v_name_table (vparam, v_name_table, v_link_table); -- names are separated by commas

for i, v_name in ipairs(v_name_table) do
first = ''; -- set to empty string for concatenation and because it may have been set for previous author/editor
local accept_name;
v_name, accept_name = utilities.has_accept_as_written (v_name); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <v_name>

if accept_name then
last = v_name;
corporate = true; -- flag used in list_people()
elseif string.find(v_name, "%s") then
if v_name:find('[;%.]') then -- look for commonly occurring punctuation characters;
add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.punctuation, i);
end
local lastfirstTable = {}
lastfirstTable = mw.text.split(v_name, "%s+")
first = table.remove(lastfirstTable); -- removes and returns value of last element in table which should be initials or generational suffix

if not mw.ustring.match (first, '^%u+$') then -- mw.ustring here so that later we will catch non-Latin characters
suffix = first; -- not initials so assume that whatever we got is a generational suffix
first = table.remove(lastfirstTable); -- get what should be the initials from the table
end
last = table.concat(lastfirstTable, ' ') -- returns a string that is the concatenation of all other names that are not initials and generational suffix
if not utilities.is_set (last) then
first = ''; -- unset
last = v_name; -- last empty because something wrong with first
add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.name, i);
end
if mw.ustring.match (last, '%a+%s+%u+%s+%a+') then
add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl['missing comma'], i); -- matches last II last; the case when a comma is missing
end
if mw.ustring.match (v_name, ' %u %u$') then -- this test is in the wrong place TODO: move or replace with a more appropriate test
add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i); -- matches a space between two initials
end
else
last = v_name; -- last name or single corporate name? Doesn't support multiword corporate names? do we need this?
end

if utilities.is_set (first) then
if not mw.ustring.match (first, "^%u?%u$") then -- first shall contain one or two upper-case letters, nothing else
add_vanc_error (cfg.err_msg_supl.initials, i); -- too many initials; mixed case initials (which may be ok Romanization); hyphenated initials
end
is_good_vanc_name (last, first, suffix, i); -- check first and last before restoring the suffix which may have a non-Latin digit
if utilities.is_set (suffix) then
first = first .. ' ' .. suffix; -- if there was a suffix concatenate with the initials
suffix = ''; -- unset so we don't add this suffix to all subsequent names
end
else
if not corporate then
is_good_vanc_name (last, '', nil, i);
end
end

link = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Link'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i ) or v_link_table[i];
mask = utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Mask'], 'err_redundant_parameters', i );
names[i] = {last = last, first = first, link = link, mask = mask, corporate = corporate}; -- add this assembled name to our names list
end
return names, etal; -- all done, return our list of names
end

--[[--------------------------< S E L E C T _ A U T H O R _ E D I T O R _ S O U R C E >------------------------

Select one of |authors=, |authorn= / |lastn / firstn=, or |vauthors= as the source of the author name list or
select one of |editorn= / editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= or |veditors= as the source of the editor name list.

Only one of these appropriate three will be used. The hierarchy is: |authorn= (and aliases) highest and |authors= lowest;
|editorn= (and aliases) highest and |veditors= lowest (support for |editors= withdrawn)

When looking for |authorn= / |editorn= parameters, test |xxxxor1= and |xxxxor2= (and all of their aliases); stops after the second
test which mimicks the test used in extract_names() when looking for a hole in the author name list. There may be a better
way to do this, I just haven't discovered what that way is.

Emits an error message when more than one xxxxor name source is provided.

In this function, vxxxxors = vauthors or veditors; xxxxors = authors as appropriate.

]]

local function select_author_editor_source (vxxxxors, xxxxors, args, list_name)
local lastfirst = false;
if utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 1 ) or -- do this twice in case we have a |first1= without a |last1=; this ...
utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 1 ) or -- ... also catches the case where |first= is used with |vauthors=
utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-Last'], 'none', 2 ) or
utilities.select_one ( args, cfg.aliases[list_name .. '-First'], 'none', 2 ) then
lastfirst = true;
end

if (utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and true == lastfirst) or -- these are the three error conditions
(utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) or
(true == lastfirst and utilities.is_set (xxxxors)) then
local err_name;
if 'AuthorList' == list_name then -- figure out which name should be used in error message
err_name = 'author';
else
err_name = 'editor';
end
utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', err_name .. '-name-list parameters'); -- add error message
end

if true == lastfirst then return 1 end; -- return a number indicating which author name source to use
if utilities.is_set (vxxxxors) then return 2 end;
if utilities.is_set (xxxxors) then return 3 end;
return 1; -- no authors so return 1; this allows missing author name test to run in case there is a first without last
end

--[[--------------------------< I S _ V A L I D _ P A R A M E T E R _ V A L U E >------------------------------

This function is used to validate a parameter's assigned value for those parameters that have only a limited number
of allowable values (yes, y, true, live, dead, etc.). When the parameter value has not been assigned a value (missing
or empty in the source template) the function returns the value specified by ret_val. If the parameter value is one
of the list of allowed values returns the translated value; else, emits an error message and returns the value
specified by ret_val.

TODO: explain <invert>

]]

local function is_valid_parameter_value (value, name, possible, ret_val, invert)
if not utilities.is_set (value) then
return ret_val; -- an empty parameter is ok
end

if (not invert and utilities.in_array (value, possible)) then -- normal; <value> is in <possible> table
return cfg.keywords_xlate[value]; -- return translation of parameter keyword
elseif invert and not utilities.in_array (value, possible) then -- invert; <value> is not in <possible> table
return value; -- return <value> as it is
else
utilities.set_message ('err_invalid_param_val', {name, value}); -- not an allowed value so add error message
return ret_val;
end
end

--[[--------------------------< T E R M I N A T E _ N A M E _ L I S T >----------------------------------------

This function terminates a name list (author, contributor, editor) with a separator character (sepc) and a space
when the last character is not a sepc character or when the last three characters are not sepc followed by two
closing square brackets (close of a wikilink). When either of these is true, the name_list is terminated with a
single space character.

]]

local function terminate_name_list (name_list, sepc)
if (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. '. ') then -- if already properly terminated
return name_list; -- just return the name list
elseif (string.sub (name_list, -1, -1) == sepc) or (string.sub (name_list, -3, -1) == sepc .. ']]') then -- if last name in list ends with sepc char
return name_list .. " "; -- don't add another
else
return name_list .. sepc .. ' '; -- otherwise terminate the name list
end
end

--[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ V O L U M E _ I S S U E >-----------------------------------------

returns the concatenation of the formatted volume and issue (or journal article number) parameters as a single
string; or formatted volume or formatted issue, or an empty string if neither are set.

]]

local function format_volume_issue (volume, issue, article, cite_class, origin, sepc, lower)
if not utilities.is_set (volume) and not utilities.is_set (issue) and not utilities.is_set (article) then
return '';
end

-- same condition as in format_pages_sheets()
local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin);

local is_numeric_vol = volume and (volume:match ('^[MDCLXVI]+$') or volume:match ('^%d+$')); -- is only uppercase roman numerals or only digits?
local is_long_vol = volume and (4 < mw.ustring.len(volume)); -- is |volume= value longer than 4 characters?

if volume and (not is_numeric_vol and is_long_vol) then -- when not all digits or Roman numerals, is |volume= longer than 4 characters?
utilities.add_prop_cat ('long-vol'); -- yes, add properties cat
end

if is_journal then -- journal-style formatting
local vol = '';

if utilities.is_set (volume) then
if is_numeric_vol then -- |volume= value all digits or all uppercase Roman numerals?
vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, volume}); -- render in bold face
elseif is_long_vol then -- not all digits or Roman numerals; longer than 4 characters?
vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-vol'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}); -- not bold
else -- four or fewer characters
vol = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['vol-bold'], {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}); -- bold
end
end
vol = vol .. (utilities.is_set (issue) and utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-issue'], issue) or '')
vol = vol .. (utilities.is_set (article) and utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-article-num'], article) or '')
return vol;
end

if 'podcast' == cite_class and utilities.is_set (issue) then
return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower);
end

if 'conference' == cite_class and utilities.is_set (article) then -- |article-number= supported only in journal and conference cites
if utilities.is_set (volume) and utilities.is_set (article) then -- both volume and article number
return wrap_msg ('vol-art', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume), article}, lower);
elseif utilities.is_set (article) then -- article number alone; when volume alone, handled below
return wrap_msg ('art', {sepc, article}, lower);
end
end

-- all other types of citation
if utilities.is_set (volume) and utilities.is_set (issue) then
return wrap_msg ('vol-no', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume), issue}, lower);
elseif utilities.is_set (volume) then
return wrap_msg ('vol', {sepc, utilities.hyphen_to_dash (volume)}, lower);
else
return wrap_msg ('issue', {sepc, issue}, lower);
end
end

--[[-------------------------< F O R M A T _ P A G E S _ S H E E T S >-----------------------------------------

adds static text to one of |page(s)= or |sheet(s)= values and returns it with all of the others set to empty strings.
The return order is:
page, pages, sheet, sheets

Singular has priority over plural when both are provided.

]]

local function format_pages_sheets (page, pages, sheet, sheets, cite_class, origin, sepc, nopp, lower)
if 'map' == cite_class then -- only cite map supports sheet(s) as in-source locators
if utilities.is_set (sheet) then
if 'journal' == origin then
return '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheet', sheet, lower), '';
else
return '', '', wrap_msg ('sheet', {sepc, sheet}, lower), '';
end
elseif utilities.is_set (sheets) then
if 'journal' == origin then
return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('j-sheets', sheets, lower);
else
return '', '', '', wrap_msg ('sheets', {sepc, sheets}, lower);
end
end
end

local is_journal = 'journal' == cite_class or (utilities.in_array (cite_class, {'citation', 'map', 'interview'}) and 'journal' == origin);

if utilities.is_set (page) then
if is_journal then
return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], page), '', '', '';
elseif not nopp then
return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, page}), '', '', '';
else
return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, page}), '', '', '';
end
elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then
if is_journal then
return utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['j-page(s)'], pages), '', '', '';
elseif tonumber(pages) ~= nil and not nopp then -- if pages is only digits, assume a single page number
return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', '';
elseif not nopp then
return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, pages}), '', '';
else
return '', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, pages}), '', '';
end
end

return '', '', '', ''; -- return empty strings
end

--[[--------------------------< I N S O U R C E _ L O C _ G E T >----------------------------------------------

returns one of the in-source locators: page, pages, or at.

If any of these are interwiki links to Wikisource, returns the label portion of the interwiki-link as plain text
for use in COinS. This COinS thing is done because here we convert an interwiki-link to an external link and
add an icon span around that; get_coins_pages() doesn't know about the span. TODO: should it?

TODO: add support for sheet and sheets?; streamline;

TODO: make it so that this function returns only one of the three as the single in-source (the return value assigned
to a new name)?

]]

local function insource_loc_get (page, page_orig, pages, pages_orig, at)
local ws_url, ws_label, coins_pages, L; -- for Wikisource interwiki-links; TODO: this corrupts page metadata (span remains in place after cleanup; fix there?)

if utilities.is_set (page) then
if utilities.is_set (pages) or utilities.is_set (at) then
pages = ''; -- unset the others
at = '';
end
extra_text_in_page_check (page, page_orig); -- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc.

ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (page); -- make ws URL from |page= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label
if ws_url then
page = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. ' ', 'ws link in page'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this?
page = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, page});
coins_pages = ws_label;
end
elseif utilities.is_set (pages) then
if utilities.is_set (at) then
at = ''; -- unset
end
extra_text_in_page_check (pages, pages_orig); -- emit error message when |page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc.

ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (pages); -- make ws URL from |pages= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label
if ws_url then
pages = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. ' ', 'ws link in pages'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this?
pages = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, pages});
coins_pages = ws_label;
end
elseif utilities.is_set (at) then
ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (at); -- make ws URL from |at= interwiki link; link portion L becomes tooltip label
if ws_url then
at = external_link (ws_url, ws_label .. ' ', 'ws link in at'); -- space char after label to move icon away from in-source text; TODO: a better way to do this?
at = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, at});
coins_pages = ws_label;
end
end

return page, pages, at, coins_pages;
end

--[[--------------------------< I S _ U N I Q U E _ A R C H I V E _ U R L >------------------------------------

add error message when |archive-url= value is same as |url= or chapter-url= (or alias...) value

]]

local function is_unique_archive_url (archive, url, c_url, source, date)
if utilities.is_set (archive) then
if archive == url or archive == c_url then
utilities.set_message ('err_bad_url', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', source)}); -- add error message
return '', ''; -- unset |archive-url= and |archive-date= because same as |url= or |chapter-url=
end
end

return archive, date;
end

--[=[-------------------------< A R C H I V E _ U R L _ C H E C K >--------------------------------------------

Check archive.org URLs to make sure they at least look like they are pointing at valid archives and not to the
save snapshot URL or to calendar pages. When the archive URL is 'https://web.archive.org/save/' (or http://...)
archive.org saves a snapshot of the target page in the URL. That is something that Wikipedia should not allow
unwitting readers to do.

When the archive.org URL does not have a complete timestamp, archive.org chooses a snapshot according to its own
algorithm or provides a calendar 'search' result. [[WP:ELNO]] discourages links to search results.

This function looks at the value assigned to |archive-url= and returns empty strings for |archive-url= and
|archive-date= and an error message when:
|archive-url= holds an archive.org save command URL
|archive-url= is an archive.org URL that does not have a complete timestamp (YYYYMMDDhhmmss 14 digits) in the
correct place
otherwise returns |archive-url= and |archive-date=

There are two mostly compatible archive.org URLs:
//web.archive.org/<timestamp>... -- the old form
//web.archive.org/web/<timestamp>... -- the new form

The old form does not support or map to the new form when it contains a display flag. There are four identified flags
('id_', 'js_', 'cs_', 'im_') but since archive.org ignores others following the same form (two letters and an underscore)
we don't check for these specific flags but we do check the form.

This function supports a preview mode. When the article is rendered in preview mode, this function may return a modified
archive URL:
for save command errors, return undated wildcard (/*/)
for timestamp errors when the timestamp has a wildcard, return the URL unmodified
for timestamp errors when the timestamp does not have a wildcard, return with timestamp limited to six digits plus wildcard (/yyyymm*/)

A secondary function is to return an archive-url timestamp from those urls that have them (archive.org and
archive.today). The timestamp is used by validation.archive_date_check() to see if the value in |archive-date=
matches the timestamp in the archive url.

]=]

local function archive_url_check (url, date)
local err_msg = ''; -- start with the error message empty
local path, timestamp, flag; -- portions of the archive.org URL

timestamp = url:match ('//archive.today/(%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d)/') or -- get timestamp from archive.today urls
url:match ('//archive.today/(%d%d%d%d%.%d%d%.%d%d%-%d%d%d%d%d%d)/'); -- this timestamp needs cleanup
if timestamp then -- if this was an archive.today url ...
return url, date, timestamp:gsub ('[%.%-]', ''); -- return ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, and timestamp (dots and dashes removed) from |archive-url=, and done
end
-- here for archive.org urls
if (not url:match('//web%.archive%.org/')) and (not url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/')) then -- also deprecated liveweb Wayback machine URL
return url, date; -- not an archive.org archive, return ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate
end

if url:match('//web%.archive%.org/save/') then -- if a save command URL, we don't want to allow saving of the target page
err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.save;
url = url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org)/save/', '%1/*/', 1); -- for preview mode: modify ArchiveURL
elseif url:match('//liveweb%.archive%.org/') then
err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.liveweb;
else
path, timestamp, flag = url:match('//web%.archive%.org/([^%d]*)(%d+)([^/]*)/'); -- split out some of the URL parts for evaluation
if not path then -- malformed in some way; pattern did not match
err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp;
elseif 14 ~= timestamp:len() then -- path and flag optional, must have 14-digit timestamp here
err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.timestamp;
if '*' ~= flag then
local replacement = timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d%d%d') or timestamp:match ('^%d%d%d%d'); -- get the first 6 (YYYYMM) or first 4 digits (YYYY)
if replacement then -- nil if there aren't at least 4 digits (year)
replacement = replacement .. string.rep ('0', 14 - replacement:len()); -- year or yearmo (4 or 6 digits) zero-fill to make 14-digit timestamp
url=url:gsub ('(//web%.archive%.org/[^%d]*)%d[^/]*', '%1' .. replacement .. '*', 1) -- for preview, modify ts to 14 digits plus splat for calendar display
end
end
elseif utilities.is_set (path) and 'web/' ~= path then -- older archive URLs do not have the extra 'web/' path element
err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.path;
elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not utilities.is_set (path) then -- flag not allowed with the old form URL (without the 'web/' path element)
err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag;
elseif utilities.is_set (flag) and not flag:match ('%a%a_') then -- flag if present must be two alpha characters and underscore (requires 'web/' path element)
err_msg = cfg.err_msg_supl.flag;
else
return url, date, timestamp; -- return ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, and timestamp from |archive-url=
end
end
-- if here, something not right so
utilities.set_message ('err_archive_url', {err_msg}); -- add error message and

if is_preview_mode then
return url, date, timestamp; -- preview mode so return ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, and timestamp from |archive-url=
else
return '', ''; -- return empty strings for ArchiveURL and ArchiveDate
end
end

--[[--------------------------< P L A C E _ C H E C K >--------------------------------------------------------

check |place=, |publication-place=, |location= to see if these params include digits. This function added because
many editors misuse location to specify the in-source location (|page(s)= and |at= are supposed to do that)

returns the original parameter value without modification; added maint cat when parameter value contains digits

]]

local function place_check (param_val)
if not utilities.is_set (param_val) then -- parameter empty or omitted
return param_val; -- return that empty state
end

if mw.ustring.find (param_val, '%d') then -- not empty, are there digits in the parameter value
utilities.set_message ('maint_location'); -- yep, add maint cat
end

return param_val; -- and done
end

--[[--------------------------< I S _ A R C H I V E D _ C O P Y >----------------------------------------------

compares |title= to 'Archived copy' (placeholder added by bots that can't find proper title); if matches, return true; nil else

]]

local function is_archived_copy (title)
title = mw.ustring.lower(title); -- switch title to lower case
if title:find (cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy.en) then -- if title is 'Archived copy'
return true;
elseif cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local'] then
if mw.ustring.find (title, cfg.special_case_translation.archived_copy['local']) then -- mw.ustring() because might not be Latin script
return true;
end
end
end

--[[--------------------------< D I S P L A Y _ N A M E S _ S E L E C T >--------------------------------------

for any of the |display-authors=, |display-editors=, etc parameters, select either the local or global setting.
When both are present, look at <local_display_names> value. When the value is some sort of 'et al.'string,
special handling is required.

When {{cs1 config}} has |display-<namelist>= AND this template has |display-<namelist>=etal AND:
the number of names specified by <number_of_names> is:
greater than the number specified in the global |display-<namelist>= parameter (<global_display_names>)
use global |display-<namelist>= parameter value
set overridden maint category
less than or equal to the number specified in the global |display-<namelist>= parameter
use local |display-<namelist>= parameter value

The purpose of this function is to prevent categorizing a template that has fewer names than the global setting
to keep the etal annotation specified by <local_display_names>.

]]

local function display_names_select (global_display_names, local_display_names, param_name, number_of_names, test)
if global_display_names and utilities.is_set (local_display_names) then -- when both
if 'etal' == local_display_names:lower():gsub("[ '%.]", '') then -- the :gsub() portion makes 'etal' from a variety of 'et al.' spellings and stylings
number_of_names = tonumber (number_of_names); -- convert these to numbers for comparison
local global_display_names_num = tonumber (global_display_names); -- <global_display_names> not set when parameter value is not digits

if number_of_names > global_display_names_num then -- template has more names than global config allows to be displayed?
utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message because global is overriding local |display-<namelist>=etal
return global_display_names, 'cs1 config'; -- return global with spoof parameter name (for get_display_names())
else
return local_display_names, param_name; -- return local because fewer names so let <local_display_names> control
end
end
-- here when <global_display_names> and <local_display_names> both numbers; <global_display_names> controls
utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message
return global_display_names, 'cs1 config'; -- return global with spoof parameter name (for get_display_names())
end
-- here when only one of <global_display_names> or <local_display_names> set
if global_display_names then
return global_display_names, 'cs1 config'; -- return global with spoof parameter name (for get_display_names())
else
return local_display_names, param_name; -- return local
end
end

--[[--------------------------< M O D E _ S E T >--------------------------------------------------------------

fetch global mode setting from {{cs1 config}} (if present) or from |mode= (if present); global setting overrides
local |mode= parameter value. When both are present, emit maintenance message

]]

local function mode_set (Mode, Mode_origin)
local mode;
if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'] then -- global setting in {{cs1 config}}; nil when empty or assigned value invalid
mode = is_valid_parameter_value (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'], 'cs1 config: mode', cfg.keywords_lists['mode'], ''); -- error messaging 'param' here is a hoax
else
mode = is_valid_parameter_value (Mode, Mode_origin, cfg.keywords_lists['mode'], '');
end

if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['Mode'] and utilities.is_set (Mode) then -- when template has |mode=<something> which global setting has overridden
utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message
end
return mode;
end

--[[--------------------------< Q U O T E _ M A K E >----------------------------------------------------------

create quotation from |quote=, |trans-quote=, and/or script-quote= with or without |quote-page= or |quote-pages=

when any of those three quote parameters are set, this function unsets <PostScript>. When none of those parameters
are set, |quote-page= and |quote-pages= are unset to nil so that they are not included in the template's metadata

]]

local function quote_make (quote, trans_quote, script_quote, quote_page, quote_pages, nopp, sepc, postscript)
if utilities.is_set (quote) or utilities.is_set (trans_quote) or utilities.is_set (script_quote) then

if utilities.is_set (quote) then
if quote:sub(1, 1) == '"' and quote:sub(-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of quote are quote marks
quote = quote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off
end
end

quote = kern_quotes (quote); -- kern if needed
quote = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-text', quote ); -- wrap in <q>...</q> tags

if utilities.is_set (script_quote) then
quote = script_concatenate (quote, script_quote, 'script-quote'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after quote is wrapped
end

if utilities.is_set (trans_quote) then
if trans_quote:sub(1, 1) == '"' and trans_quote:sub(-1, -1) == '"' then -- if first and last characters of |trans-quote are quote marks
trans_quote = trans_quote:sub(2, -2); -- strip them off
end
quote = quote .. " " .. utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', trans_quote );
end

if utilities.is_set (quote_page) or utilities.is_set (quote_pages) then -- add page prefix
local quote_prefix = '';
if utilities.is_set (quote_page) then
extra_text_in_page_check (quote_page, 'quote-page'); -- add to maint cat if |quote-page= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc.
if not nopp then
quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, quote_page}), '', '', '';
else
quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, quote_page}), '', '', '';
end
elseif utilities.is_set (quote_pages) then
extra_text_in_page_check (quote_pages, 'quote-pages'); -- add to maint cat if |quote-pages= value begins with what looks like p., pp., etc.
if tonumber(quote_pages) ~= nil and not nopp then -- if only digits, assume single page
quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['p-prefix'], {sepc, quote_pages}), '', '';
elseif not nopp then
quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['pp-prefix'], {sepc, quote_pages}), '', '';
else
quote_prefix = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['nopp'], {sepc, quote_pages}), '', '';
end
end

quote = quote_prefix .. ": " .. quote;
else
quote = sepc .. " " .. quote;
end

postscript = ""; -- cs1|2 does not supply terminal punctuation when |quote= is set

elseif utilities.is_set (quote_page) or utilities.is_set (quote_pages) then
quote_page = nil; -- unset; these require |quote=; TODO: error message?
quote_pages = nil;
end

return quote, quote_page, quote_pages, postscript;
end

--[[--------------------------< C H E C K _ P U B L I S H E R _ N A M E >--------------------------------------

look for variations of '<text>: <text>' that might be '<location>: <publisher>' in |publisher= parameter value.
when found, emit a maintenance message; return nil else

<publisher> is the value assigned to |publisher= or |institution=

]]

local function check_publisher_name (publisher)
local patterns_t = {
'^[%w%s]+%s*:%s*[%w%s]+$', -- plain text <location>: <publisher>
'^%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+%s*:%s*[%w%s]+$', -- partially wikilinked [[<location>]]: <publisher>
'^[%w%s]+%s*:%s*%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+$', -- partially wikilinked <location>: [[<publisher>]]
'^%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+%s*:%s*%[+[%w%s:|]+%]+$', -- wikilinked [[<location>]]: [[<publisher>]]
}

for _, pattern in ipairs (patterns_t) do -- spin through the patterns_t sequence
if mw.ustring.match (publisher, pattern) then -- does this pattern match?
utilities.set_message ('maint_publisher_location'); -- set a maint message
return; -- and done
end
end
end

--[[--------------------------< I S _ P A G E _ A R T _ N U M >------------------------------------------------

compare the trailing (rightmost) characters of the |doi= value against the whole value assigned to |page(s)=.

return boolean true when:
|page(s)= has exactly 8 digits and a dot between the fourth and fifth digits matches the trailing 9 characters
of the |doi= value: |page=12345678 → |page=1234.5678 matches |doi=10.xxxx/yyyy1234.5678
|page(s)= is 5 or more characters and matches |doi= values's trailing characters
|page(s)= begins with a lowercase 'e' and |page(s)= without the 'e' matches |doi= values's trailing
characters: |page=e12345 → |page=12345 matches |doi=10.xxxx/yyyy12345
|page(s)= begins with a uppercase 'CD' followed by (typically) six digits matches |doi= values that ends with
'CDxxxxxx.pubx' (where 'x' is any single digit)

return nil when |page(s)= values:
are ranges separated by underscore, hyphen, emdash, endash, figure dash, or minus character
are comma- or semicolon-separated lists of pages
have external urls (has text 'http')
are digit-only values less than 10000
do not match |doi= values's trailing characters

]]

local function is_page_art_num (page, doi)
if not (utilities.is_set (page) and utilities.is_set (doi)) then -- both required
return; -- abandon; nothing to do
end

if page:match ('[,;_−–—‒%-]') then -- when |page(s)= might be a page range or a separated list of pages
return; -- abandon
end

page = page:lower(); -- because doi names are case insensitive
doi = doi:lower(); -- force these to lowercase for testing

if page:match ('http') then -- when |page(s)= appears to hold a url
return; -- abandon
end

if tonumber (page) then -- is |page(s)= digits only
if 10000 > tonumber (page) then -- when |page(s)= less than 10000
return; -- abandon
end

if doi:match (page .. '$') then -- digits only page number match the last digits in |doi=?
return true;
end

if 8 == page:len() then -- special case when |page(s)= is exactly 8 digits
local dot_page = page:gsub ('(%d%d%d%d)(%d%d%d%d)', '%1.%2'); -- make a |page=xxxx.yyyy version commonly used in |doi=
if doi:match (dot_page .. '$') then -- 8-digit dotted page number match the last characters in |doi=?
return true;
end
end

else -- here when |page(s)= is alpha-numeric
if 4 < page:len() then -- when |page(s)= is five or more characters
if doi:match (page .. '$') then -- alpha-numeric page match the last characters in |doi=?
return true;
end

local epage = page:match ('^e([%w]+)$'); -- if first character of |page= is 'e', remove it
if epage and doi:match (epage .. '$') then -- page number match the last characters in |doi=?
return true;
end

local cdpage = page:match ('^cd%d+$'); -- if first characters of |page= are 'CD' and last characters are digits (typically 6 digits)
if cdpage and doi:match (cdpage .. '%.pub%d$') then -- page number matches doi 'CDxxxxxx.pubx' where 'x' is a digit
return true;
end
end
end
end

--[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N 0 >------------------------------------------------------------

This is the main function doing the majority of the citation formatting.

]]

local function citation0( config, args )
--[[
Load Input Parameters
The argument_wrapper facilitates the mapping of multiple aliases to single internal variable.
]]
local A = argument_wrapper ( args );
local i

-- Pick out the relevant fields from the arguments. Different citation templates
-- define different field names for the same underlying things.

local author_etal;
local a = {}; -- authors list from |lastn= / |firstn= pairs or |vauthors=
local Authors;
local NameListStyle;
if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['NameListStyle'] then -- global setting in {{cs1 config}} overrides local |name-list-style= parameter value; nil when empty or assigned value invalid
NameListStyle = is_valid_parameter_value (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['NameListStyle'], 'cs1 config: name-list-style', cfg.keywords_lists['name-list-style'], ''); -- error messaging 'param' here is a hoax
else
NameListStyle = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NameListStyle'], A:ORIGIN('NameListStyle'), cfg.keywords_lists['name-list-style'], '');
end

if cfg.global_cs1_config_t['NameListStyle'] and utilities.is_set (A['NameListStyle']) then -- when template has |name-list-style=<something> which global setting has overridden
utilities.set_message ('maint_overridden_setting'); -- set a maint message
end

local Collaboration = A['Collaboration'];

do -- to limit scope of selected
local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Vauthors'], A['Authors'], args, 'AuthorList');
if 1 == selected then
a, author_etal = extract_names (args, 'AuthorList'); -- fetch author list from |authorn= / |lastn= / |firstn=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn=
elseif 2 == selected then
NameListStyle = 'vanc'; -- override whatever |name-list-style= might be
a, author_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, A['Vauthors'], 'AuthorList'); -- fetch author list from |vauthors=, |author-linkn=, and |author-maskn=
elseif 3 == selected then
Authors = A['Authors']; -- use content of |people= or |credits=; |authors= is deprecated; TODO: constrain |people= and |credits= to cite av media, episode, serial?
end
if utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then
author_etal = true; -- so that |display-authors=etal not required
end
end

local editor_etal;
local e = {}; -- editors list from |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn= pairs or |veditors=

do -- to limit scope of selected
local selected = select_author_editor_source (A['Veditors'], nil, args, 'EditorList'); -- support for |editors= withdrawn
if 1 == selected then
e, editor_etal = extract_names (args, 'EditorList'); -- fetch editor list from |editorn= / |editor-lastn= / |editor-firstn=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn=
elseif 2 == selected then
NameListStyle = 'vanc'; -- override whatever |name-list-style= might be
e, editor_etal = parse_vauthors_veditors (args, args.veditors, 'EditorList'); -- fetch editor list from |veditors=, |editor-linkn=, and |editor-maskn=
end
end

local Chapter = A['Chapter']; -- done here so that we have access to |contribution= from |chapter= aliases
local Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter');
local Contribution; -- because contribution is required for contributor(s)
if 'contribution' == Chapter_origin then
Contribution = Chapter; -- get the name of the contribution
end
local c = {}; -- contributors list from |contributor-lastn= / contributor-firstn= pairs

if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"book", "citation"}) and not utilities.is_set (A['Periodical']) then -- |contributor= and |contribution= only supported in book cites
c = extract_names (args, 'ContributorList'); -- fetch contributor list from |contributorn= / |contributor-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn=

if 0 < #c then
if not utilities.is_set (Contribution) then -- |contributor= requires |contribution=
utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'contribution'); -- add missing contribution error message
c = {}; -- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later
end
if 0 == #a then -- |contributor= requires |author=
utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_missing_required_param', 'author'); -- add missing author error message
c = {}; -- blank the contributors' table; it is used as a flag later
end
end
else -- if not a book cite
if utilities.select_one (args, cfg.aliases['ContributorList-Last'], 'err_redundant_parameters', 1 ) then -- are there contributor name list parameters?
utilities.set_message ('err_contributor_ignored'); -- add contributor ignored error message
end
Contribution = nil; -- unset
end

local Title = A['Title'];
local TitleLink = A['TitleLink'];

local auto_select = ''; -- default is auto
local accept_link;
TitleLink, accept_link = utilities.has_accept_as_written (TitleLink, true); -- test for accept-this-as-written markup
if (not accept_link) and utilities.in_array (TitleLink, {'none', 'pmc', 'doi'}) then -- check for special keywords
auto_select = TitleLink; -- remember selection for later
TitleLink = ''; -- treat as if |title-link= would have been empty
end

TitleLink = link_title_ok (TitleLink, A:ORIGIN ('TitleLink'), Title, 'title'); -- check for wiki-markup in |title-link= or wiki-markup in |title= when |title-link= is set

local Section = ''; -- {{cite map}} only; preset to empty string for concatenation if not used
if 'map' == config.CitationClass and 'section' == Chapter_origin then
Section = A['Chapter']; -- get |section= from |chapter= alias list; |chapter= and the other aliases not supported in {{cite map}}
Chapter = ''; -- unset for now; will be reset later from |map= if present
end

local Periodical = A['Periodical'];
local Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('Periodical');
local ScriptPeriodical = A['ScriptPeriodical'];
local ScriptPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptPeriodical');
local TransPeriodical = A['TransPeriodical'];
local TransPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransPeriodical');

if (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'book', 'encyclopaedia'}) and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) or utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical))) then
local param;
if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- get a parameter name from one of these periodical related meta-parameters
Periodical = ''; -- unset because not valid {{cite book}} or {{cite encyclopedia}} parameters
param = Periodical_origin -- get parameter name for error messaging
elseif utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical) then
TransPeriodical = ''; -- unset because not valid {{cite book}} or {{cite encyclopedia}} parameters
param = TransPeriodical_origin; -- get parameter name for error messaging
elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) then
ScriptPeriodical = ''; -- unset because not valid {{cite book}} or {{cite encyclopedia}} parameters
param = ScriptPeriodical_origin; -- get parameter name for error messaging
end

if utilities.is_set (param) then -- if we found one
utilities.set_message ('err_periodical_ignored', {param}); -- emit an error message
end
end

if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then
local i;
Periodical, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical); -- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated
if i then -- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message
utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {Periodical_origin});
end
end

if 'mailinglist' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for {{cite mailing list}}
if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (A ['MailingList']) then -- both set emit an error TODO: make a function for this and similar?
utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Periodical_origin) .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'mailinglist')});
end

Periodical = A ['MailingList']; -- error or no, set Periodical to |mailinglist= value because this template is {{cite mailing list}}
Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN('MailingList');
end

-- web and news not tested for now because of
-- Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard#Is_there_a_semi-automated_tool_that_could_fix_these_annoying_"Cite_Web"_errors?
if not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) then -- 'periodical' templates require periodical parameter
-- local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine', ['news'] = 'newspaper', ['web'] = 'website'}; -- for error message
local p = {['journal'] = 'journal', ['magazine'] = 'magazine'}; -- for error message
if p[config.CitationClass] then
utilities.set_message ('err_missing_periodical', {config.CitationClass, p[config.CitationClass]});
end
end

local Volume;
if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then
if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then
if not utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_no_volume_t) then -- {{citation}} does not render |volume= when these parameters are used
Volume = A['Volume']; -- but does for all other 'periodicals'
end
elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) then
if 'script-website' ~= ScriptPeriodical_origin then -- {{citation}} does not render volume for |script-website=
Volume = A['Volume']; -- but does for all other 'periodicals'
end
else
Volume = A['Volume']; -- and does for non-'periodical' cites
end
elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_volume) then -- render |volume= for cs1 according to the configuration settings
Volume = A['Volume'];
end
extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Volume, A:ORIGIN ('Volume'), 'v');

local Issue;
if 'citation' == config.CitationClass then
if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, cfg.citation_issue_t) then -- {{citation}} may render |issue= when these parameters are used
Issue = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Issue']);
end
elseif utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_using_issue) then -- conference & map books do not support issue; {{citation}} listed here because included in settings table
if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'conference', 'map', 'citation'}) and not (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical))) then
Issue = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Issue']);
end
end

local ArticleNumber;

if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'journal', 'conference'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Periodical) and 'journal' == Periodical_origin) then
ArticleNumber = A['ArticleNumber'];
end

extra_text_in_vol_iss_check (Issue, A:ORIGIN ('Issue'), 'i');

local Page;
local Pages;
local At;
local QuotePage;
local QuotePages;
if not utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, cfg.templates_not_using_page) then -- TODO: rewrite to emit ignored parameter error message?
Page = A['Page'];
Pages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['Pages']);
At = A['At'];
QuotePage = A['QuotePage'];
QuotePages = utilities.hyphen_to_dash (A['QuotePages']);
end

local NoPP = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoPP'], A:ORIGIN('NoPP'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil);

local Mode = mode_set (A['Mode'], A:ORIGIN('Mode'));

-- separator character and postscript
local sepc, PostScript = set_style (Mode:lower(), A['PostScript'], config.CitationClass);
local Quote;
Quote, QuotePage, QuotePages, PostScript = quote_make (A['Quote'], A['TransQuote'], A['ScriptQuote'], QuotePage, QuotePages, NoPP, sepc, PostScript);

local Edition = A['Edition'];
local PublicationPlace = place_check (A['PublicationPlace'], A:ORIGIN('PublicationPlace'));
local Place = place_check (A['Place'], A:ORIGIN('Place'));

local PublisherName = A['PublisherName'];
local PublisherName_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublisherName');
if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) and (cfg.keywords_xlate['none'] ~= PublisherName) then
local i = 0;
PublisherName, i = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (PublisherName); -- strip apostrophe markup so that metadata isn't contaminated; publisher is never italicized
if i and (0 < i) then -- non-zero when markup was stripped so emit an error message
utilities.set_message ('err_apostrophe_markup', {PublisherName_origin});
end
end

if ('document' == config.CitationClass) and not utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then
utilities.set_message ('err_missing_publisher', {config.CitationClass, 'publisher'});
end

local Newsgroup = A['Newsgroup']; -- TODO: strip apostrophe markup?
local Newsgroup_origin = A:ORIGIN('Newsgroup');

if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass then
if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) and (cfg.keywords_xlate['none'] ~= PublisherName) then -- general use parameter |publisher= not allowed in cite newsgroup
utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {PublisherName_origin});
end

PublisherName = nil; -- ensure that this parameter is unset for the time being; will be used again after COinS
end

if 'book' == config.CitationClass or 'encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and not utilities.is_set (Periodical)) then
local accept;
PublisherName, accept = utilities.has_accept_as_written (PublisherName); -- check for and remove accept-as-written markup from |publisher= wrapped
if not accept then -- when no accept-as-written markup
check_publisher_name (PublisherName); -- emit maint message when |publisher= might be prefixed with publisher's location
end
end

local URL = A['URL']; -- TODO: better way to do this for URL, ChapterURL, and MapURL?
local UrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('UrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil);

if not utilities.is_set (URL) and utilities.is_set (UrlAccess) then
UrlAccess = nil;
utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', 'url');
end

local ChapterURL = A['ChapterURL'];
local ChapterUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['ChapterUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil);
if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (ChapterUrlAccess) then
ChapterUrlAccess = nil;
utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {A:ORIGIN('ChapterUrlAccess'):gsub ('%-access', '')});
end

local MapUrlAccess = is_valid_parameter_value (A['MapUrlAccess'], A:ORIGIN('MapUrlAccess'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-access'], nil);
if not utilities.is_set (A['MapURL']) and utilities.is_set (MapUrlAccess) then
MapUrlAccess = nil;
utilities.set_message ('err_param_access_requires_param', {'map-url'});
end

local this_page = mw.title.getCurrentTitle(); -- also used for COinS and for language
local no_tracking_cats = is_valid_parameter_value (A['NoTracking'], A:ORIGIN('NoTracking'), cfg.keywords_lists['yes_true_y'], nil);

-- check this page to see if it is in one of the namespaces that cs1 is not supposed to add to the error categories
if not utilities.is_set (no_tracking_cats) then -- ignore if we are already not going to categorize this page
if cfg.uncategorized_namespaces[this_page.namespace] then -- is this page's namespace id one of the uncategorized namespace ids?
no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats
end
for _, v in ipairs (cfg.uncategorized_subpages) do -- cycle through page name patterns
if this_page.text:match (v) then -- test page name against each pattern
no_tracking_cats = "true"; -- set no_tracking_cats
break; -- bail out if one is found
end
end
end
-- check for extra |page=, |pages= or |at= parameters. (also sheet and sheets while we're at it)
utilities.select_one (args, {'page', 'p', 'pp', 'pages', 'at', 'sheet', 'sheets'}, 'err_redundant_parameters'); -- this is a dummy call simply to get the error message and category

local coins_pages;

Page, Pages, At, coins_pages = insource_loc_get (Page, A:ORIGIN('Page'), Pages, A:ORIGIN('Pages'), At);

if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then -- both |publication-place= and |place= (|location=) allowed if different
utilities.add_prop_cat ('location-test'); -- add property cat to evaluate how often PublicationPlace and Place are used together
if PublicationPlace == Place then
Place = ''; -- unset; don't need both if they are the same
end
elseif not utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) and utilities.is_set (Place) then -- when only |place= (|location=) is set ...
PublicationPlace = Place; -- promote |place= (|location=) to |publication-place
end

if PublicationPlace == Place then Place = ''; end -- don't need both if they are the same

local URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('URL'); -- get name of parameter that holds URL
local ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ChapterURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds ChapterURL
local ScriptChapter = A['ScriptChapter'];
local ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptChapter');
local Format = A['Format'];
local ChapterFormat = A['ChapterFormat'];
local TransChapter = A['TransChapter'];
local TransChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter');
local TransTitle = A['TransTitle'];
local ScriptTitle = A['ScriptTitle'];

--[[
Parameter remapping for cite encyclopedia:
When the citation has these parameters:
|encyclopedia= and |title= then map |title= to |article= and |encyclopedia= to |title= for rendering
|encyclopedia= and |article= then map |encyclopedia= to |title= for rendering

|trans-title= maps to |trans-chapter= when |title= is re-mapped
|url= maps to |chapter-url= when |title= is remapped

All other combinations of |encyclopedia=, |title=, and |article= are not modified

]]

local Encyclopedia = A['Encyclopedia']; -- used as a flag by this module and by ~/COinS
local ScriptEncyclopedia = A['ScriptEncyclopedia'];
local TransEncyclopedia = A['TransEncyclopedia'];

if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) or utilities.is_set (ScriptEncyclopedia) then -- emit error message when Encyclopedia set but template is other than {{cite encyclopedia}} or {{citation}}
if 'encyclopaedia' ~= config.CitationClass and 'citation' ~= config.CitationClass then
if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then
utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia')});
else
utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {A:ORIGIN ('ScriptEncyclopedia')});
end
Encyclopedia = nil; -- unset these because not supported by this template
ScriptEncyclopedia = nil;
TransEncyclopedia = nil;
end
elseif utilities.is_set (TransEncyclopedia) then
utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'encyclopedia'});
end

if ('encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then
if utilities.is_set (Periodical) and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) then -- when both parameters set emit an error message; {{citation}} only; Periodical not allowed in {{cite encyclopedia}}
utilities.set_message ('err_periodical_ignored', {Periodical_origin});
end

if utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia) or utilities.is_set (ScriptEncyclopedia) then
Periodical = Encyclopedia; -- error or no, set Periodical to Encyclopedia for rendering; {{citation}} could (not legitimately) have both; use Encyclopedia
Periodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('Encyclopedia');
ScriptPeriodical = ScriptEncyclopedia;
ScriptPeriodical_origin = A:ORIGIN ('ScriptEncyclopedia');

if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then
if not utilities.is_set (Chapter) then
Chapter = Title; -- |encyclopedia= and |title= are set so map |title= params to |article= params for rendering
ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle;
ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle')
TransChapter = TransTitle;
ChapterURL = URL;
ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin;
ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess;
ChapterFormat = Format;

if not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) and utilities.is_set (TitleLink) then
Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Chapter);
end
Title = Periodical; -- now map |encyclopedia= params to |title= params for rendering
ScriptTitle = ScriptPeriodical or '';
TransTitle = TransEncyclopedia or '';
Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset
ScriptPeriodical = '';
URL = '';
Format = '';
TitleLink = '';
end
elseif utilities.is_set (Chapter) or utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then -- |title= not set
Title = Periodical; -- |encyclopedia= set and |article= set so map |encyclopedia= to |title= for rendering
ScriptTitle = ScriptPeriodical or '';
TransTitle = TransEncyclopedia or '';
Periodical = ''; -- redundant so unset
ScriptPeriodical = '';
end
end
end

-- special case for cite techreport.
local ID = A['ID'];
if (config.CitationClass == "techreport") then -- special case for cite techreport
if utilities.is_set (A['Number']) then -- cite techreport uses 'number', which other citations alias to 'issue'
if not utilities.is_set (ID) then -- can we use ID for the "number"?
ID = A['Number']; -- yes, use it
else -- ID has a value so emit error message
utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'id') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'number')});
end
end
end

-- Account for the oddity that is {{cite conference}}, before generation of COinS data.
local ChapterLink -- = A['ChapterLink']; -- deprecated as a parameter but still used internally by cite episode
local Conference = A['Conference'];
local BookTitle = A['BookTitle'];
local TransTitle_origin = A:ORIGIN ('TransTitle');
if 'conference' == config.CitationClass then
if utilities.is_set (BookTitle) then
Chapter = Title;
Chapter_origin = 'title';
-- ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- |chapter-link= is deprecated
ChapterURL = URL;
ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess;
ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin;
URL_origin = '';
ChapterFormat = Format;
TransChapter = TransTitle;
TransChapter_origin = TransTitle_origin;
Title = BookTitle;
Format = '';
-- TitleLink = '';
TransTitle = '';
URL = '';
end
elseif 'speech' ~= config.CitationClass then
Conference = ''; -- not cite conference or cite speech so make sure this is empty string
end

local use_lowercase = ( sepc == ',' ); -- controls capitalization of certain static text

-- cite map oddities
local Cartography = "";
local Scale = "";
local Sheet = A['Sheet'] or '';
local Sheets = A['Sheets'] or '';
if config.CitationClass == "map" then
if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then --TODO: make a function for this and similar?
utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'map') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', Chapter_origin)}); -- add error message
end
Chapter = A['Map'];
Chapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('Map');
ChapterURL = A['MapURL'];
ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('MapURL');
TransChapter = A['TransMap'];
ScriptChapter = A['ScriptMap']
ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptMap')

ChapterUrlAccess = MapUrlAccess;
ChapterFormat = A['MapFormat'];

Cartography = A['Cartography'];
if utilities.is_set ( Cartography ) then
Cartography = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('cartography', Cartography, use_lowercase);
end
Scale = A['Scale'];
if utilities.is_set ( Scale ) then
Scale = sepc .. " " .. Scale;
end
end

-- Account for the oddities that are {{cite episode}} and {{cite serial}}, before generation of COinS data.
local Series = A['Series'];
if 'episode' == config.CitationClass or 'serial' == config.CitationClass then
local SeriesLink = A['SeriesLink'];

SeriesLink = link_title_ok (SeriesLink, A:ORIGIN ('SeriesLink'), Series, 'series'); -- check for wiki-markup in |series-link= or wiki-markup in |series= when |series-link= is set

local Network = A['Network'];
local Station = A['Station'];
local s, n = {}, {};
-- do common parameters first
if utilities.is_set (Network) then table.insert(n, Network); end
if utilities.is_set (Station) then table.insert(n, Station); end
ID = table.concat(n, sepc .. ' ');

if 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- handle the oddities that are strictly {{cite episode}}
local Season = A['Season'];
local SeriesNumber = A['SeriesNumber'];

if utilities.is_set (Season) and utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then -- these are mutually exclusive so if both are set TODO: make a function for this and similar?
utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'season') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'seriesno')}); -- add error message
SeriesNumber = ''; -- unset; prefer |season= over |seriesno=
end
-- assemble a table of parts concatenated later into Series
if utilities.is_set (Season) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('season', Season, use_lowercase)); end
if utilities.is_set (SeriesNumber) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('seriesnum', SeriesNumber, use_lowercase)); end
if utilities.is_set (Issue) then table.insert(s, wrap_msg ('episode', Issue, use_lowercase)); end
Issue = ''; -- unset because this is not a unique parameter

Chapter = Title; -- promote title parameters to chapter
ScriptChapter = ScriptTitle;
ScriptChapter_origin = A:ORIGIN('ScriptTitle');
ChapterLink = TitleLink; -- alias |episode-link=
TransChapter = TransTitle;
ChapterURL = URL;
ChapterUrlAccess = UrlAccess;
ChapterURL_origin = URL_origin;
ChapterFormat = Format;

Title = Series; -- promote series to title
TitleLink = SeriesLink;
Series = table.concat(s, sepc .. ' '); -- this is concatenation of season, seriesno, episode number

if utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- link but not URL
Chapter = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Chapter);
elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterLink) and utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if both are set, URL links episode;
Series = utilities.make_wikilink (ChapterLink, Series);
end
URL = ''; -- unset
TransTitle = '';
ScriptTitle = '';
Format = '';

else -- now oddities that are cite serial
Issue = ''; -- unset because this parameter no longer supported by the citation/core version of cite serial
Chapter = A['Episode']; -- TODO: make |episode= available to cite episode someday?
if utilities.is_set (Series) and utilities.is_set (SeriesLink) then
Series = utilities.make_wikilink (SeriesLink, Series);
end
Series = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Series); -- series is italicized
end
end
-- end of {{cite episode}} stuff

-- handle type parameter for those CS1 citations that have default values
local TitleType = A['TitleType'];
local Degree = A['Degree'];
if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'AV-media-notes', 'document', 'interview', 'mailinglist', 'map', 'podcast', 'pressrelease', 'report', 'speech', 'techreport', 'thesis'}) then
TitleType = set_titletype (config.CitationClass, TitleType);
if utilities.is_set (Degree) and "Thesis" == TitleType then -- special case for cite thesis
TitleType = Degree .. ' ' .. cfg.title_types ['thesis']:lower();
end
end

if utilities.is_set (TitleType) then -- if type parameter is specified
TitleType = utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['type'], TitleType); -- display it in parentheses
-- TODO: Hack on TitleType to fix bunched parentheses problem
end

-- legacy: promote PublicationDate to Date if neither Date nor Year are set.
local Date = A['Date'];
local Date_origin; -- to hold the name of parameter promoted to Date; required for date error messaging
local PublicationDate = A['PublicationDate'];
local Year = A['Year'];

if utilities.is_set (Year) then
validation.year_check (Year); -- returns nothing; emits maint message when |year= doesn't hold a 'year' value
end

if not utilities.is_set (Date) then
Date = Year; -- promote Year to Date
Year = nil; -- make nil so Year as empty string isn't used for CITEREF
if not utilities.is_set (Date) and utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then -- use PublicationDate when |date= and |year= are not set
Date = PublicationDate; -- promote PublicationDate to Date
PublicationDate = ''; -- unset, no longer needed
Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('PublicationDate'); -- save the name of the promoted parameter
else
Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Year'); -- save the name of the promoted parameter
end
else
Date_origin = A:ORIGIN('Date'); -- not a promotion; name required for error messaging
end

if PublicationDate == Date then PublicationDate = ''; end -- if PublicationDate is same as Date, don't display in rendered citation

--[[
Go test all of the date-holding parameters for valid MOS:DATE format and make sure that dates are real dates. This must be done before we do COinS because here is where
we get the date used in the metadata.

Date validation supporting code is in Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation
]]

local DF = is_valid_parameter_value (A['DF'], A:ORIGIN('DF'), cfg.keywords_lists['df'], '');
if not utilities.is_set (DF) then
DF = cfg.global_df; -- local |df= if present overrides global df set by {{use xxx date}} template
end

local ArchiveURL;
local ArchiveDate;
local ArchiveFormat = A['ArchiveFormat'];
local archive_url_timestamp; -- timestamp from wayback machine url

ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate, archive_url_timestamp = archive_url_check (A['ArchiveURL'], A['ArchiveDate'])
ArchiveFormat = style_format (ArchiveFormat, ArchiveURL, 'archive-format', 'archive-url');

ArchiveURL, ArchiveDate = is_unique_archive_url (ArchiveURL, URL, ChapterURL, A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), ArchiveDate); -- add error message when URL or ChapterURL == ArchiveURL

local AccessDate = A['AccessDate'];
local COinS_date = {}; -- holds date info extracted from |date= for the COinS metadata by Module:Date verification
local DoiBroken = A['DoiBroken'];
local Embargo = A['Embargo'];
local anchor_year; -- used in the CITEREF identifier
do -- create defined block to contain local variables error_message, date_parameters_list, mismatch
local error_message = '';
-- AirDate has been promoted to Date so not necessary to check it
local date_parameters_list = {
['access-date'] = {val = AccessDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('AccessDate')},
['archive-date'] = {val = ArchiveDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('ArchiveDate')},
['date'] = {val = Date, name = Date_origin},
['doi-broken-date'] = {val = DoiBroken, name = A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')},
['pmc-embargo-date'] = {val = Embargo, name = A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')},
['publication-date'] = {val = PublicationDate, name = A:ORIGIN ('PublicationDate')},
['year'] = {val = Year, name = A:ORIGIN ('Year')},
};

local error_list = {};
anchor_year, Embargo = validation.dates(date_parameters_list, COinS_date, error_list);

if utilities.is_set (Year) and utilities.is_set (Date) then -- both |date= and |year= not normally needed;
validation.year_date_check (Year, A:ORIGIN ('Year'), Date, A:ORIGIN ('Date'), error_list);
end

if 0 == #error_list then -- error free dates only; 0 when error_list is empty
local modified = false; -- flag

if utilities.is_set (DF) then -- if we need to reformat dates
modified = validation.reformat_dates (date_parameters_list, DF); -- reformat to DF format, use long month names if appropriate
end

if true == validation.date_hyphen_to_dash (date_parameters_list) then -- convert hyphens to dashes where appropriate
modified = true;
utilities.set_message ('maint_date_format'); -- hyphens were converted so add maint category
end

-- for those wikis that can and want to have English date names translated to the local language; not supported at en.wiki
if cfg.date_name_auto_xlate_enable and validation.date_name_xlate (date_parameters_list, cfg.date_digit_auto_xlate_enable ) then
utilities.set_message ('maint_date_auto_xlated'); -- add maint cat
modified = true;
end

if modified then -- if the date_parameters_list values were modified
AccessDate = date_parameters_list['access-date'].val; -- overwrite date holding parameters with modified values
ArchiveDate = date_parameters_list['archive-date'].val;
Date = date_parameters_list['date'].val;
DoiBroken = date_parameters_list['doi-broken-date'].val;
PublicationDate = date_parameters_list['publication-date'].val;
end

if archive_url_timestamp and utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then
validation.archive_date_check (ArchiveDate, archive_url_timestamp, DF); -- does YYYYMMDD in archive_url_timestamp match date in ArchiveDate
end
else
utilities.set_message ('err_bad_date', {utilities.make_sep_list (#error_list, error_list)}); -- add this error message
end
end -- end of do

if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'book', 'encyclopaedia'}) or -- {{cite book}}, {{cite encyclopedia}}; TODO: {{cite conference}} and others?
('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) or -- {{citation}} as an encylopedia citation
('citation' == config.CitationClass and not utilities.is_set (Periodical)) then -- {{citation}} as a book citation
if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then
if not utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then
local date = COinS_date.rftdate and tonumber (COinS_date.rftdate:match ('%d%d%d%d')); -- get year portion of COinS date (because in Arabic numerals); convert string to number
if date and (1850 <= date) then -- location has no publisher; if date is 1850 or later
utilities.set_message ('maint_location_no_publisher'); -- add maint cat
end
else -- PublisherName has a value
if cfg.keywords_xlate['none'] == PublisherName then -- if that value is 'none' (only for book and encyclopedia citations)
PublisherName = ''; -- unset
end
end
end
end

local ID_list = {}; -- sequence table of rendered identifiers
local ID_list_coins = {}; -- table of identifiers and their values from args; key is same as cfg.id_handlers's key
local Class = A['Class']; -- arxiv class identifier

local ID_support = {
{A['ASINTLD'], 'ASIN', 'err_asintld_missing_asin', A:ORIGIN ('ASINTLD')},
{DoiBroken, 'DOI', 'err_doibroken_missing_doi', A:ORIGIN ('DoiBroken')},
{Embargo, 'PMC', 'err_embargo_missing_pmc', A:ORIGIN ('Embargo')},
}

ID_list, ID_list_coins = identifiers.identifier_lists_get (args, {
DoiBroken = DoiBroken, -- for |doi=
ASINTLD = A['ASINTLD'], -- for |asin=
Embargo = Embargo, -- for |pmc=
Class = Class, -- for |arxiv=
CitationClass = config.CitationClass, -- for |arxiv=
Year=anchor_year, -- for |isbn=
}, ID_support);

-- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, {{cite medrxiv}}, {{cite ssrn}}, before generation of COinS data.
if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list_t) then -- |arxiv= or |eprint= required for cite arxiv; |biorxiv=, |citeseerx=, |medrxiv=, |ssrn= required for their templates
if not (args[cfg.id_handlers[config.CitationClass:upper()].parameters[1]] or -- can't use ID_list_coins k/v table here because invalid parameters omitted
args[cfg.id_handlers[config.CitationClass:upper()].parameters[2]]) then -- which causes unexpected parameter missing error message
utilities.set_message ('err_' .. config.CitationClass .. '_missing'); -- add error message
end

Periodical = ({['arxiv'] = 'arXiv', ['biorxiv'] = 'bioRxiv', ['citeseerx'] = 'CiteSeerX', ['medrxiv'] = 'medRxiv', ['ssrn'] = 'Social Science Research Network'})[config.CitationClass];
end

-- Link the title of the work if no |url= was provided, but we have a |pmc= or a |doi= with |doi-access=free

if config.CitationClass == "journal" and not utilities.is_set (URL) and not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) then -- TODO: remove 'none' once existing citations have been switched to 'off', so 'none' can be used as token for "no title" instead
if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[auto_select] then -- if auto-linking not disabled
if identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select] then -- manual selection
URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls[auto_select]; -- set URL to be the same as identifier's external link
URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers[auto_select:upper()].parameters[1]; -- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title=
elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc'] then -- auto-select PMC
URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['pmc']; -- set URL to be the same as the PMC external link if not embargoed
URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['PMC'].parameters[1]; -- set URL_origin to parameter name for use in error message if citation is missing a |title=
elseif identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi'] then -- auto-select DOI
URL = identifiers.auto_link_urls['doi'];
URL_origin = cfg.id_handlers['DOI'].parameters[1];
end
end

if utilities.is_set (URL) then -- set when using an identifier-created URL
if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then -- |access-date= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url=
utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url'); -- add an error message
AccessDate = ''; -- unset
end

if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then -- |archive-url= requires |url=; identifier-created URL is not |url=
utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url'); -- add an error message
ArchiveURL = ''; -- unset
end
end
end

-- At this point fields may be nil if they weren't specified in the template use. We can use that fact.
-- Test if citation has no title
if not utilities.is_set (Title) and not utilities.is_set (TransTitle) and not utilities.is_set (ScriptTitle) then -- has special case for cite episode
utilities.set_message ('err_citation_missing_title', {'episode' == config.CitationClass and 'series' or 'title'});
end

if utilities.in_array (cfg.keywords_xlate[Title], {'off', 'none'}) and
utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'journal', 'citation'}) and
(utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and
('journal' == Periodical_origin or 'script-journal' == ScriptPeriodical_origin) then -- special case for journal cites
Title = ''; -- set title to empty string
utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled'); -- add maint cat
end

if 'journal' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Periodical) and 'journal' == Periodical_origin) then
if is_page_art_num (((utilities.is_set (Page) and Page) or (utilities.is_set (Pages) and Pages)) or nil, ID_list_coins['DOI']) then -- does |page(s)= look like it holds an article number
utilities.set_message ('maint_page_art_num'); -- add maint cat
end
end

-- COinS metadata (see <http://ocoins.info/>) for automated parsing of citation information.
-- handle the oddity that is cite encyclopedia and {{citation |encyclopedia=something}}. Here we presume that
-- when Periodical, Title, and Chapter are all set, then Periodical is the book (encyclopedia) title, Title
-- is the article title, and Chapter is a section within the article. So, we remap

local coins_chapter = Chapter; -- default assuming that remapping not required
local coins_title = Title; -- et tu
if 'encyclopaedia' == config.CitationClass or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then
if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and utilities.is_set (Title) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- if all are used then
coins_chapter = Title; -- remap
coins_title = Periodical;
end
end
local coins_author = a; -- default for coins rft.au
if 0 < #c then -- but if contributor list
coins_author = c; -- use that instead
end

-- this is the function call to COinS()
local OCinSoutput = metadata.COinS({
['Periodical'] = utilities.strip_apostrophe_markup (Periodical), -- no markup in the metadata
['Encyclopedia'] = Encyclopedia, -- just a flag; content ignored by ~/COinS
['Chapter'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_chapter, ScriptChapter), -- Chapter and ScriptChapter stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup
['Degree'] = Degree; -- cite thesis only
['Title'] = metadata.make_coins_title (coins_title, ScriptTitle), -- Title and ScriptTitle stripped of bold / italic / accept-as-written markup
['PublicationPlace'] = PublicationPlace,
['Date'] = COinS_date.rftdate, -- COinS_date.* has correctly formatted date values if Date is valid;
['Season'] = COinS_date.rftssn,
['Quarter'] = COinS_date.rftquarter,
['Chron'] = COinS_date.rftchron,
['Series'] = Series,
['Volume'] = Volume,
['Issue'] = Issue,
['ArticleNumber'] = ArticleNumber,
['Pages'] = coins_pages or metadata.get_coins_pages (first_set ({Sheet, Sheets, Page, Pages, At, QuotePage, QuotePages}, 7)), -- pages stripped of external links
['Edition'] = Edition,
['PublisherName'] = PublisherName or Newsgroup, -- any apostrophe markup already removed from PublisherName
['URL'] = first_set ({ChapterURL, URL}, 2),
['Authors'] = coins_author,
['ID_list'] = ID_list_coins,
['RawPage'] = this_page.prefixedText,
}, config.CitationClass);

-- Account for the oddities that are {{cite arxiv}}, {{cite biorxiv}}, {{cite citeseerx}}, {{cite medrxiv}}, and {{cite ssrn}} AFTER generation of COinS data.
if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, whitelist.preprint_template_list_t) then -- we have set rft.jtitle in COinS to arXiv, bioRxiv, CiteSeerX, medRxiv, or ssrn now unset so it isn't displayed
Periodical = ''; -- periodical not allowed in these templates; if article has been published, use cite journal
end

-- special case for cite newsgroup. Do this after COinS because we are modifying Publishername to include some static text
if 'newsgroup' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Newsgroup) then
PublisherName = utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['newsgroup'], external_link( 'news:' .. Newsgroup, Newsgroup, Newsgroup_origin, nil ));
end

local Editors;
local EditorCount; -- used only for choosing {ed.) or (eds.) annotation at end of editor name-list
local Contributors; -- assembled contributors name list
local contributor_etal;
local Translators; -- assembled translators name list
local translator_etal;
local t = {}; -- translators list from |translator-lastn= / translator-firstn= pairs
t = extract_names (args, 'TranslatorList'); -- fetch translator list from |translatorn= / |translator-lastn=, -firstn=, -linkn=, -maskn=
local Interviewers;
local interviewers_list = {};
interviewers_list = extract_names (args, 'InterviewerList'); -- process preferred interviewers parameters
local interviewer_etal;

-- Now perform various field substitutions.
-- We also add leading spaces and surrounding markup and punctuation to the
-- various parts of the citation, but only when they are non-nil.
do
local last_first_list;
local control = {
format = NameListStyle, -- empty string, '&', 'amp', 'and', or 'vanc'
maximum = nil, -- as if display-authors or display-editors not set
mode = Mode
};

do -- do editor name list first because the now unsupported coauthors used to modify control table
local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayEditors'], A['DisplayEditors'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayEditors'), #e);
control.maximum, editor_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #e, 'editors', editor_etal, param);

Editors, EditorCount = list_people (control, e, editor_etal);

if 1 == EditorCount and (true == editor_etal or 1 < #e) then -- only one editor displayed but includes etal then
EditorCount = 2; -- spoof to display (eds.) annotation
end
end
do -- now do interviewers
local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayInterviewers'], A['DisplayInterviewers'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayInterviewers'), #interviewers_list);
control.maximum, interviewer_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #interviewers_list, 'interviewers', interviewer_etal, param);

Interviewers = list_people (control, interviewers_list, interviewer_etal);
end
do -- now do translators
local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayTranslators'], A['DisplayTranslators'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayTranslators'), #t);
control.maximum, translator_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #t, 'translators', translator_etal, param);

Translators = list_people (control, t, translator_etal);
end
do -- now do contributors
local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayContributors'], A['DisplayContributors'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayContributors'), #c);
control.maximum, contributor_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #c, 'contributors', contributor_etal, param);

Contributors = list_people (control, c, contributor_etal);
end
do -- now do authors
local display_names, param = display_names_select (cfg.global_cs1_config_t['DisplayAuthors'], A['DisplayAuthors'], A:ORIGIN ('DisplayAuthors'), #a, author_etal);
control.maximum, author_etal = get_display_names (display_names, #a, 'authors', author_etal, param);

last_first_list = list_people (control, a, author_etal);

if utilities.is_set (Authors) then
Authors, author_etal = name_has_etal (Authors, author_etal, false, 'authors'); -- find and remove variations on et al.
if author_etal then
Authors = Authors .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['et al']; -- add et al. to authors parameter
end
else
Authors = last_first_list; -- either an author name list or an empty string
end
end -- end of do

if utilities.is_set (Authors) and utilities.is_set (Collaboration) then
Authors = Authors .. ' (' .. Collaboration .. ')'; -- add collaboration after et al.
end

end

local ConferenceFormat = A['ConferenceFormat'];
local ConferenceURL = A['ConferenceURL'];
ConferenceFormat = style_format (ConferenceFormat, ConferenceURL, 'conference-format', 'conference-url');
Format = style_format (Format, URL, 'format', 'url');

-- special case for chapter format so no error message or cat when chapter not supported
if not (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) or
('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia))) then
ChapterFormat = style_format (ChapterFormat, ChapterURL, 'chapter-format', 'chapter-url');
end

if not utilities.is_set (URL) then
if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"web", "podcast", "mailinglist"}) or -- |url= required for cite web, cite podcast, and cite mailinglist
('citation' == config.CitationClass and ('website' == Periodical_origin or 'script-website' == ScriptPeriodical_origin)) then -- and required for {{citation}} with |website= or |script-website=
utilities.set_message ('err_cite_web_url');
end

-- do we have |accessdate= without either |url= or |chapter-url=?
if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) and not utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- ChapterURL may be set when URL is not set;
utilities.set_message ('err_accessdate_missing_url');
AccessDate = '';
end
end

local UrlStatus = is_valid_parameter_value (A['UrlStatus'], A:ORIGIN('UrlStatus'), cfg.keywords_lists['url-status'], '');
local OriginalURL
local OriginalURL_origin
local OriginalFormat
local OriginalAccess;
UrlStatus = UrlStatus:lower(); -- used later when assembling archived text
if utilities.is_set ( ArchiveURL ) then
if utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then -- if chapter-url= is set apply archive url to it
OriginalURL = ChapterURL; -- save copy of source chapter's url for archive text
OriginalURL_origin = ChapterURL_origin; -- name of |chapter-url= parameter for error messages
OriginalFormat = ChapterFormat; -- and original |chapter-format=

if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then
ChapterURL = ArchiveURL -- swap-in the archive's URL
ChapterURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') -- name of |archive-url= parameter for error messages
ChapterFormat = ArchiveFormat or ''; -- swap in archive's format
ChapterUrlAccess = nil; -- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs
end
elseif utilities.is_set (URL) then
OriginalURL = URL; -- save copy of original source URL
OriginalURL_origin = URL_origin; -- name of URL parameter for error messages
OriginalFormat = Format; -- and original |format=
OriginalAccess = UrlAccess;

if 'live' ~= UrlStatus then -- if URL set then |archive-url= applies to it
URL = ArchiveURL -- swap-in the archive's URL
URL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL') -- name of archive URL parameter for error messages
Format = ArchiveFormat or ''; -- swap in archive's format
UrlAccess = nil; -- restricted access levels do not make sense for archived URLs
end
end
elseif utilities.is_set (UrlStatus) then -- if |url-status= is set when |archive-url= is not set
utilities.set_message ('maint_url_status'); -- add maint cat
end

if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) or -- if any of the 'periodical' cites except encyclopedia
('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) then
local chap_param;
if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then -- get a parameter name from one of these chapter related meta-parameters
chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('Chapter')
elseif utilities.is_set (TransChapter) then
chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('TransChapter')
elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterURL) then
chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterURL')
elseif utilities.is_set (ScriptChapter) then
chap_param = ScriptChapter_origin;
else utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat)
chap_param = A:ORIGIN ('ChapterFormat')
end

if utilities.is_set (chap_param) then -- if we found one
utilities.set_message ('err_chapter_ignored', {chap_param}); -- add error message
Chapter = ''; -- and set them to empty string to be safe with concatenation
TransChapter = '';
ChapterURL = '';
ScriptChapter = '';
ChapterFormat = '';
end
else -- otherwise, format chapter / article title
local no_quotes = false; -- default assume that we will be quoting the chapter parameter value
if utilities.is_set (Contribution) and 0 < #c then -- if this is a contribution with contributor(s)
if utilities.in_array (Contribution:lower(), cfg.keywords_lists.contribution) then -- and a generic contribution title
no_quotes = true; -- then render it unquoted
end
end

Chapter = format_chapter_title (ScriptChapter, ScriptChapter_origin, Chapter, Chapter_origin, TransChapter, TransChapter_origin, ChapterURL, ChapterURL_origin, no_quotes, ChapterUrlAccess); -- Contribution is also in Chapter
if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then
Chapter = Chapter .. ChapterFormat ;
if 'map' == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (TitleType) then
Chapter = Chapter .. ' ' .. TitleType; -- map annotation here; not after title
end
Chapter = Chapter .. sepc .. ' ';
elseif utilities.is_set (ChapterFormat) then -- |chapter= not set but |chapter-format= is so ...
Chapter = ChapterFormat .. sepc .. ' '; -- ... ChapterFormat has error message, we want to see it
end
end

-- Format main title
local plain_title = false;
local accept_title;
Title, accept_title = utilities.has_accept_as_written (Title, true); -- remove accept-this-as-written markup when it wraps all of <Title>
if accept_title and ('' == Title) then -- only support forced empty for now "(())"
Title = cfg.messages['notitle']; -- replace by predefined "No title" message
-- TODO: utilities.set_message ( 'err_redundant_parameters', ...); -- issue proper error message instead of muting
ScriptTitle = ''; -- just mute for now
TransTitle = ''; -- just mute for now
plain_title = true; -- suppress text decoration for descriptive title
utilities.set_message ('maint_untitled'); -- add maint cat
end

if not accept_title then -- <Title> not wrapped in accept-as-written markup
if '...' == Title:sub (-3) then -- if ellipsis is the last three characters of |title=
Title = Title:gsub ('(%.%.%.)%.+$', '%1'); -- limit the number of dots to three
elseif not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%.%s*%a%.$') and -- end of title is not a 'dot-(optional space-)letter-dot' initialism ...
not mw.ustring.find (Title, '%s+%a%.$') then -- ...and not a 'space-letter-dot' initial (''Allium canadense'' L.)
Title = mw.ustring.gsub(Title, '%' .. sepc .. '$', ''); -- remove any trailing separator character; sepc and ms.ustring() here for languages that use multibyte separator characters
end

if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) and is_archived_copy (Title) then
utilities.set_message ('maint_archived_copy'); -- add maintenance category before we modify the content of Title
end

if is_generic ('generic_titles', Title) then
utilities.set_message ('err_generic_title'); -- set an error message
end
end

if (not plain_title) and (utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'web', 'news', 'journal', 'magazine', 'document', 'pressrelease', 'podcast', 'newsgroup', 'mailinglist', 'interview', 'arxiv', 'biorxiv', 'citeseerx', 'medrxiv', 'ssrn'}) or
('citation' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)) and not utilities.is_set (Encyclopedia)) or
('map' == config.CitationClass and (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical)))) then -- special case for cite map when the map is in a periodical treat as an article
Title = kern_quotes (Title); -- if necessary, separate title's leading and trailing quote marks from module provided quote marks
Title = utilities.wrap_style ('quoted-title', Title);
Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped
TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle );
elseif plain_title or ('report' == config.CitationClass) then -- no styling for cite report and descriptive titles (otherwise same as above)
Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped
TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-quoted-title', TransTitle ); -- for cite report, use this form for trans-title
else
Title = utilities.wrap_style ('italic-title', Title);
Title = script_concatenate (Title, ScriptTitle, 'script-title'); -- <bdi> tags, lang attribute, categorization, etc.; must be done after title is wrapped
TransTitle = utilities.wrap_style ('trans-italic-title', TransTitle);
end

if utilities.is_set (TransTitle) then
if utilities.is_set (Title) then
TransTitle = " " .. TransTitle;
else
utilities.set_message ('err_trans_missing_title', {'title'});
end
end

if utilities.is_set (Title) then -- TODO: is this the right place to be making Wikisource URLs?
if utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then
utilities.set_message ('err_wikilink_in_url'); -- set an error message because we can't have both
TitleLink = ''; -- unset
end

if not utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and utilities.is_set (URL) then
Title = external_link (URL, Title, URL_origin, UrlAccess) .. TransTitle .. Format;
URL = ''; -- unset these because no longer needed
Format = "";
elseif utilities.is_set (TitleLink) and not utilities.is_set (URL) then
local ws_url;
ws_url = wikisource_url_make (TitleLink); -- ignore ws_label return; not used here
if ws_url then
Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. ' ', 'ws link in title-link'); -- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this?
Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], TitleLink, Title});
Title = Title .. TransTitle;
else
Title = utilities.make_wikilink (TitleLink, Title) .. TransTitle;
end
else
local ws_url, ws_label, L; -- Title has italic or quote markup by the time we get here which causes is_wikilink() to return 0 (not a wikilink)
ws_url, ws_label, L = wikisource_url_make (Title:gsub('^[\'"]*(.-)[\'"]*$', '%1')); -- make ws URL from |title= interwiki link (strip italic or quote markup); link portion L becomes tooltip label
if ws_url then
Title = Title:gsub ('%b[]', ws_label); -- replace interwiki link with ws_label to retain markup
Title = external_link (ws_url, Title .. ' ', 'ws link in title'); -- space char after Title to move icon away from italic text; TODO: a better way to do this?
Title = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['interwiki-icon'], {cfg.presentation['class-wikisource'], L, Title});
Title = Title .. TransTitle;
else
Title = Title .. TransTitle;
end
end
else
Title = TransTitle;
end

if utilities.is_set (Place) then
Place = " " .. wrap_msg ('written', Place, use_lowercase) .. sepc .. " ";
end

local ConferenceURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('ConferenceURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds ConferenceURL
if utilities.is_set (Conference) then
if utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then
Conference = external_link( ConferenceURL, Conference, ConferenceURL_origin, nil );
end
Conference = sepc .. " " .. Conference .. ConferenceFormat;
elseif utilities.is_set (ConferenceURL) then
Conference = sepc .. " " .. external_link( ConferenceURL, nil, ConferenceURL_origin, nil );
end

local Position = '';
if not utilities.is_set (Position) then
local Minutes = A['Minutes'];
local Time = A['Time'];

if utilities.is_set (Minutes) then
if utilities.is_set (Time) then --TODO: make a function for this and similar?
utilities.set_message ('err_redundant_parameters', {utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'minutes') .. cfg.presentation['sep_list_pair'] .. utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', 'time')});
end
Position = " " .. Minutes .. " " .. cfg.messages['minutes'];
else
if utilities.is_set (Time) then
local TimeCaption = A['TimeCaption']
if not utilities.is_set (TimeCaption) then
TimeCaption = cfg.messages['event'];
if sepc ~= '.' then
TimeCaption = TimeCaption:lower();
end
end
Position = " " .. TimeCaption .. " " .. Time;
end
end
else
Position = " " .. Position;
At = '';
end

Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets = format_pages_sheets (Page, Pages, Sheet, Sheets, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, NoPP, use_lowercase);

At = utilities.is_set (At) and (sepc .. " " .. At) or "";
Position = utilities.is_set (Position) and (sepc .. " " .. Position) or "";
if config.CitationClass == 'map' then
local Sections = A['Sections']; -- Section (singular) is an alias of Chapter so set earlier
local Inset = A['Inset'];

if utilities.is_set ( Inset ) then
Inset = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('inset', Inset, use_lowercase);
end

if utilities.is_set ( Sections ) then
Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('sections', Sections, use_lowercase);
elseif utilities.is_set ( Section ) then
Section = sepc .. " " .. wrap_msg ('section', Section, use_lowercase);
end
At = At .. Inset .. Section;
end

local Others = A['Others'];
if utilities.is_set (Others) and 0 == #a and 0 == #e then -- add maint cat when |others= has value and used without |author=, |editor=
if config.CitationClass == "AV-media-notes"
or config.CitationClass == "audio-visual" then -- special maint for AV/M which has a lot of 'false' positives right now
utilities.set_message ('maint_others_avm')
else
utilities.set_message ('maint_others');
end
end
Others = utilities.is_set (Others) and (sepc .. " " .. Others) or "";

if utilities.is_set (Translators) then
Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('translated', Translators, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc);
end
if utilities.is_set (Interviewers) then
Others = safe_join ({sepc .. ' ', wrap_msg ('interview', Interviewers, use_lowercase), Others}, sepc);
end

local TitleNote = A['TitleNote'];
TitleNote = utilities.is_set (TitleNote) and (sepc .. " " .. TitleNote) or "";
if utilities.is_set (Edition) then
if Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]d%n?%.?$') or Edition:match ('%f[%a][Ee]dition$') then -- Ed, ed, Ed., ed., Edn, edn, Edn., edn.
utilities.set_message ('err_extra_text_edition'); -- add error message
end
Edition = " " .. wrap_msg ('edition', Edition);
else
Edition = '';
end

Series = utilities.is_set (Series) and wrap_msg ('series', {sepc, Series}) or ""; -- not the same as SeriesNum
local Agency = A['Agency'] or ''; -- |agency= is supported by {{cite magazine}}, {{cite news}}, {{cite press release}}, {{cite web}}, and certain {{citation}} templates
if utilities.is_set (Agency) then -- this testing done here because {{citation}} supports 'news' citations
if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {'magazine', 'news', 'pressrelease', 'web'}) or ('citation' == config.CitationClass and utilities.in_array (Periodical_origin, {"magazine", "newspaper", "work"})) then
Agency = wrap_msg ('agency', {sepc, Agency}); -- format for rendering
else
Agency = ''; -- unset; not supported
utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {'agency'}); -- add error message
end
end

Volume = format_volume_issue (Volume, Issue, ArticleNumber, config.CitationClass, Periodical_origin, sepc, use_lowercase);

if utilities.is_set (AccessDate) then
local retrv_text = " " .. cfg.messages['retrieved']

AccessDate = nowrap_date (AccessDate); -- wrap in nowrap span if date in appropriate format
if (sepc ~= ".") then retrv_text = retrv_text:lower() end -- if mode is cs2, lower case
AccessDate = utilities.substitute (retrv_text, AccessDate); -- add retrieved text

AccessDate = utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['accessdate'], {sepc, AccessDate}); -- allow editors to hide accessdates
end

if utilities.is_set (ID) then ID = sepc .. " " .. ID; end

local Docket = A['Docket'];
if "thesis" == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then
ID = sepc .. " Docket " .. Docket .. ID;
end
if "report" == config.CitationClass and utilities.is_set (Docket) then -- for cite report when |docket= is set
ID = sepc .. ' ' .. Docket; -- overwrite ID even if |id= is set
end

if utilities.is_set (URL) then
URL = " " .. external_link( URL, nil, URL_origin, UrlAccess );
end

-- We check length of PostScript here because it will have been nuked by
-- the quote parameters. We'd otherwise emit a message even if there wasn't
-- a displayed postscript.
-- TODO: Should the max size (1) be configurable?
-- TODO: Should we check a specific pattern?
if utilities.is_set(PostScript) and mw.ustring.len(PostScript) > 1 then
utilities.set_message ('maint_postscript')
end

local Archived;
if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then
if not utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then -- ArchiveURL set but ArchiveDate not set
utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_date'); -- emit an error message
ArchiveURL = ''; -- empty string for concatenation
ArchiveDate = ''; -- empty string for concatenation
end
else
if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then -- ArchiveURL not set but ArchiveDate is set
utilities.set_message ('err_archive_date_missing_url'); -- emit an error message
ArchiveURL = ''; -- empty string for concatenation
ArchiveDate = ''; -- empty string for concatenation
end
end

if utilities.is_set (ArchiveURL) then
local arch_text;
if "live" == UrlStatus then
arch_text = cfg.messages['archived'];
if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end
if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then
Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. utilities.substitute ( cfg.messages['archived-live'],
{external_link( ArchiveURL, arch_text, A:ORIGIN('ArchiveURL'), nil) .. ArchiveFormat, ArchiveDate } );
else
Archived = '';
end
if not utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then
utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url');
Archived = ''; -- empty string for concatenation
end
elseif utilities.is_set (OriginalURL) then -- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead', 'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown'
if utilities.in_array (UrlStatus, {'unfit', 'usurped', 'bot: unknown'}) then
arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-unfit'];
if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end
Archived = sepc .. ' ' .. arch_text .. ArchiveDate; -- format already styled
if 'bot: unknown' == UrlStatus then
utilities.set_message ('maint_bot_unknown'); -- and add a category if not already added
else
utilities.add_prop_cat ('unfit'); -- and add a category if not already added
end
else -- UrlStatus is empty, 'dead'
arch_text = cfg.messages['archived-dead'];
if sepc ~= "." then arch_text = arch_text:lower() end
if utilities.is_set (ArchiveDate) then
Archived = sepc .. " " .. utilities.substitute ( arch_text,
{ external_link( OriginalURL, cfg.messages['original'], OriginalURL_origin, OriginalAccess ) .. OriginalFormat, ArchiveDate } ); -- format already styled
else
Archived = ''; -- unset for concatenation
end
end
else -- OriginalUrl not set
utilities.set_message ('err_archive_missing_url');
Archived = ''; -- empty string for concatenation
end
elseif utilities.is_set (ArchiveFormat) then
Archived = ArchiveFormat; -- if set and ArchiveURL not set ArchiveFormat has error message
else
Archived = '';
end

local TranscriptURL = A['TranscriptURL']
local TranscriptFormat = A['TranscriptFormat'];
TranscriptFormat = style_format (TranscriptFormat, TranscriptURL, 'transcript-format', 'transcripturl');
local Transcript = A['Transcript'];
local TranscriptURL_origin = A:ORIGIN('TranscriptURL'); -- get name of parameter that holds TranscriptURL
if utilities.is_set (Transcript) then
if utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then
Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, Transcript, TranscriptURL_origin, nil );
end
Transcript = sepc .. ' ' .. Transcript .. TranscriptFormat;
elseif utilities.is_set (TranscriptURL) then
Transcript = external_link( TranscriptURL, nil, TranscriptURL_origin, nil );
end

local Publisher;
if utilities.is_set (PublicationDate) then
PublicationDate = wrap_msg ('published', PublicationDate);
end
if utilities.is_set (PublisherName) then
if utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then
Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. ": " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate;
else
Publisher = sepc .. " " .. PublisherName .. PublicationDate;
end
elseif utilities.is_set (PublicationPlace) then
Publisher= sepc .. " " .. PublicationPlace .. PublicationDate;
else
Publisher = PublicationDate;
end

-- Several of the above rely upon detecting this as nil, so do it last.
if (utilities.is_set (Periodical) or utilities.is_set (ScriptPeriodical) or utilities.is_set (TransPeriodical)) then
if utilities.is_set (Title) or utilities.is_set (TitleNote) then
Periodical = sepc .. " " .. format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin);
else
Periodical = format_periodical (ScriptPeriodical, ScriptPeriodical_origin, Periodical, TransPeriodical, TransPeriodical_origin);
end
end

local Language = A['Language'];
if utilities.is_set (Language) then
Language = language_parameter (Language); -- format, categories, name from ISO639-1, etc.
else
Language=''; -- language not specified so make sure this is an empty string;
--[[ TODO: need to extract the wrap_msg from language_parameter
so that we can solve parentheses bunching problem with Format/Language/TitleType
]]
end

--[[
Handle the oddity that is cite speech. This code overrides whatever may be the value assigned to TitleNote (through |department=) and forces it to be " (Speech)" so that
the annotation directly follows the |title= parameter value in the citation rather than the |event= parameter value (if provided).
]]
if "speech" == config.CitationClass then -- cite speech only
TitleNote = TitleType; -- move TitleType to TitleNote so that it renders ahead of |event=
TitleType = ''; -- and unset

if utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- if Periodical, perhaps because of an included |website= or |journal= parameter
if utilities.is_set (Conference) then -- and if |event= is set
Conference = Conference .. sepc .. " "; -- then add appropriate punctuation to the end of the Conference variable before rendering
end
end
end

-- Piece all bits together at last. Here, all should be non-nil.
-- We build things this way because it is more efficient in LUA
-- not to keep reassigning to the same string variable over and over.

local tcommon;
local tcommon2; -- used for book cite when |contributor= is set

if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"book", "citation"}) and not utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- special cases for book cites
if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then -- when we are citing foreword, preface, introduction, etc.
tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote}, sepc); -- author and other stuff will come after this and before tcommon2
tcommon2 = safe_join ({TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher}, sepc);
else
tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher}, sepc);
end

elseif 'map' == config.CitationClass then -- special cases for cite map
if utilities.is_set (Chapter) then -- map in a book; TitleType is part of Chapter
tcommon = safe_join ({Title, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc);
elseif utilities.is_set (Periodical) then -- map in a periodical
tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleType, Periodical, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher, Volume}, sepc);
else -- a sheet or stand-alone map
tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleType, Edition, Scale, Series, Language, Cartography, Others, Publisher}, sepc);
end

elseif 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for cite episode
tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, TitleType, Series, Language, Edition, Publisher}, sepc);

else -- all other CS1 templates
tcommon = safe_join ({Title, TitleNote, Conference, Periodical, TitleType, Series, Language, Volume, Others, Edition, Publisher, Agency}, sepc);
end

if #ID_list > 0 then
ID_list = safe_join( { sepc .. " ", table.concat( ID_list, sepc .. " " ), ID }, sepc );
else
ID_list = ID;
end

local Via = A['Via'];
Via = utilities.is_set (Via) and wrap_msg ('via', Via) or '';
local idcommon;
if 'audio-visual' == config.CitationClass or 'episode' == config.CitationClass then -- special case for cite AV media & cite episode position transcript
idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list, URL, Archived, Transcript, AccessDate, Via, Quote }, sepc );
else
idcommon = safe_join( { ID_list, URL, Archived, AccessDate, Via, Quote }, sepc );
end

local text;
local pgtext = Position .. Sheet .. Sheets .. Page .. Pages .. At;

local OrigDate = A['OrigDate'];
OrigDate = utilities.is_set (OrigDate) and wrap_msg ('origdate', OrigDate) or '';
if utilities.is_set (Date) then
if utilities.is_set (Authors) or utilities.is_set (Editors) then -- date follows authors or editors when authors not set
Date = " (" .. Date .. ")" .. OrigDate .. sepc .. " "; -- in parentheses
else -- neither of authors and editors set
if (string.sub(tcommon, -1, -1) == sepc) then -- if the last character of tcommon is sepc
Date = " " .. Date .. OrigDate; -- Date does not begin with sepc
else
Date = sepc .. " " .. Date .. OrigDate; -- Date begins with sepc
end
end
end
if utilities.is_set (Authors) then
if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then -- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Authors termination
Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc); -- when no date, terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space
end
if utilities.is_set (Editors) then
local in_text = '';
local post_text = '';
if utilities.is_set (Chapter) and 0 == #c then
in_text = cfg.messages['in'] .. ' ';
if (sepc ~= '.') then
in_text = in_text:lower(); -- lowercase for cs2
end
end
if EditorCount <= 1 then
post_text = ' (' .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ')'; -- be consistent with no-author, no-date case
else
post_text = ' (' .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ')';
end
Editors = terminate_name_list (in_text .. Editors .. post_text, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space
end
if utilities.is_set (Contributors) then -- book cite and we're citing the intro, preface, etc.
local by_text = sepc .. ' ' .. cfg.messages['by'] .. ' ';
if (sepc ~= '.') then by_text = by_text:lower() end -- lowercase for cs2
Authors = by_text .. Authors; -- author follows title so tweak it here
if utilities.is_set (Editors) and utilities.is_set (Date) then -- when Editors make sure that Authors gets terminated
Authors = terminate_name_list (Authors, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space
end
if (not utilities.is_set (Date)) then -- when date is set it's in parentheses; no Contributors termination
Contributors = terminate_name_list (Contributors, sepc); -- terminate with 0 or 1 sepc and a space
end
text = safe_join( {Contributors, Date, Chapter, tcommon, Authors, Place, Editors, tcommon2, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc );
else
text = safe_join( {Authors, Date, Chapter, Place, Editors, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon }, sepc );
end
elseif utilities.is_set (Editors) then
if utilities.is_set (Date) then
if EditorCount <= 1 then
Editors = Editors .. cfg.presentation['sep_name'] .. cfg.messages['editor'];
else
Editors = Editors .. cfg.presentation['sep_name'] .. cfg.messages['editors'];
end
else
if EditorCount <= 1 then
Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editor'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " "
else
Editors = Editors .. " (" .. cfg.messages['editors'] .. ")" .. sepc .. " "
end
end
text = safe_join( {Editors, Date, Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc );
else
if utilities.in_array (config.CitationClass, {"journal", "citation"}) and utilities.is_set (Periodical) then
text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, pgtext, Date, idcommon}, sepc );
else
text = safe_join( {Chapter, Place, tcommon, Date, pgtext, idcommon}, sepc );
end
end

if utilities.is_set (PostScript) and PostScript ~= sepc then
text = safe_join( {text, sepc}, sepc ); -- Deals with italics, spaces, etc.
if '.' == sepc then -- remove final seperator if present
text = text:gsub ('%' .. sepc .. '$', ''); -- dot must be escaped here
else
text = mw.ustring.gsub (text, sepc .. '$', ''); -- using ustring for non-dot sepc (likely a non-Latin character)
end
end

text = safe_join( {text, PostScript}, sepc );

-- Now enclose the whole thing in a <cite> element
local options_t = {};
options_t.class = cite_class_attribute_make (config.CitationClass, Mode);

local Ref = is_valid_parameter_value (A['Ref'], A:ORIGIN('Ref'), cfg.keywords_lists['ref'], nil, true); -- nil when |ref=harv; A['Ref'] else

if 'none' ~= cfg.keywords_xlate[(Ref and Ref:lower()) or ''] then
local namelist_t = {}; -- holds selected contributor, author, editor name list
local year = first_set ({Year, anchor_year}, 2); -- Year first for legacy citations and for YMD dates that require disambiguation

if #c > 0 then -- if there is a contributor list
namelist_t = c; -- select it
elseif #a > 0 then -- or an author list
namelist_t = a;
elseif #e > 0 then -- or an editor list
namelist_t = e;
end
local citeref_id;
if #namelist_t > 0 then -- if there are names in namelist_t
citeref_id = make_citeref_id (namelist_t, year); -- go make the CITEREF anchor
if mw.uri.anchorEncode (citeref_id) == ((Ref and mw.uri.anchorEncode (Ref)) or '') then -- Ref may already be encoded (by {{sfnref}}) so citeref_id must be encoded before comparison
utilities.set_message ('maint_ref_duplicates_default');
end
else
citeref_id = ''; -- unset
end
options_t.id = Ref or citeref_id;
end

if string.len (text:gsub('%b<>', '')) <= 2 then -- remove html and html-like tags; then get length of what remains;
z.error_cats_t = {}; -- blank the categories list
z.error_msgs_t = {}; -- blank the error messages list
OCinSoutput = nil; -- blank the metadata string
text = ''; -- blank the the citation
utilities.set_message ('err_empty_citation'); -- set empty citation message and category
end

local render_t = {}; -- here we collect the final bits for concatenation into the rendered citation

if utilities.is_set (options_t.id) then -- here we wrap the rendered citation in <cite ...>...</cite> tags
table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite-id'], {mw.uri.anchorEncode(options_t.id), mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text})); -- when |ref= is set or when there is a namelist
else
table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['cite'], {mw.text.nowiki(options_t.class), text})); -- when |ref=none or when namelist_t empty and |ref= is missing or is empty
end

if OCinSoutput then -- blanked when citation is 'empty' so don't bother to add boilerplate metadata span
table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['ocins'], OCinSoutput)); -- format and append metadata to the citation
end

local template_name = ('citation' == config.CitationClass) and 'citation' or 'cite ' .. (cfg.citation_class_map_t[config.CitationClass] or config.CitationClass);
local template_link = '[[Template:' .. template_name .. '|' .. template_name .. ']]';
local msg_prefix = '<code class="cs1-code">{{' .. template_link .. '}}</code>: ';

if 0 ~= #z.error_msgs_t then
mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_e, template_link));

table.insert (render_t, ' '); -- insert a space between citation and its error messages
table.sort (z.error_msgs_t); -- sort the error messages list; sorting includes wrapping <span> and <code> tags; hidden-error sorts ahead of visible-error

local hidden = true; -- presume that the only error messages emited by this template are hidden
for _, v in ipairs (z.error_msgs_t) do -- spin through the list of error messages
if v:find ('cs1-visible-error', 1, true) then -- look for the visible error class name
hidden = false; -- found one; so don't hide the error message prefix
break; -- and done because no need to look further
end
end

z.error_msgs_t[1] = table.concat ({utilities.error_comment (msg_prefix, hidden), z.error_msgs_t[1]}); -- add error message prefix to first error message to prevent extraneous punctuation
table.insert (render_t, table.concat (z.error_msgs_t, '; ')); -- make a big string of error messages and add it to the rendering
end

if 0 ~= #z.maint_cats_t then
mw.addWarning (utilities.substitute (cfg.messages.warning_msg_m, template_link));

table.sort (z.maint_cats_t); -- sort the maintenance messages list

local maint_msgs_t = {}; -- here we collect all of the maint messages

if 0 == #z.error_msgs_t then -- if no error messages
table.insert (maint_msgs_t, msg_prefix); -- insert message prefix in maint message livery
end

for _, v in ipairs( z.maint_cats_t ) do -- append maintenance categories
table.insert (maint_msgs_t, -- assemble new maint message and add it to the maint_msgs_t table
table.concat ({v, ' (', utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[':cat wikilink'], v), ')'})
);
end
table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.presentation['hidden-maint'], table.concat (maint_msgs_t, ' '))); -- wrap the group of maint messages with proper presentation and save
end

if not no_tracking_cats then
local sort_key;
local cat_wikilink = 'cat wikilink';
if cfg.enable_sort_keys then -- when namespace sort keys enabled
local namespace_number = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().namespace; -- get namespace number for this wikitext
sort_key = (0 ~= namespace_number and (cfg.name_space_sort_keys[namespace_number] or cfg.name_space_sort_keys.other)) or nil; -- get sort key character; nil for mainspace
cat_wikilink = (not sort_key and 'cat wikilink') or 'cat wikilink sk'; -- make <cfg.messages> key
end

for _, v in ipairs (z.error_cats_t) do -- append error categories
table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[cat_wikilink], {v, sort_key}));
end
if cfg.id_limits_data_load_fail then -- boolean true when load failed
utilities.set_message ('maint_id_limit_load_fail'); -- done here because this maint cat emits no message
end
for _, v in ipairs (z.maint_cats_t) do -- append maintenance categories
table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages[cat_wikilink], {v, sort_key}));
end
for _, v in ipairs (z.prop_cats_t) do -- append properties categories
table.insert (render_t, utilities.substitute (cfg.messages['cat wikilink'], v)); -- no sort keys
end
end

return table.concat (render_t); -- make a big string and done
end

--[[--------------------------< V A L I D A T E >--------------------------------------------------------------

Looks for a parameter's name in one of several whitelists.

Parameters in the whitelist can have three values:
true - active, supported parameters
false - deprecated, supported parameters
nil - unsupported parameters

]]

local function validate (name, cite_class, empty)
local name = tostring (name);
local enum_name; -- parameter name with enumerator (if any) replaced with '#'
local state;
local function state_test (state, name) -- local function to do testing of state values
if true == state then return true; end -- valid actively supported parameter
if false == state then
if empty then return nil; end -- empty deprecated parameters are treated as unknowns
deprecated_parameter (name); -- parameter is deprecated but still supported
return true;
end
if 'tracked' == state then
local base_name = name:gsub ('%d', ''); -- strip enumerators from parameter names that have them to get the base name
utilities.add_prop_cat ('tracked-param', {base_name}, base_name); -- add a properties category; <base_name> modifies <key>
return true;
end
return nil;
end

if name:find ('#') then -- # is a cs1|2 reserved character so parameters with # not permitted
return nil;
end
-- replace enumerator digit(s) with # (|last25= becomes |last#=) (mw.ustring because non-Western 'local' digits)
enum_name = mw.ustring.gsub (name, '%d+$', '#'); -- where enumerator is last charaters in parameter name (these to protect |s2cid=)
enum_name = mw.ustring.gsub (enum_name, '%d+([%-l])', '#%1'); -- where enumerator is in the middle of the parameter name; |author#link= is the oddity

if 'document' == cite_class then -- special case for {{cite document}}
state = whitelist.document_parameters_t[enum_name]; -- this list holds enumerated and nonenumerated parameters
if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end

return false;
end

if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.preprint_template_list_t) then -- limited parameter sets allowed for these templates
state = whitelist.limited_parameters_t[enum_name]; -- this list holds enumerated and nonenumerated parameters
if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end

state = whitelist.preprint_arguments_t[cite_class][name]; -- look in the parameter-list for the template identified by cite_class
if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end

return false; -- not supported because not found or name is set to nil
end -- end limited parameter-set templates

if utilities.in_array (cite_class, whitelist.unique_param_template_list_t) then -- template-specific parameters for templates that accept parameters from the basic argument list
state = whitelist.unique_arguments_t[cite_class][name]; -- look in the template-specific parameter-lists for the template identified by cite_class
if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end
end -- if here, fall into general validation

state = whitelist.common_parameters_t[enum_name]; -- all other templates; all normal parameters allowed; this list holds enumerated and nonenumerated parameters
if true == state_test (state, name) then return true; end

return false; -- not supported because not found or name is set to nil
end

--[=[-------------------------< I N T E R _ W I K I _ C H E C K >----------------------------------------------

check <value> for inter-language interwiki-link markup. <prefix> must be a MediaWiki-recognized language
code. when these values have the form (without leading colon):
[[<prefix>:link|label]] return label as plain-text
[[<prefix>:link]] return <prefix>:link as plain-text

return value as is else

]=]

local function inter_wiki_check (parameter, value)
local prefix = value:match ('%[%[(%a+):'); -- get an interwiki prefix if one exists
local _;

if prefix and cfg.inter_wiki_map[prefix:lower()] then -- if prefix is in the map, needs preceding colon so
utilities.set_message ('err_bad_paramlink', parameter); -- emit an error message
_, value, _ = utilities.is_wikilink (value); -- extract label portion from wikilink
end

return value;
end

--[[--------------------------< M I S S I N G _ P I P E _ C H E C K >------------------------------------------

Look at the contents of a parameter. If the content has a string of characters and digits followed by an equal
sign, compare the alphanumeric string to the list of cs1|2 parameters. If found, then the string is possibly a
parameter that is missing its pipe. There are two tests made:
{{cite ... |title=Title access-date=2016-03-17}} -- the first parameter has a value and whitespace separates that value from the missing pipe parameter name
{{cite ... |title=access-date=2016-03-17}} -- the first parameter has no value (whitespace after the first = is trimmed by MediaWiki)
cs1|2 shares some parameter names with XML/HTML attributes: class=, title=, etc. To prevent false positives XML/HTML
tags are removed before the search.

If a missing pipe is detected, this function adds the missing pipe maintenance category.

]]

local function missing_pipe_check (parameter, value)
local capture;
value = value:gsub ('%b<>', ''); -- remove XML/HTML tags because attributes: class=, title=, etc.

capture = value:match ('%s+(%a[%w%-]+)%s*=') or value:match ('^(%a[%w%-]+)%s*='); -- find and categorize parameters with possible missing pipes
if capture and validate (capture) then -- if the capture is a valid parameter name
utilities.set_message ('err_missing_pipe', parameter);
end
end

--[[--------------------------< H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ P U N C T >--------------------------------------

look for extraneous terminal punctuation in most parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked

]]

local function has_extraneous_punc (param, value)
if 'number' == type (param) then
return;
end

param = param:gsub ('%d+', '#'); -- enumerated name-list mask params allow terminal punct; normalize
if cfg.punct_skip[param] then
return; -- parameter name found in the skip table so done
end

if value:match ('[,;:]$') then
utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct'); -- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat
end
if value:match ('^=') then -- sometimes an extraneous '=' character appears ...
utilities.set_message ('maint_extra_punct'); -- has extraneous punctuation; add maint cat
end
end

--[[--------------------------< H A S _ T W L _ U R L >--------------------------------------------------------

look for The Wikipedia Library urls in url-holding parameters. TWL urls are accessible only for readers who are
active extended confirmed Wikipedia editors. This function sets an error message when such urls are discovered
and when appropriate, sets the |<param>-url-access=subscription. returns nothing.

looks for: '.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org'

]]

local function has_twl_url (url_params_t, cite_args_t)
local url_error_t = {}; -- sequence of url-holding parameters that have a TWL url

for param, value in pairs (url_params_t) do
if value:find ('%.wikipedialibrary%.idm%.oclc%.org') then -- has the TWL base url?
table.insert (url_error_t, param); -- add parameter name to the error list
end
end
if 0 ~= #url_error_t then -- non-zero when there are errors
table.sort (url_error_t); -- sor for error messaging
for i, param in ipairs (url_error_t) do
if cfg.url_access_map_t[param] then -- if <param> has a matching -access parameter
cite_args_t[cfg.url_access_map_t[param]] = cfg.keywords_xlate.subscription; -- set |<param>-url-access=subscription
end
url_error_t[i] = utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', param); -- make the parameter pretty for error message
end

utilities.set_message ('err_param_has_twl_url', {utilities.make_sep_list (#url_error_t, url_error_t)}); -- add this error message
end
end

--[[--------------------------< H A S _ E X T R A N E O U S _ U R L >------------------------------------------

look for extraneous url parameter values; parameters listed in skip table are not checked

]]

local function has_extraneous_url (non_url_param_t)
local url_error_t = {};

check_for_url (non_url_param_t, url_error_t); -- extraneous url check
if 0 ~= #url_error_t then -- non-zero when there are errors
table.sort (url_error_t);
utilities.set_message ('err_param_has_ext_link', {utilities.make_sep_list (#url_error_t, url_error_t)}); -- add this error message
end
end

--[[--------------------------< _ C I T A T I O N >------------------------------------------------------------

Module entry point

frame – from template call (citation()); may be nil when called from another module
args_t – table of all cs1|2 parameters in the template (the parent frame)
config_t – table of template-supplied parameter (the #invoke frame)

]]

local function _citation (frame, args_t, config_t) -- save a copy in case we need to display an error message in preview mode
if not frame then
frame = mw.getCurrentFrame(); -- if called from another module, get a frame for frame-provided functions
end
-- i18n: set the name that your wiki uses to identify sandbox subpages from sandbox template invoke (or can be set here)
local sandbox = ((config_t.SandboxPath and '' ~= config_t.SandboxPath) and config_t.SandboxPath) or '/sandbox'; -- sandbox path from {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|citation|SandboxPath=/...}}
is_sandbox = nil ~= string.find (frame:getTitle(), sandbox, 1, true); -- is this invoke the sandbox module?
sandbox = is_sandbox and sandbox or ''; -- use i18n sandbox to load sandbox modules when this module is the sandox; live modules else

cfg = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration' .. sandbox); -- load sandbox versions of support modules when {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|...}}; live modules else
whitelist = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist' .. sandbox);
utilities = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities' .. sandbox);
validation = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Date_validation' .. sandbox);
identifiers = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers' .. sandbox);
metadata = require ('Module:Citation/CS1/COinS' .. sandbox);

utilities.set_selected_modules (cfg); -- so that functions in Utilities can see the selected cfg tables
identifiers.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in Identifiers can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module
validation.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in Date validataion can see selected cfg tables and the selected Utilities module
metadata.set_selected_modules (cfg, utilities); -- so that functions in COinS can see the selected cfg tables and selected Utilities module

z = utilities.z; -- table of error and category tables in Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities
local cite_args_t = {}; -- because args_t is the parent (template) frame args (which cannot be modified); params and their values will be placed here

is_preview_mode = not utilities.is_set (frame:preprocess ('{{REVISIONID}}'));

local suggestions = {}; -- table where we store suggestions if we need to loadData them
local error_text; -- used as a flag

local capture; -- the single supported capture when matching unknown parameters using patterns
local empty_unknowns = {}; -- sequence table to hold empty unknown params for error message listing
for k, v in pairs (args_t) do -- get parameters from the parent (template) frame
v = mw.ustring.gsub (v, '^%s*(.-)%s*$', '%1'); -- trim leading/trailing whitespace; when v is only whitespace, becomes empty string
if v ~= '' then
if ('string' == type (k)) then
k = mw.ustring.gsub (k, '%d', cfg.date_names.local_digits); -- for enumerated parameters, translate 'local' digits to Western 0-9
end
if not validate( k, config_t.CitationClass ) then
if type (k) ~= 'string' then -- exclude empty numbered parameters
if v:match("%S+") ~= nil then
error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_text_ignored', {v});
end
elseif validate (k:lower(), config_t.CitationClass) then
error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, k:lower()}); -- suggest the lowercase version of the parameter
else
if nil == suggestions.suggestions then -- if this table is nil then we need to load it
suggestions = mw.loadData ('Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' .. sandbox); --load sandbox version of suggestion module when {{#invoke:Citation/CS1/sandbox|...}}; live module else
end
for pattern, param in pairs (suggestions.patterns) do -- loop through the patterns to see if we can suggest a proper parameter
capture = k:match (pattern); -- the whole match if no capture in pattern else the capture if a match
if capture then -- if the pattern matches
param = utilities.substitute (param, capture); -- add the capture to the suggested parameter (typically the enumerator)
if validate (param, config_t.CitationClass) then -- validate the suggestion to make sure that the suggestion is supported by this template (necessary for limited parameter lists)
error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, param}); -- set the suggestion error message
else
error_text = utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k}); -- suggested param not supported by this template
v = ''; -- unset
end
end
end
if not utilities.is_set (error_text) then -- couldn't match with a pattern, is there an explicit suggestion?
if (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ] ~= nil) and validate (suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ], config_t.CitationClass) then
utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored_suggest', {k, suggestions.suggestions[ k:lower() ]});
else
utilities.set_message ('err_parameter_ignored', {k});
v = ''; -- unset value assigned to unrecognized parameters (this for the limited parameter lists)
end
end
end
end

cite_args_t[k] = v; -- save this parameter and its value

elseif not utilities.is_set (v) then -- for empty parameters
if not validate (k, config_t.CitationClass, true) then -- is this empty parameter a valid parameter
k = ('' == k) and '(empty string)' or k; -- when k is empty string (or was space(s) trimmed to empty string), replace with descriptive text
table.insert (empty_unknowns, utilities.wrap_style ('parameter', k)); -- format for error message and add to the list
end
end
end

if 0 ~= #empty_unknowns then -- create empty unknown error message
utilities.set_message ('err_param_unknown_empty', {
1 == #empty_unknowns and '' or 's',
utilities.make_sep_list (#empty_unknowns, empty_unknowns)
});
end

local non_url_param_t = {}; -- table of parameters and values that are not url-holding parameters
local url_param_t = {}; -- table of url-holding paramters and their values

for k, v in pairs (cite_args_t) do

if 'string' == type (k) then -- don't evaluate positional parameters
has_invisible_chars (k, v); -- look for invisible characters
end
has_extraneous_punc (k, v); -- look for extraneous terminal punctuation in parameter values
missing_pipe_check (k, v); -- do we think that there is a parameter that is missing a pipe?
cite_args_t[k] = inter_wiki_check (k, v); -- when language interwiki-linked parameter missing leading colon replace with wiki-link label

if 'string' == type (k) then -- when parameter k is not positional
if not cfg.url_skip[k] then -- and not in url skip table
non_url_param_t[k] = v; -- make a parameter/value list for extraneous url check
else -- and is in url skip table (a url-holding parameter)
url_param_t[k] = v; -- make a parameter/value list to check for values that are The Wikipedia Library url
end
end
end

has_extraneous_url (non_url_param_t); -- look for url in parameter values where a url does not belong
has_twl_url (url_param_t, cite_args_t); -- look for url-holding parameters that hold a The Wikipedia Library url

return table.concat ({
frame:extensionTag ('templatestyles', '', {src='Module:Citation/CS1' .. sandbox .. '/styles.css'}),
citation0 (config_t, cite_args_t)
});
end

--[[--------------------------< C I T A T I O N >--------------------------------------------------------------

Template entry point

]]

local function citation (frame)
local config_t = {}; -- table to store parameters from the module {{#invoke:}}
local args_t = frame:getParent().args; -- get template's preset parameters

for k, v in pairs (frame.args) do -- get parameters from the {{#invoke}} frame
config_t[k] = v;
-- args_t[k] = v; -- crude debug support that allows us to render a citation from module {{#invoke:}}; skips parameter validation; TODO: keep?
end
return _citation (frame, args_t, config_t)
end

--[[--------------------------< E X P O R T E D F U N C T I O N S >------------------------------------------
]]

return {
citation = citation, -- template entry point

_citation = _citation, -- module entry point
}

Steve Wood (bishop)

2025-10-20T01:25:40Z

YourUsername: Removed /*drama*/

{{Short description|American Anglican archbishop (born 1963)}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific_prefix = [[The Most Reverend]]
| name = Steve Wood
| title = Archbishop of the Anglican Church in North America<br/>Bishop of the Carolinas
| image = Consecration of the Rt. Rev'd Stephen D. Wood, first Bishop of the Diocese of the Carolinas..jpg
| church = [[Anglican Church in North America]]
| archdiocese =
| diocese = [[Diocese of the Carolinas|Carolinas]]
| see =
| term = 2024–present
| predecessor = [[Foley Beach]]
| successor =
| other_post = Bishop of the Carolinas (2012–present)<br/>Rector, [[St. Andrew's Church (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina)|St. Andrew's Church]] (2000–present)

| ordination = June 15, 1991 (diaconate)<br/>February 1, 1992 (priesthood)
| ordained_by = [[James R. Moodey]]
| consecration = August 25, 2012
| consecrated_by = [[Robert Duncan (bishop)|Robert Duncan]]
| rank =

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|10|12}}
| birth_place = Cleveland, Ohio
| death_date =
| death_place =
| module =
{{Ordination
| embed = yes
| ordained deacon by = [[James R. Moodey]]
| date of diaconal ordination = June 15, 1991
| ordained priest by = James R. Moodey
| date of priestly ordination = February 1, 1992
| denomination = [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]], [[Anglican Church in North America]]
| consecrated by = [[Robert Duncan (bishop)|Robert Duncan]]
| date of consecration = August 25, 2012
| place of consecration = [[St. Andrew's Church (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina)|St. Andrew's Church]]
| bishop 1 = [[Phil Ashey]]
| consecration date 1 = March 29, 2025
| bishop 2 = [[Jay Cayangyang]]
| consecration date 2 = June 21, 2025
| bishop 3 = [[Marshall MacClellan]]
| consecration date 3 = June 21, 2025
| bishop 4 = [[Marc Steele]]
| consecration date 4 = August 16, 2025
| bishop 5 = [[Jeff Bailey (bishop)|Jeff Bailey]]
| consecration date 5 = September 27, 2025
}}
}}
'''Stephen Dwain Wood''' (born October 12, 1963<ref name="ADOC-profile">{{cite web |title=The Most Rev. Stephen D. Wood |url=https://adoc.church/bishop-steve-wood/ |publisher=Anglican Diocese of the Carolinas |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>) is an American Anglican [[bishop]]. Since June 2024, he has been the third [[archbishop]] of the [[Anglican Church in North America]] (ACNA). He is also serving as the first bishop of the [[Diocese of the Carolinas]], a diocese of the ACNA, as well as rector of [[St. Andrew's Church (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina)|St. Andrew's Anglican Church]] in [[Mount Pleasant, South Carolina]].<ref name="RNS">{{cite news |last1=Fodor |first1=Chloë-Arizona |title=Anglican Church in North America elects Steve Wood as archbishop |url=https://religionnews.com/2024/06/24/anglican-church-elects-right-reverend-steve-wood-as-archbishop/|access-date=28 June 2024|agency=Religion News Service|date=June 24, 2024}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Wood was born in [[Cleveland, Ohio]], and grew up in [[Wickliffe, Ohio]].<ref name=StAndrews>{{cite web|title=St. Andrew's Clergy Staff|url=http://www.wearestandrews.com/about/staff/clergy-staff.aspx|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref> He received his B.A. from [[Cleveland State University]] in 1986 and his [[Masters of Divinity|M.Div.]] from [[Virginia Theological Seminary]] in 1991, after which he was ordained to the priesthood in the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]]. Wood served at Episcopal churches in Ohio until being called in 2000 as rector of St. Andrew's, Mount Pleasant, which was then a parish of the [[Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina (before 2012)|Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Get To Know Archbishop Steve Wood |url=https://anglicanchurch.net/get-to-know-archbishop-wood/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Anglican Church in North America |language=en-US}}</ref>

Under Wood's leadership, St. Andrews was described as "one of the [[Lowcountry]]'s biggest church success stories", growing to a membership of more than 3,000 and planting new churches in [[Goose Creek, South Carolina|Goose Creek]], downtown [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]], and the Park Circle area of [[North Charleston, South Carolina|North Charleston]]. In 2006, Wood was one of three finalists in the election for Bishop of South Carolina; ultimately [[Mark Lawrence (bishop)|Mark Lawrence]] was elected.<ref>{{cite news|last=Parker|first=Adam|title=Steve Wood of St. Andrew's Church to lead new Anglican Diocese of the Carolinas|url=http://www.postandcourier.com/article/20120819/PC1204/120819200/1015/steve-wood-of-st-andrew-s-church-to-lead-new-anglican-diocese-of-the-carolinas|accessdate=28 August 2012|newspaper=Post and Courier|date=August 19, 2012}}</ref> In 2010, St. Andrew's voted by a large margin to leave the Episcopal Church and affiliate with the Diocese of the Holy Spirit under the leadership of Bishop [[John Guernsey]] in the [[Anglican Church in North America]].<ref name=St-Andrews-leave>{{cite web|last=Griffith|first=Greg|title=South Carolina: Largest Parish in Diocese Votes Overwhelmingly to Affiliate with ACNA|url=http://www.standfirminfaith.com/?/sf/page/25151|publisher=Stand Firm in Faith|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Parker|first=Adam|title= St. Andrew's cuts ties|url=https://www.postandcourier.com/news/st-andrews-cuts-ties/article_c216830e-c765-52ec-9565-960d28fd8905.html|accessdate=28 August 2012|newspaper=Post and Courier|date=March 30, 2010}}</ref>

==Bishop of the Carolinas==
Shortly after joining ACNA, Wood became involved with efforts to create the Diocese of the Carolinas, which was formed with 14 congregations with an average Sunday attendance of over 2,700. According to its official policy, the Diocese of the Carolinas "has supported the [[ordination of women]] as [[Deacon|deacons]] and [[Priest|priests]] in the church, with the provision that women may not serve in the office of [[rector]]" since its inception in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|author=Anglican Diocese of the Carolinas|title=Anglican Diocese of the Carolinas Policy for Women in Orders|url=https://adoc.church/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/ADOC-Policy-on-Women-in-Orders.pdf|accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Witte|first=Sully|title=Wood Elected Bishop of the Diocese of South Carolina|url=http://www.moultrienews.com/news/Wood-elected-Bishop-of-the-Diocese-of-South-Carolina|accessdate=28 August 2012|newspaper=Moultrie News|date=June 13, 2012}}</ref>

Wood served as vicar general of the diocese while in formation and, in 2012, he was elected to serve as its first bishop.<ref>{{cite news|last=Witte|first=Sully|title=Wood Elected Bishop of the Diocese of South Carolina|url=http://www.moultrienews.com/news/Wood-elected-Bishop-of-the-Diocese-of-South-Carolina|accessdate=28 August 2012|newspaper=Moultrie News|date=June 13, 2012}}</ref> Wood was consecrated on August 25, 2012, at St. Andrew's by Archbishop [[Robert Duncan (bishop)|Robert Duncan]]. Co-consecrators included Archbishop-elect [[Stanley Ntagali]] of Uganda and Bishops [[Roger Ames]], [[John Guernsey]], and [[Alphonza Gadsden]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Treading Grain|url=http://treadinggrain.com/2012/anglicantv-to-broadcast-consecration/|accessdate=28 August 2012}}</ref>

In April 2018, significant portions of the ministry center and office spaces at Wood's parish, St. Andrew's, were consumed by a [[structure fire]]. Local authorities were able prevent the fire from spreading to the historic chapel at St. Andrew's.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hawes|first1=Jennifer|last2=Majchrowicz|first2=Michael|title= Mount Pleasant's iconic St. Andrew's Church heavily damaged by fire |url=https://www.postandcourier.com/news/mount-pleasant-s-iconic-st-andrew-s-church-heavily-damaged/article_54a161c4-461d-11e8-a100-6b5b266529a3.html|accessdate=12 October 2025|newspaper=The Post and Courier|date=April 22, 2018}}</ref>

==Archbishop of the Anglican Church in North America==
On June 22, 2024, Wood was elected by the ACNA college of bishops to succeed [[Foley Beach]] as the province's third archbishop. He formally took office on June 28, at the conclusion of the ACNA's provincial assembly.<ref name="RNS" />

==Personal life==

Wood married Jacqueline Elizabeth Benner on February 1, 1986. Together, they have four sons and eight grandchildren.<ref>https://anglicanchurch.net/get-to-know-archbishop-wood/</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dioceseofthecarolinas.com/ Diocese of the Carolinas]
*[http://treadinggrain.com/ Treading Grain blog]

{{s-start}}
{{S-rel}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Terrell Glenn (bishop)|Terrell L. Glenn Jr.]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[St. Andrew's Church (Mount Pleasant, South Carolina)|Rector of St. Andrew's Church]]|years=2000–present}}
{{S-inc|rows=3}}
{{S-new}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Diocese of the Carolinas|Bishop of the Carolinas]]|years=2012–present}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Foley Beach]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of archbishops of the Anglican Church in North America|Archbishop of the Anglican Church in North America]]|years=2024–present}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wood, Steve}}
[[index.php?title=Category:Living people]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Bishops of the Anglican Church in North America]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Religious leaders from Cleveland]]
[[index.php?title=Category:1963 births]]
[[index.php?title=Category:People from Wickliffe, Ohio]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Anglican realignment people]]
[[index.php?title=Category:21st-century Anglican archbishops]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Virginia Theological Seminary alumni]]
[[index.php?title=Category:Cleveland State University alumni]]

Main Page

2025-10-20T01:21:46Z

YourUsername:

= Welcome to AnglicanWiki =

'''AnglicanWiki''' is a collaborative project to collect and share knowledge about the Anglican tradition — its history, doctrine, liturgy, saints, parishes, and people.

Our goal is to provide a resource faithful to the historic Christian faith, grounded in Scripture and the ancient creeds, and shaped by the Anglican formularies.

----

== Getting Started ==
* Learn [[AnglicanWiki:About|About AnglicanWiki]]
* Read our [[AnglicanWiki:Editorial Policy|Editorial Policy]]
* See [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]]
* [[Special:Random|Random Article]]

== Major Topics ==
* [[History of Anglicanism]]
* [[The Book of Common Prayer]]
* [[Anglican Doctrine]]
* [[Saints and Holy Days]]
* [[Parishes and Dioceses]]
* [[Notable Anglicans]]

== Contributing ==
AnglicanWiki is built by volunteers. You can help by:
* [[Special:CreateAccount|Create a new account]]
* Creating and improving articles
* Adding citations and references
* Uploading liturgical texts and historical documents
* Participating on the [[AnglicanWiki:Community Portal|Community Portal]]

Please see our [[AnglicanWiki:Style Guide|Style Guide]] for writing standards.

----

== Resources ==
* [https://www.anglicanchurch.net/ Anglican Church in North America]
* [https://rechurch.org/ Reformed Episcopal Church]
* [http://anglicanhistory.org/ Project Canterbury]

----

''AnglicanWiki is an independent collaborative project created by [http://www.stevemacias.com the Rev. Steve Macias] (Oct 2025) and not an official organ of any Anglican jurisdiction.''

----

Anglican Youtubers

2025-10-20T01:09:45Z

YourUsername: new page

{{AnglicanWiki header}} {{Infobox media list|title=Anglican YouTubers|image=|caption=Anglican content creators on YouTube|medium=[[YouTube]]|genre=Theology, Liturgy, Education, News, Commentary|language=English (and others)|status=Active}}

'''Anglican YouTubers''' are a diverse group of video creators who use the [[YouTube]] platform to teach, discuss, and promote Anglican faith, worship, and culture. Their content ranges from sermons and theological reflection to music, liturgy, education, and commentary on Anglican news.

== Overview ==
Since the mid-2010s, Anglican clergy and lay communicators have increasingly used YouTube to reach new audiences for evangelism, apologetics, and catechesis. Many independent channels focus on explaining the [[Book of Common Prayer]], classical Anglican theology, and contemporary issues across the [[Anglican Communion]] and its Continuing and Reformed jurisdictions.

== Notable Anglican YouTubers ==

* '''[[George Conger]]''' – veteran religion journalist and editor of [[Anglican Ink]]; co-host of *Anglican Unscripted*.
* '''[[Kevin Kallsen]]''' – producer of *Anglican Unscripted*, covering global Anglican news and interviews.
* '''[[Fr. Steve Macias]]''' – Rector of [[Saint Paul's Anglican Church (Los Altos, California)]] and Headmaster of [[Canterbury Christian School]]; posts on Anglicanism, education, and classical formation.
* '''[[The North American Anglican (YouTube)]]''' – channel associated with the online journal, featuring theological panels and discussions.
* '''[[GAFCON Media]]''' – publishes conference addresses, sermons, and movement updates from the [[Global Anglican Future Conference]].
* '''[[REC100]]''' – channel of the [[Reformed Episcopal Church]] highlighting missions and clergy interviews.
* '''[[Anglican Compass (YouTube)]]''' – educational channel offering guides to Anglican practice and church life.
* '''[[ACNA Provincial Office (YouTube)]]''' – official provincial media for the [[Anglican Church in North America]].

== Common Themes ==

* **Catechesis and teaching** – lessons on prayer book use, liturgy, and Anglican spirituality.
* **Commentary and news** – analysis of events in the [[Global Anglican Future Conference (GAFCON)]] movement and Anglican Communion.
* **Apologetics** – defense of historic Anglican doctrine, moral theology, and Scripture.
* **Music and worship** – choirs, chant, hymnody, and sacred art.
* **Cultural engagement** – Anglican responses to modern issues in society, politics, and education.

== Influence ==
Anglican YouTubers have broadened access to Anglican teaching globally, particularly for seekers and converts exploring classical and liturgical Christianity. Their online presence complements parish evangelism and connects traditional Anglicans across jurisdictions.

== See also ==

* [[Anglican Ink]]
* [[GAFCON]]
* [[Reformed Episcopal Church]]
* [[Book of Common Prayer]]
* [[Anglicanism in the 21st Century]]

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Anglican+Unscripted Anglican Unscripted on YouTube]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@TheNorthAmericanAnglican The North American Anglican]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@AnglicanCompass Anglican Compass]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@GAFCONMedia GAFCON Media]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@SteveMacias Steve Macias Channel]
* [https://www.youtube.com/@REC100 REC100 Channel]

== References ==
<references />

Template:Infobox website

2025-10-20T01:07:59Z

YourUsername: Created page with "  {| class="infobox" style="width:280px; border:1px solid #ccc; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4" |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:110%; background:#e9e9e9; padding:6px" | {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} {{#if:{{{logo|}}}| |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:6px" | File:{{{logo}}}|frameless|center|{{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} logo..."

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{{#if:{{{screenshot|}}}|
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:4px" | [[File:{{{screenshot}}}|280x?px|center|{{{caption|Site screenshot}}}]]
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|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:0 6px 6px; color:#555" | {{{caption}}}
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}}
|-
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|-
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| style="padding:4px 6px" | {{{author}}}
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|-
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| style="padding:4px 6px" | {{{editor}}}
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|-
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| style="padding:4px 6px" | {{{country}}}
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|-
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| style="padding:4px 6px" | {{{registration}}}
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{{#if:{{{slogan|}}}|
|-
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|}

<noinclude>
{{documentation}}
[[Category:Infobox templates]]
</noinclude>

Anglican Ink

2025-10-20T01:02:50Z

YourUsername: new page

{{Infobox website|name=Anglican Ink|logo=|screenshot=|caption=News from around the Anglican Communion|url=https://anglican.ink|commercial=No|type=Religion news / commentary|language=English|owner=Independent|editor=George A. M. Conger (editor and chief news writer)|launched=|current_status=Active}}

'''Anglican Ink''' (stylized as '''Anglican.ink''') is an independent, North American–based online news service that publishes reporting, press releases, opinion, and video related to the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref name="site">"Home – Anglican Ink", ''Anglican.ink'' (accessed {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}).</ref><ref name="x-bio">"@AnglicanInk" profile, ''X'' (accessed {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}).</ref>

== Overview ==
Anglican Ink describes its mission as providing “news from around the Communion,” with regular coverage of provincial synods, episcopal statements, theological debates, and legal or disciplinary matters affecting Anglican churches worldwide. Articles range from reported pieces to op-eds and curated press releases.<ref name="site" />

== History and contributors ==
Veteran religion journalist and Episcopal priest '''George A. M. Conger''' has served as editor and chief news writer for Anglican Ink.<ref name="conger">"Revd. George A. M. Conger," WorldAnglican directory entry (accessed {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}).</ref> The site has periodically sought freelance correspondents to expand its international coverage.<ref name="reporters">"Anglican Ink needs reporters," ''Anglican.ink'' (11 November 2021).</ref>

== Content and coverage ==

* '''News''' – original reporting on developments within Anglican provinces and related Christian bodies.
* '''Press releases''' – curated statements from dioceses, provinces, and ministries.
* '''Opinion''' – commentary from Anglican clergy, theologians, and lay writers.
* '''Video''' – interviews and discussion segments cross-posted with Anglican-focused channels.<ref name="site" />

== Platforms and contact ==
Anglican Ink maintains an active presence on social media and provides public contact information for tips and submissions.<ref name="x-bio" /><ref name="fb-about">"About Anglican Ink," ''Facebook'' page (accessed {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}).</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Anglican Communion]]
* [[GAFCON]]
* [[Anglican Church in North America]]

== External links ==

* [https://anglican.ink Official website]
* [https://x.com/anglicanink Anglican Ink on X]
* [https://www.facebook.com/AnglicanInk/ Anglican Ink on Facebook]

== References ==
<references />

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Category:Evangelical Anglicanism in Australia

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[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]

Diocese of the Southern Cross

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{{Distinguish|Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross}}
{{Short description|Anglican diocese in Australia}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name = Diocese of the Southern Cross
| native_name =
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| leader_title1 = Bishop
| leader_name1 = [[Glenn Davies]]
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}}
The '''Diocese of the Southern Cross''' is an [[Anglican]] [[diocese]] in Australia unaffiliated with the [[Anglican Church of Australia]] or the [[Anglican Communion]]. It is led by a former [[Anglican Archbishop of Sydney|Archbishop of Sydney]], [[Glenn Davies]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Baker|first=Jordan|title=Anglican church splits: conservatives form Australian breakaway |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/anglican-church-splits-conservatives-form-australian-breakaway-20220816-p5bact.html |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref>

== History ==
The diocese was formed by [[GAFCON]] Australia in August 2022, following a split from the Anglican Church of Australia over [[same-sex marriage]] among other issues.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Muriel |author-link=Muriel Porter|title=Gafcon forms new diocese in Australia — and is welcomed by the Archbishop of Sydney |url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2022/19-august/news/world/gafcon-forms-new-diocese-in-australia-and-is-welcomed-by-the-archbishop-of-sydney |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=[[Church Times]] |date=16 August 2022}}</ref>

The diocese is backed by the [[Anglican Archbishop of Sydney|Archbishop of Sydney]], [[Kanishka Raffel]], and the [[Anglican Bishop of Tasmania|Bishop of Tasmania]], [[Richard Condie (bishop)|Richard Condie]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Baker|first=Jordan|title=Anglican church splits: conservatives form Australian breakaway |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/anglican-church-splits-conservatives-form-australian-breakaway-20220816-p5bact.html |access-date=16 August 2022 |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2022 |title=Anglican Bishop defends support for ‘anti-gay’ rebel church |work=[[Herald Sun]] |url=https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/tasmania/tasmanian-anglican-bishop-richard-condie-defends-support-for-breakaway-conservative-church/news-story/773e15eae8f134a42d8d385459de7d1c}}</ref>

Initially, the diocese had three congregations.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Jordan |title=Anglican schism dangerous for the church, says Archbishop of Canterbury |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/anglican-schism-dangerous-for-the-church-says-archbishop-of-canterbury-20221006-p5bnub.html |access-date=31 October 2022 |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=6 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Churches |url=https://scd.org.au/churches/ |publisher=Diocese of the Southern Cross |access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref> The first congregation was in [[Beenleigh, Queensland]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Claire |title=Southern Cross: The New Anglican Diocese |url=https://au.thegospelcoalition.org/article/southern-cross-the-new-anglican-diocese/ |publisher=[[The Gospel Coalition]] |access-date=16 August 2022 |date=16 August 2022}}</ref> while a second in Brisbane joined in September 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sandeman |first1=John |title=Now there are two: A second Queensland minister jumps ship to breakaway Diocese of the Southern Cross |url=https://anglican.ink/2022/09/13/now-there-are-two-a-second-queensland-minister-jumps-ship-to-breakaway-diocese-of-the-southern-cross/ |website=Anglican Ink |access-date=31 October 2022 |date=13 September 2022}}</ref> A third congregation joined the diocese in January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandeman |first=John |date=2023-01-15 |title=Third church joins GAFCON's new Australian Anglican 'breakaway' |url=https://anglican.ink/2023/01/14/third-church-joins-gafcons-new-australian-anglican-breakaway/ |access-date= |website=Anglican Ink |language=en-US}}</ref> Its fourth congregation joined on 30 January 2023. The diocese also welcomed its first female minister.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandeman |first=John |date=2023-01-30 |title=Gafcon's Southern Cross diocese gets a woman minister, and church number four |url=https://theothercheek.com.au/gafcons-southern-cross-diocese-gets-a-woman-minister-and-church-number-four/ |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=THE OTHER CHEEK |language=en-AU}}</ref>
{{Anglican realignment}} A former [[Uniting Church in Australia]] congregation, Faith Church in Mooloolaba, led by the Rev. Hedley Fihaki (former head of the Assembly of Confessing Congregations) has joined the Diocese of the Southern Cross.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official|https://scd.org.au}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Southern Cross, Diocese of the}}
[[Category:Anglicanism in Australia]]
[[Category:Anglican realignment dioceses|Southern Cross]]
[[Category:Anglican denominations established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Anglican dioceses established in the 21st century|Southern Cross]]
[[Category:Schisms in Christianity]]

Australian Church Record

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{{Short description|Christian Newspaper published in Australia}}
{{italic title}}
The '''''Australian Church Record''''' is an Australian Christian newspaper. It was founded in 1880, and is based in Sydney.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Barnes |first1=Peter |title=Religious Press |url=https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/9600015 |website=[[AustLit]] |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> It has historically represented the evangelical wing of the [[Anglican Church of Australia]].<ref>{{cite news |title=A Warning |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OE3kAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8 |access-date=22 February 2022 |work=[[The Living Church]] |date=2 January 1966}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kuhn |first1=Chase R. |title=The Ecclesiology of Donald Robinson and D. Broughton Knox: Exposition, Analysis, and Theological Evaluation |date=2017 |publisher=[[Wipf and Stock]] |page=41 |isbn=9781498298148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jm26DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41 |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official|https://www.australianchurchrecord.net}}

[[Category:Evangelical newspapers]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Sydney]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1880]]
[[Category:1880 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Anglican newspapers and magazines]]

{{Australia-newspaper-stub}}
{{Christian-newspaper-stub}}

Category:Anglicanism in Sichuan

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{{Commons category|Anglicanism in Sichuan}}
{{Category main article|Anglicanism in Sichuan}}

[[Category:Anglicanism in China|-Sichuan]]
[[Category:Protestantism in Sichuan| ]]
[[Category:Church of England missions]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism|Sichuan]]

Church of Confessing Anglicans Aotearoa/New Zealand

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{{Short description|Christian denomination in New Zealand}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name = Church of Confessing Anglicans Aotearoa/New Zealand
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| imagewidth =
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| orientation = [[Confessing Movement]]
| scripture =
| theology =
| polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| governance =
| structure =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = Bishop
| leader_name1 = Jay Behan
| leader_title2 =
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| associations = [[Global Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans|GAFCON]]
| area = [[New Zealand]]
| language = English
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| headquarters = St Albans, Christchurch, New Zealand
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| founded_date = 2019
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}}
{{Anglican realignment}}
The '''Church of Confessing Anglicans Aotearoa/New Zealand''' ('''CCAANZ''') is an [[Evangelical Anglicanism|evangelical Anglican]] denomination in [[New Zealand]]. It is not a member of the [[Anglican Communion]] as recognised by the current [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], but is recognised by the [[Global Anglican Future Conference]] (GAFCON). The church consists of 20 parishes, some of which consist of clergy and church members who left the [[Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia]] after it allowed bishops to authorise [[Blessing of same-sex unions in Christian churches|blessings of same-sex marriages]], and some of which were newly established at the time of the formation of the church.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sandeman |first1=John |title="Please leave us" Sydney's Anglican Archbishop tells progressive Christians |url=https://www.eternitynews.com.au/australia/please-leave-us-sydneys-anglican-archbishop-tells-progressive-christians/ |accessdate=14 October 2019 |work=Eternity News |date=14 October 2019}}</ref>

==History==
The Church of Confessing Anglicans Aotearoa/New Zealand grew out of the New Zealand branch of the [[Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans]] and was established on 17 May 2019. This followed the decision by the Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia to allow the blessing of same-sex marriages and civil unions.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Anglican diocese created in New Zealand as wider Province moves towards same-sex blessings |url=https://www.christiantoday.com/article/new-anglican-diocese-created-in-new-zealand-as-wider-province-moves-towards-same-sex-blessings/132455.htm |accessdate=12 December 2019 |work=www.christiantoday.com |date=18 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Leadership==
Jay Behan is the inaugural bishop.<ref>{{cite web |title=A New Diocese & Bishop for the Church of Confessing Anglicans in New Zealand |url=https://www.gafcon.org/news/a-new-diocese-bishop-for-the-church-of-confessing-anglicans-in-new-zealand |publisher=[[Global Anglican Future Conference]] |accessdate=14 October 2019 |date=17 May 2019}}</ref> Behan's episcopal consecration took place on 19 October 2019, led by Archbishop [[Foley Beach]] of the [[Anglican Church in North America]], the chairman of GAFCON Primates' Council. The consecration service was attended by several representatives of GAFCON, including Archbishop [[Laurent Mbanda]] of the [[Anglican Church of Rwanda]] and Archbishop [[Glenn Davies]] of the [[Anglican Diocese of Sydney]] (among nine bishops of the [[Anglican Church of Australia]]), Bishop [[Andy Lines]] of the [[Anglican Mission in England]] and the retired Bishop [[Derek Eaton]] of the [[Anglican Diocese of Nelson]] in New Zealand. Bishop [[Richard Ellena]] also a former Bishop of Nelson was present, and brought greeting from the New Zealand Church Missionary Society.
<ref>[https://virtueonline.org/christchurch-gafcon-consecrates-new-evangelical-diocesan-bishop "Christchurch: GAFCON Consecrates New Evangelical Diocesan Bishop"], ''Virtue Online'', 19 October 2019.</ref>

==Structure==
CCAANZ is an autonomous, [[extra-provincial Anglican churches|extra-provincial]] [[Anglican]] [[diocese]] governed by a [[synod]] comprising representatives from all member [[parish]]es. The synod elects a [[Committee#Standing committee|standing committee]] with delegated authority when synod is out of session.

As of September 2024 CCAANZ has 20 member parishes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCAANZ - Church of Confessing Anglicans: Find a Church |url=https://confessinganglicans.nz/find-a-church/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2024-09-13 |website=confessinganglicans.nz}}</ref>

==Beliefs and practices==
CCAANZ describes its core beliefs as:<ref name="About"/>

*Faith is in [[Trinity|one God – Father, Son, and Holy Spirit]].
*Hope is in the only [[Jesus in Christianity|Saviour, Jesus Christ]], who died and rose again for us.
*Final [[Biblical inerrancy|authority and unchangeable]] standard for Christian faith and life is the Bible.
*Doctrine is expressed in the Apostles, Nicene and Athanasian [[Creed#Christian creeds|Creeds]], the [[Book of Common Prayer#1662|Book of Common Prayer (1662)]], the [[Thirty-nine Articles|39 Articles of Religion]], and the Ordinal.
*Acceptance of the [[Global Anglican Future Conference#Jerusalem Declaration|Jerusalem Declaration]] as a contemporary expression of [[Anglican doctrine]] and practice.

CCAANZ [[Ordination of women|ordains women]] and men as priests and deacons.<ref name="About">{{Cite web | url=https://confessinganglicans.nz/ |title =CCAANZ - Church of Confessing Anglicans: About |website=confessinganglicans.nz}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official|https://confessinganglicans.nz/}}

{{coord|-43.509|172.639|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Anglicanism in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2019]]
[[Category:Anglican realignment denominations]]
[[Category:Anglican denominations established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Anglican dioceses in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]

Anglican Mission in England

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{{Short description|Anglican convocation affiliated to the Anglican Network in Europe}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction =
| name = Anglican Mission in England
| rite = [[Anglicanism|Anglican]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| province = [[Anglican Network in Europe]]
| bishop = Tim Davies
| assistant_bishop = Lee McMunn
| cathedral =
| parishes = 29 <small>(2024)</small>
| members =
| website = [https://anglicanmissioninengland.org/ Official website]
| footnotes =
|country=England|denomination=Anglican}}
The '''Anglican Mission in England''' ('''AMiE''') is an Anglican convocation affiliated to the [[Anglican Network in Europe]] that seeks to establish Anglican churches in England outside the [[Church of England]]. It was created with the support of the [[Global Anglican Future Conference]], and is part of the [[Anglican realignment]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2017/8-december/news/uk/this-is-not-a-threat-breakaway-anglican-mission-in-england-defends-its-first-ordinations|title='This is not a threat': breakaway Anglican Mission in England defends its first ordinations|website=www.churchtimes.co.uk|access-date=2017-12-07}}</ref>

==Leadership==
AMiE has two bishops: Diocesan Bishop Tim Davies and Assistant Bishop Lee McMunn (consecrated as Assistant Bishop in AMiE, 21 October 2022). [[Andy Lines]] was the first convocation bishop: he was consecrated on 30 June 2017 as the Missionary Bishop to Europe of the [[Anglican Church in North America]]. Andy Lines is now the Presiding Bishop of ANiE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff and Leadership |url=https://www.holytrinitygateshead.org.uk/Groups/386815/Staff_and_Leadership.aspx |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=www.holytrinitygateshead.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
AMiE was formed with the support of GAFCON (The [[Global Anglican Future Conference]]).<ref>{{cite news|title=Alternative Anglican church looms large in the shadows|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/article/alternative-anglican-church-looms-large-in-the-shadows-dx7pd25sr|access-date=13 January 2018|work=[[The Times]]|date=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="AMiE History">{{cite web|title=About Our - History|url=https://anglicanmissioninengland.org/about/our-history|website=Anglican Mission in England|accessdate=13 January 2018}}</ref> GAFCON gave their full support at their second meeting in [[Nairobi]], in October 2013. Initially its congregations were church plants that had been ejected from the Church of England for various reasons. More recently, evangelical Anglican churches have begun to plant churches under the AMiE banner.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gafcon.org/news/bringing-the-gospel-to-england-the-story-of-trinity-church-scarborough|title=Bringing the gospel to England - The story of Trinity Church Scarborough {{!}} GAFCON|website=www.gafcon.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-23}}</ref>

The movement has received the support of the Archbishop of Nigeria, [[Nicholas Okoh]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Rogers |first=Jon |date=2016-09-24 |title=Shock SPLIT in Church of England will see 250 NEW hardline Anglican churches by 2050 |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/714043/Church-of-England-split-250-NEW-hardline-Anglican-churches-by-2050-anglican-mission |access-date= |work=[[Daily Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/11546390/Bishops-back-Church-of-England-breakaway-congregations.html|title=Bishops back Church of England breakaway congregations|first=John|last=Bingham|date=17 April 2015|publisher=|via=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>

In 2016 AMiE set out its vision to plant 25 churches by 2025 and 250 churches by 2050.<ref name=":1" />

Bishop Lines ordained the first nine men as deacons and priests on 7 December 2017, at East London Tabernacle, a Baptist church in east London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawandreligionuk.com/2017/12/07/amie-ordinations/|title=AMiE ordinations {{!}} Law & Religion UK|website=www.lawandreligionuk.com|date=7 December 2017 |language=en-GB|access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref> Previously, clergymen associated with AMiE had come from the Church of England, or been ordained by Anglican bishops overseas. Eight men were ordained as deacons and one as a priest, all working for AMiE churches.<ref name=":0" /> For example, Robert Tearle, 24, was to serve as deacon at Trinity Church Scarborough, a 2017 church plant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://anglicanmissioninengland.org/news/permalink/12-2017/statement-about-amie-ordinations|title=Statement about AMiE Ordinations - December 2017 - News - AMiE|website=anglicanmissioninengland.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-16}}</ref>

On 14 December 2020, AMIE became a proto-diocese (convocation) affiliated to the newly created [[Anglican Network in Europe]];<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anglican Network in Europe - Our Convocations|url=https://www.anglicannetwork.org/about/convocations}}</ref> the network's other convocation is the Anglican Convocation in Europe, which has six churches in Scotland, Portugal, Cornwall and Surrey.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Churches|url=https://aceanglicans.org/churches/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=ACE|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Theological position==
AMiE takes a conservative stance on human sexuality, opposing [[same-sex marriage]] and [[Ordination of women|women's ordination]]. Members of the executive of AMiE are required to hold [[Complementarianism|complementarian]] views. AMiE leaders have made accusations that there is false teaching in Church of England leadership.<ref name=":1" /> Bishop Lee McMunn has stated that, while many "faithful Anglicans" remain within the Church of England, others find their route to ordination "blocked by [[Liberal theology|liberal]] clergy who do not believe orthodox Anglican teachings".

AMiE's stated intent is not to threaten Anglicans within current structures, but to provide support for those already outside the structures.<ref name=":0" />

==Churches==
AMiE became a convocation on 14 December 2020 and a diocese on 17 June 2023. In June 2024 it had 29 member churches alongside three pioneer congregations led by licensed church planters. Tim Davies and Lee McMunn were consecrated assistant bishops on 21 October 2022 along with Ian Ferguson (asst bishop, ACE).

* '''Anchor Church Lymington and Pennington.''' [[Lymington|Lymington, Hampshire]]. Planted as AMiE church 2019 from Christ Church Westbourne in Bournemouth. Pastor: Christopher Henderson (since 2019; ordained CoE 2016). Assistant pastor: James Ivin (ordained deacon in AMiE 2023). Bishop: Lee McMunn. Meets in a primary school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.anchorchurch.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Anchor Church, Lymington & Pennington |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''Becontree Church'''. [[Becontree|Becontree, London]]. Planted as AMiE church 2014 from [[St Peter and St Paul, Dagenham|Dagenham Parish Church (DPC)]]. Pastor: Rob Newham (since 2020). Previous pastor: Mike Reith (2014-20; formerly vicar of DPC). Meets (since 2023) in its own building (built 1930, previously belonged to London City Mission).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Becontree Church |url=http://www.becontreechurch.com/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church Balham''' (CCB). [[Balham|Balham, London]]. Joined AMiE later. Minister: Andy Palmer (ordained CoE; formerly curate, St John's Downshire Hill). Meets in a school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christ Church Balham - A Bible Centred Church in Balham |url=https://www.christchurchbalham.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Christ Church Balham |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church Central Sheffield''' (CCCS). [[Sheffield|Sheffield, South Yorkshire]]. Planted 2005 from [[Christ Church, Fulwood, Sheffield|Christ Church Fulwood]] (CCF). Minister: Tim Davies (since 2005; ordained CoE 1993; also Acting Diocesan Bishop). Meets (since 2017) in its own building (former bar).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Christ Church Central {{!}} Sheffield |url=https://www.christchurchcentralsheffield.co.uk/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Christ Church Central Sheffield |language=en-gb}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church Greenbank'''. Greenbank, Cheshire. Planted as CoE church 2002. Joined AMiE 2024. Pastor: Dimitri Aldridge. Meets in a railway station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christ Church Greenbank |url=https://christchurchgreenbank.org/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church Hessle'''. [[Hessle|Hessle, East Yorkshire]]. Pastor: Adam Johnston (since 2022). Meets in a memorial hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.christchurchhessle.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Christ Church Hessle |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church Huntingdon.''' [[Huntingdon|Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire]]. Planted as CoE BMO 2018 from [[St Andrew the Great|St Andrew the Great, Cambridge]]. Joined AMiE 2024. Minister: Charlie Newcombe (ordained CoE 2007). Meets in a primary school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christ Church Huntingdon |url=https://www.christchurchhuntingdon.co.uk/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=www.christchurchhuntingdon.co.uk |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church Newland'''. [[Newland, Kingston upon Hull]]. Founded 2020 by departing vicar and congregation of [[St John's Church, Newland|St John's, Newland]] (SJN). Lead pastor: Scott McKay. Meets in a sixth form college.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christ Church Newland Hull |url=https://christchurchnewland.org.uk/default.asp |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Christ Church Newland Hull}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church Orchard Park'''. [[Orchard Park Estate|Orchard Park, Kingston upon Hull]]. Planted 1970 from Trafalgar Street Church, Hull. Previously Orchard Park Free Church, then Hull Orchard Park Evangelical Church. Joined AMiE 2020. Pastor: Rob Tearle. Meets in its own building.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christ Church Orchard Park Hull |url=https://christchurchorchardpark.org.uk/default.asp |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Christ Church Orchard Park Hull}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church Riverside'''. [[Newland, Kingston upon Hull]]. Planted from SJN. Joined AMiE 2020. Pastor: Peter Birnie. Meets in a primary school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christ Church Riverside Hull |url=https://www.christchurchriverside.org.uk/default.asp |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Christ Church Riverside Hull}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church Salisbury'''. [[Salisbury|Salisbury, Wiltshire]]. Founded 2014. Pastor: Mark Payne (since 2019). Meets in the building of an FIEC church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.christchurchsalisbury.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Christ Church Salisbury |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church South Cambs'''. [[Sawston|Sawston, Cambridgeshire]]. Planted as CoE BMO 2006 from [[Church of All Saints, Little Shelford|All Saints, Little Shelford]] (ASLS). Joined AMiE 2013. Minister: Tim Chapman (since 2006; ordained CoE 2002; formerly curate, ASLS). Assistant minister: Ed Mezzetti (since 2022; ordained presbyter in AMiE 2024). Meets in a secondary school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christ Church South Cambs |url=https://christchurchsouthcambs.org/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Christ Church South Cambs |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church South Devon.''' [[Plymstock|Plymstock, Plymouth]]. Founded 2024 partly by departing minister and some members of Sherford Community Church BMO (SCC) and partly from St Matthew's Elburton. Minister: Tom Brassil (ordained CoE c. 2014). Meets in an independent church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christ Church |url=https://www.christchurchsouthdevon.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=www.christchurchsouthdevon.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church Stockport'''. [[Stockport|Stockport, Greater Manchester]]. Founded 2017/18. Senior minister: Matt Thompson (since 2018; ordained AMiE 2017). Associate minister: Jon Cawsey (since 2018; ordained AMiE 2017). Bishop: Lee McMunn. Meets in rooms owned by a charity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christ Church Stockport |url=https://www.christchurchstockport.com/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Christ Church Stockport |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''Christ Church Walkley'''. [[Walkley|Walkley, Sheffield]]. Planted 2012 from CCF and CCCS. Pastor: Pete Jackson (since 2012; ordained AMiE 2017). Associate pastor: Kenny Larsen (since 2012; ordained AMiE 2017). Meets in its own building (former memorial hall).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Christ Church Walkley |url=https://www.christchurchwalkley.co.uk/ |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Christ Church Walkley |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''Cornerstone Church Colchester'''. [[Colchester|Colchester, Essex]]. Planted 2020 by departing minister and some members. Full church status 2023 (the 25th AMiE church). Minister: John Parker (ordained CoE). Meets in a primary school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Cornerstone Church Colchester |url=https://www.cornerstonecolchester.co.uk/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |website=Cornerstone Church |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Cornerstone Church Grays'''. [[Grays, Essex]]. Founded 2020 by departing minister and some members of [[St Mary's Church, Chadwell St Mary|St Mary's and Emmanuel, Chadwell St Mary]]. Pastor: Mike Walton (ordained CoE). Meets in a school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornerstone Church Grays |url=https://www.cornerstonegrays.org/ |access-date=2025-08-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''Grace Church Harrogate'''. [[Harrogate|Harrogate, North Yorkshire]]. Pioneer church planted 2024 from TCS. Meets monthly in a house.
* '''Grace Church Newton Hall'''. [[Newton Hall, Durham]]. Planted 2017 from Christ Church Durham, a non-aligned Anglican church. Joined AMiE 2021. Minister: Mark Rainbow (ordained 2017). Meets in a community centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grace Church Newton Hall {{!}} We're an Anglican Evangelical Church in the North of Durham - part of the Anglican Mission in England |url=http://www.gracechurchnewtonhall.org/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Grace Church Newton Hall}}</ref>
* '''Grace Church Sydenham.''' Planted 2015 from Grace Church Dulwich and [[St Helen's Church, Bishopsgate|St Helen's Bishopsgate]]. Joined AMiE 2018. Minister: Tim Iles (ordained CoE 2011). Meets in a community centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Grace Church Sydenham |url=https://www.gracechurchsydenham.org/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Grace Church Sydenham |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''Grace Church Windsor.''' Planted c. 2014 as Windsor Fellowship from [[St Mary's Church, Maidenhead|St Mary's Maidenhead]] and Latimer Minster. Joined AMiE and changed name March 2024. Former minister: Tim Hiorns (2021-25; ordained CoE; formerly curate, [[All Saints Church, Crowborough|All Saints Crowborough]]). Meets in a URC church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://gracechurchwindsor.org/ |url=https://gracechurchwindsor.org/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Grace Church Windsor |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''Holy Trinity Gateshead'''. [[Gateshead|Gateshead, Tyne and Wear]]. Planted c. 2005 from [[Jesmond Parish Church]]. Joined AMiE 2021. Minister: Chris Houghton (since 2022; ordained AMiE 2017; formerly asst. min., CCCS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holy Trinity Gateshead |url=https://www.holytrinitygateshead.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=www.holytrinitygateshead.org.uk |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Hope Church East Cowes.''' [[East Cowes|East Cowes, Isle of Wight]]. Pioneer plant, planted 2023 from SJR. Minister: James Pontin (formerly asst. min., SJR). Meets in a community centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hope Church East Cowes {{!}} Isle of Wight |url=https://www.hopechurcheastcowes.com/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Hope Church |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Hope Church Goldthorpe.''' [[Goldthorpe|Goldthorpe, South Yorkshire]]. Planted 2020 from two South Yorkshire churches. Joined AMiE 2021. Vacant. Previous pastor: Chris Taylor (2021-25). Meets in a school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=https://hopechurchgoldthorpe.org/ |url=https://hopechurchgoldthorpe.org/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''Hope Church Tyneside.''' [[Wallsend|Wallsend, Tyne and Wear]]. Founded 2022 by departures from the CoE. Senior minister: Ben Cadoux-Hudson (since 2022). Meets in a school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.hopechurchtyneside.org/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Hope Church, Tyneside |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Hope City Church Wolverhampton.''' [[Wolverhampton|Wolverhampton, West Midlands]]. Founded 2020. Joined AMiE Jan 2024. Senior minister: Graham Phillips (ordained deacon in AMiE Jan 2024). Meets in a science park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hopecitychurch |url=https://www.hopecitychurch.uk.com/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Hopecitychurch |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Life Church Hackbridge.''' [[Hackbridge|Hackbridge, London]]. Planted Sept 2025 from CCB. Minister: Jonny Burgess (ordained AMiE 2023, 2024). Meets in a community centre.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life Church Hackbridge |url=https://lifechurchhackbridge.co.uk/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=lifechurchhackbridge.co.uk}}</ref>
* '''Redeemer Church Thanet.''' Planted 2021. Minister: Peter Harvey (ordained CoE 2018).
* '''Rock Church Denton.''' [[Denton, Greater Manchester]]. To be launched November 2025. Planter: Mark Glew (ordained CoE; resigned as minister of St Mary's, Haughton Green, Denton, 2024).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hutton |first=Tom |date=2025-06-30 |title=The Rock Church, Denton |url=https://www.anglicanmissioninengland.org/the-rock-church-denton/ |access-date=2025-08-24 |website=Anglican Mission in England |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''[[St James' Church, Ryde|St James's, Ryde]]''' (SJR). [[Ryde|Ryde, Isle of Wight]]. Founded as CoE [[proprietary chapel]] 1827; joined AMiE 2020. Minister: Ben Williamson (since 2025; formerly minister, GCCB). Former minister: James Leggett (ordained CoE 1993).
* '''St Joseph's, Benwell'''. [[Benwell|Benwell, Newcastle upon Tyne]]. Planted 2016. Minister: Ken Matthews. Associate minister: Ben Pryke. Assistant minister: David Milnes (ordained AMiE 2024, 2025).
* '''Trinity Church Bristol.''' [[Bristol|Bristol, Bristol]]. Planted 2017. Minister: Carl Bicknell (ordained CoE 2010).
* '''Trinity Church Lancaster.''' [[Lancaster, Lancashire]]. Planted 2015. Minister: Martin Soole (ordained AMiE 2017).
* '''Trinity Church Scarborough''' (TCS). [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire]]. Planted 2017 from SJN. Minister: Lee McMunn (since 2017; ordained CoE 2005; also Assistant Bishop).

'''Former AMiE churches'''

* '''Christ Church Wyre Forest'''. [[Kidderminster|Kidderminster, Worcestershire]]. Founded 2002 by departing vicar and congregation of St John's Kidderminster. Minister (until 2025): Leo Davidson (ordained CESA). Former minister: Charles Raven. In 2025 merged with an FIEC church, Kidderminster Evangelical Church (KEC), to form a new FIEC church, Grace Church Kidderminster, meeting in the KEC building.
* '''Grace Community Church Bury''' (GCCB). [[Bury, Greater Manchester]]. Planted 2023. Minister: Ben Williamson. Closed 2025.

== Former AMiE churches ==
The following churches disaffiliated from AMiE in 2020–21.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
!Location
!Web
!Clergy
!Founded
!Notes
|-
|Anchor Anglican Church, Fowey
|[[Fowey]], [[Cornwall]]
|[https://www.anchorfowey.org/]
|Philip de Grey-Warter
|2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exciting news from a new AMiE church|url=https://us17.campaign-archive.com/?u=3db3dd3a1be1bcc585d1afefc&id=9492f2f7c9|access-date=2021-09-28|website=us17.campaign-archive.com}}</ref>
|Formed when the vicar of [[Fowey Parish Church]] left the CoE. Now part of the Anglican Convocation in Europe (see above).
|-
|Cornerstone Church Crewe
|[[Crewe]], [[Cheshire]]
|[https://www.cornerstonechurchcrewe.com/]
|Matt Guest (ordained CoE 2015)
|2019
|Church plant from [[Christ Church, Wharton]].
|-
|Grace Church Bude
|[[Bude]], [[Cornwall]]
|[https://www.gracechurchbude.org/]
|Alistair Harper (ordained AMiE 2017)
|2019
|May be defunct.
|-
|King's Church Guildford
|[[Guildford]], [[Surrey]]
|[https://www.kcg.org.uk/]
|Richard Leadbeater (ordained CoE 2010)
|2014
|Now part of [[Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches|FIEC]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=About us|url=https://www.kcg.org.uk/who-are-we/about-us/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=King's Church Guildford}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
*[[Free Church of England]]
*[[Church of England (Continuing)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://anglicanmissioninengland.org/ Anglican Mission in England Official Website]

[[Category:Religious organisations based in England]]
[[Category:Christianity in England]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Anglicanism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Anglican realignment dioceses]]
[[Category:Reformed denominations in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Anglican organizations established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Evangelicalism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Evangelical denominations in Europe]]

Church Missionary Society in China

2025-10-20T00:58:29Z

YourUsername: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox organization
|name = Church Missionary Society
|image = Church Missionary Society 1799.gif
|caption = CMS logo
|abbreviation = CMS
|formation = 12 April 1799
|headquarters =
|type = [[Evangelical Anglicanism]]<br />[[Ecumenism]]<br />[[Protestant missionary]]<br />[[British Commonwealth]]
|founder = [[Clapham Sect]]
|website =
}}
The '''Church Missionary Society in China''' was a branch organisation established by the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] ('''CMS'''), which was founded in Britain in 1799 under the name the '''Society for Missions to Africa and the East''';<ref name="I1">{{cite journal|last1= Mounstephen |first1= Philip |author-link1=Philip Mounstephen |title= Teapots and DNA: The Foundations of CMS|url=http://www.nzcms.org.nz/teapots-and-dna-the-foundations-of-cms-intermission-issue-22/ |year= 2015 |journal= Intermission|volume=22}}</ref> as a mission society working with the [[Anglican Communion]], [[Protestantism|Protestant]], and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Christians around the world. In 1812, the organization was renamed the '''Church Missionary Society'''.<ref name="CMS-RK">{{cite web| last =Keen| first =Rosemary| work= Adam Matthew Publications |title= Church Missionary Society Archive|url= http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx| access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> The missions were financed by the CMS with the local organisation of a mission usually being under the oversight of the [[Bishop]] of the [[Anglican]] [[diocese]] in which the CMS mission operated.

==Establishing the mission to China==
[[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]], of the [[London Missionary Society]], established a mission in [[Guangzhou]] (Canton) in 1808; however, the work of Christian missionaries was restricted by the Chinese authorities. After the [[First Opium War]] (1839–1842), [[Hong Kong]] came under the control of Great Britain and ports on the mainland, including Canton and [[Shanghai]], become open to Europeans. In 1844 the CMS sent [[the Reverend]] [[George Smith (Bishop of Victoria)|George Smith]] (later [[Bishop of Victoria]], H.K.) and the Revd Thomas McClatchie to establish the South China Mission at [[Shanghai]].<ref name="CMSatlasHchina"/><ref name="CV26">{{cite book |title= The Centenaru Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799-1899|url= https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf|year=1902|publisher= London : Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University|pages=26–27}}</ref> McClatchie arrived in China, with his family, in 1845 and served nearly forty years until his retirement in 1882; several of his children also stayed in China.

==Expansion of the mission in China==
[[File: Mr and Mrs Stewart, Mrs ahok.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Revd. and Mrs. Stewart and Mrs. A-hok]]
The South China Mission was extended to [[Zhejiang]] (Cheh-kiang) province at [[Ningbo]] (1848), [[Fujian]] (Fuh-Kien) province at [[Fuzhou]] (Fuh-Chow) (May 1850), Hong Kong (1862), [[Guangdong]] (Kwan-tung) province (1878) and later to [[Sichuan]] (Si-chuen; see [[History of Anglicanism in Sichuan|Anglicanism in Sichuan]]) province in south west China (1890).<ref name="CMSatlasHchina"/>

The CMS establish hospitals with [[William Welton (Missionary)|William Welton]] beginning work in Fuh-Chow in 1850; followed by Dr B Van Someren Taylor who trained medical [[catechist]]s. The CMS operated a large number of dispensary hospitals, whose patients included opium addicts at [[Ningbo]], from 1866, and leprosy patients, such as at [[Beihai]] (Pakhoi), from 1890, and [[Hangzhou]] (Hangchow), from 1892. Dispensary hospitals were established at the major mission stations, such as [[Kunming]] (1913) in [[Yunnan]] province.<ref name="CMS-RK"/> Schools were established at the major mission stations; however, the Chinese authorities opposed the missionaries establishing schools at every mission station. The Revd [[Robert Stewart (priest)|Robert Stewart]] arrived in 1876 and established a school and college at [[Fuzhou]] (Fuh-Chow).<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

In 1873 the Reverend W. Russell was consecrated as bishop of North China and in 1880 the Reverend [[George Moule]] was consecrated bishop of Mid-China (Shanghai and [[Zhejiang]] (Cheh-kiang) provinces).<ref name="CMS-RK"/> As the activities of the Church Missionary Society expanded across China the administration was divided into separate missions: South China (covering Hong Kong, [[Guangdong]] (Kwan-tung) and [[Fujian]] (Fuh-Kien) provinces); in Mid-China from 1885; and West China ([[Sichuan]] (Si-chuen) province) from 1897. [[Fujian]] (Fuh-Kien) province was made a separate mission in 1900. In 1911, North China ([[Guangxi]] (Kwangsi) and [[Hunan]] provinces) also became a separate mission.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

==CMS in Shanghai==
[[File: Bishop george smith.jpg|thumb|right|200px|George Smith, Bishop of [[Victoria, Hong Kong|Victoria]] (Hong Kong) from 1849 to 1865]]
The Revd [[George Smith (Bishop of Victoria)|George Smith]] (later [[Bishop of Victoria]], H.K.) and the Revd Thomas McClatchie were sent by the CMS to establish a mission at [[Shanghai]] in 1844.<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlasHchina">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (China)|pages= 179–196|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>

The Revd [[John Burdon (bishop)|John Burdon]] worked for the Shanghai mission. In March 1874 he was consecrated bishop of the South China diocese of the [[Anglican Church]].<ref>‘BURDON, Rt Rev. John Shaw’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 [http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U184261, accessed 17 Sept 2013]</ref>

==CMS in Hong Kong==
The CMS missionaries assisted in establishing [[St. Paul's College, Hong Kong]] in 1849. [[St Stephen's College (Hong Kong)|St Stephen's College]] was established by the CMS in 1902 and CMS missionaries assisted in establishing [[St. Stephen's Girls' College]] in 1906.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

In 1849 [[George Smith (Bishop of Victoria)|George Smith]] was made bishop of the new diocese of [[Victoria, Hong Kong|Victoria]] (Hong Kong) and warden of St. Paul's College.

St Stephen's Anglican Church was one of three churches founded in Hong Kong by the CMS. It was led by Tsing-Shan Fok (霍靜山), 1851–1918, one of the earliest Chinese clergy in Hong Kong, starting in 1904.<ref>Rebecca Chan Chung, Deborah Chung and Cecilia Ng Wong, "Piloted to Serve", 2012.</ref>

{{anchor|Robert Cobbold}}

== CMS in Zhejiang (Cheh-kiang) province==
Anglican priests [[William Russell (bishop of North China)|William Russell]] and [[Robert Henry Cobbold]] began working in [[Zhejiang]] (Cheh-kiang) province at [[Ningbo]] (Ningpo) in 1847. [[George Moule]] (another Anglican priest) arrived at Ningpo in 1848; after which he established a mission at [[Hangzhou]] (Hangchow). Additional missions were established in the province. Moule established Trinity College in Ningpo, which was an elementary school and also trained teachers, [[catechist]]s and pastors. Other schools were established in the province, with the schools surviving into the 1930s.<ref name="CMS-RK"/> [[Arthur Moule]] joined his brother at the mission. He was appointed [[Archdeacon]] in the diocese of Mid-China.<ref>Lodwick, Kathleen L. Crusaders Against Opium: Protestant Missionaries in China 1874–1917 (University Press of Kentucky) [https://books.google.com/books?id=gT42B-69owoC Online version at Google Books] {{ISBN|0-8131-1924-3}}</ref>

The hospital at Hangzhou was established by [[James Galt (Missionary)|James Galt]] in 1871, with the work of the hospital being expanded by [[David Duncan Main]] from 1882.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title = Obituaries|volume = 2|issue = 3844|pages = 495|date = September 8, 1934|journal = British Medical Journal|pmc = 2445124|pmid = 20778524}}</ref> Hospitals were also established at Ningpo and [[Taizhou, Zhejiang|Taizhou]] (Taichow). A medical school was established by Main at Hangzhou in 1908. The Hangchow hospital was commandeered by the Japanese in 1937.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

Cobbold (who was made deacon in 1844 and ordained priest in 1845, both times by the [[Bishop of Norwich]]) was Archdeacon of Ningpo, 1836–1858; he returned to England, where he was Vicar of [[Field Dalling]] (1858–1859) then Rector of [[Broseley]] with [[Linley, More|Linley]], Shropshire<ref>''[[Crockford's Clerical Directory]]'' appendix, 1861. ([https://books.google.com/books?id=6AcFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA10 p. 10])</ref> (1859–1873)<ref>{{Church Times | title = Preferments and appointments | archive = 1873_03_14_128 | issue = 528 | date = 14 March 1873 | page = 128 | accessed = 19 June 2019 }}</ref> At his death on 16 September 1893, he was Rector of [[Ross-on-Wye]] and a prebendary of [[Hereford Cathedral]].<ref>{{Church Times | title = Clerical obituary | archive = 1893_09_22_954 | issue = 1600 | date = 22 September 1893 | page = 954 | accessed = 19 June 2019 }}</ref>

==CMS in Guangzhou (Canton) ==
[[Guangzhou]] (Canton) became a mission station in 1898. Holy Trinity College opened in 1908 as a boys' school, and was until 1914, also a training college for missionaries. The CMS also established St Hilda's School for Girls, which opened in 1916. These schools operated until the Japanese invasion of Canton in 1938.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

==CMS in Guangxi (Kwangsi) province and Hunan province==
CMS began working in [[Guilin]] (Kweilin) in [[Guangxi]] province (Kwangsi) from 1899 and in [[Yongzhou]] (Yangchow) in [[Hunan]] province from 1903. The first bishop of Kwangsi-Hunan, [[William Banister]], was consecrated in 1909. In 1910 the CMS started a mission in [[Hengyang]] (Hengchow). A hospital was established in Kweilin in 1910. Following the invasion of China by the Japanese in 1937 many of the missionaries left.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

==CMS in Fuh-Kien (Fujian)==
In May, 1850, an English ship turned into the Min river on the south China coast some 400 miles north of Hong Kong. She made her way slowly up the river for twenty miles before arriving at Pagoda Anchorage. Passengers and cargo would have to make the final ten miles to Fuh-Chow ([[Fuzhou]]) in junks or sampans. Thus, the Revd W. Welton, a man with medical qualifications, as mentioned in an earlier section, and Revd R. D. Jackson arrived at Fuh-Chow, Fuh-Kien as missionaries of the CMS. American missionaries had preceded them by four years. Five years later Revd F. McCaw and Revd M. Fearnley joined the mission. These early missionaries either died of fever or moved back to England.<ref name="Stock">{{cite book |last1=Stock |first1=Eugene |authorlink=Eugene Stock |title=The Story of the Fuh-Kien Mission of the Church Missionary Society |date=1890 |publisher=Church Missionary Society, London}}</ref>

The Revd George Smith was the next arrival in 1859 yet only a year later the CMS was considering abandoning Fuh-Chow where not a single conversion had been achieved. However, that year yielded baptisms and in 1862 Revd [[John Richard Wolfe]] was appointed as missionary minister in Fuh-Chow. Smith died in 1863 leaving Wolfe alone until Revd A. W. Cribb joined him in late 1864. A small number of other clergy and their wives followed including Revd J. E. Mahood in 1868.<ref name="Stock" />

[[File:Ancient Moon on dulian right of doorway.jpg|thumb|Ancient Moon on dulian right of doorway of Christ Church Cathedral, Fuzhou, China. The sound of Ancient Moon when said in Chinese, sounds very like Wolfe.]]
Slowly numbers of adherents began to increase, such that within the next fifteen years, three thousand Chinese converts could be counted, many living in country districts such as Lieng-Kong (Lianjiang), Lo-Nguong (Luoyang), Ning Taik (Ningde) and Ku-Cheng (Putian), places Wolfe and Cribb regularly visited, and being considerable journeys (itinerations) of some days from Fuh-Chow.<ref name="Stock" />

As well as building churches and/or renting buildings, the missionaries and their wives, like Mary Wolfe, early established both elementary and intermediate level schools for boys and girls. Later, senior boarding schools, for example, Trinity College, which came to have solid reputations were founded. The first CMS church to be opened in Back Street, Fuh-Chow in 1865 was known as All Saints and stood there for about 125 years. Earlier in 1860 St John’s Church on Nantai Island had been built by the English trading community.<ref name="Stock" />

Later, hospitals were erected and staffed by medical missionaries and nurses. A theological college for training Chinese men also on Nantai Island was opened by Bishop Burdon in 1883.<ref name="Stock" />

Wolfe, himself, came to be described as “the chief instrument in the remarkable ingathering in the Fuh-Kien Province” and he remained the senior and longest serving missionary until his death in 1915 having given 53 years to the missionary cause in Fuh-Kien. He was known among the Christian Chinese as the “Fukien Moses.”<ref>{{cite book |title=Register of Missionaries (clerical, lay and female) and native clergy from 1804 to 1904 |date=1905 |publisher=Church Missionary Society}}</ref>

In an article in the CM Gleaner in 1893, he wrote of the bleak outlook for the Mission in 1862.<ref name="Wolfe">{{cite journal |last1=Wolfe |first1=John |title=The Fukien Mission |journal=The Church Missionary Gleaner |date=1894 |issue=October}}</ref> He further describes the progress such that by 1893 the Mission had extended its operations into five of the largest prefectures or provinces of Fuh-Kien which covered an area half the size of England. Across this area there were 170 churches or places of worship in 17 large counties with nearly 11,000 adherents. Since 1862, 15 Chinese clergy had been ordained. There were also 125 trained catechists and 38 theological students in training. Over all the counties, 106 Chinese schoolmasters were teaching in elementary schools with two or three boarding schools for boys in country stations as well as a high school for advanced students in Fuh-Chow in which young men were training for entrance to the theological college to become future pastors and teachers. The Mission had four boarding schools for girls and three schools for training the wives of catechists, students and other women for Christian work whether as voluntary or as paid Bible women. Also, by 1893, two medical missions were in operation in the prefectures of Fu Ning and Kieng-ning carried out by Dr. B. Van Someren Taylor and Dr. Rigg. They were assisted by Chinese men who they were training.<ref name="Wolfe" />

Medical work expanded further in the next decades with Wolfe, particularly gratified, when a hospital was opened in 1905 near the North Gate of Fuh-Chow.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Neighbour |first1=A |title=A New Hospital For Men, Fuh-Chow |journal=Mercy and Truth |date=1905 |volume=1903-5 |pages=240–242}}</ref> Dr. Wilkinson was in charge, assisted by his wife Amy Oxley/Wilkinson who opened a blind school for boys in which much was achieved through her efforts and for which she was awarded the very rare Chinese Government [[Order of the Golden Grain]] in 1917.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Banks |first1=Linda & Robert |title=They Shall See His Face: The Story of Amy Oxley Wilkinson and Her Visionary Blind School in China |publisher=Acorn Press, Australia}}</ref>

[[File:WFP011 Family group lighter.jpg|thumb|Revd [[John Richard Wolfe]] with wife, Mary, and daughters, Minnie, Annie and Amy]]
Wolfe also reported in 1893 of the women missionaries of the CMS, in the [[Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]] (CEZMA) and the Female Education Society (FES), working all over the Mission among women. At that date, five women were evangelising Chinese women in schools and congregations. Miss E. S. Goldie had arrived in 1887, Miss M. D. Boileau, 1889, and sisters Misses J. C. and J. E. Clarke together with Miss Minnie E. Wolfe are listed in 1892. Miss Bushell and Miss Lambert lead the Girls’ Boarding School in Fuh-Chow which was to produce Christian wives, teachers, nurses and doctors over many decades.<ref name="McClelland">{{cite book |last1=McClelland |first1=T |title=For Christ in Fuh-Kien |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023068590 |date=1904 |publisher=Church Missionary Society, London |section=Appendix 4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023068590/page/n212 187] |edition=4th}}</ref>

By 1900 sixteen English clergy, eleven Chinese clergy and 34 CMS women missionaries as well as approximately the same number of CEZMS women were serving in Fuh-Chow and in other prefectures. Among them were eight women who arrived in 1896 undeterred by the [[Kucheng massacre]] the year before. The Revd Robert Stewart, his wife, a child and six women missionaries were killed. The dangers and hazards of missionary life were considerable and included health risks arising from insanitary conditions and anti-European feelings expressed in hostile actions towards people and their buildings. The Kucheng massacre was by far the largest of the latter. Missionaries did not cease their preaching and teaching in the area.<ref name="McClelland" /> Later in 1930 two women missionaries, Miss Eleanor Harrison and Miss Edith Nettleton were murdered in Chungan in north west Fuh-Kien.<ref name="McClelland" />

A year after Archdeacon Wolfe’s death in 1915, Revd Llewellyn Lloyd wrote of the many changes taking place in China following the Revolution of 1911 and in the growth of the Mission. The revolution itself, brought many benefits to the status and education of women. He estimated the number of missionaries was fiftyfold what it had been in 1876 and a Provincial Synod complemented Church Councils. He notes that the Fuh-Kien Mission had the largest staff of women missionaries of any CMS Mission in the world.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lloyd |first1=Llewelyn |title=Has China Changed |journal=The Church Missionary Gleaner |date=1906 |volume=January}}</ref> And among these women were three Wolfe sisters, Annie and Amy having joined Minnie.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Slater |first1=Frances |title=The Wolfe Sisters of Foochow, China |journal=Christian Women in Chinese Society |date=2018 |pages=157–181}}</ref>

[[File:Christ Church Cathedral 2012.jpg|thumb|Christ Church Cathedral, also known as Cangxia Church]]
In 1910 Archdeacon Wolfe was honoured by the CMS making him a Vice President of the Society the first and only Vice President not to be a bishop.<ref>{{cite book |title=Proceedings of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East, 112th year |date=1912 |publisher=The Church Missionary Society |location=CMS Archives}}</ref> He was further honoured at the eighth Synod of Fuh-Kien held in 1917 when money was pledged by European and Chinese delegates to build a cathedral in his memory.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hind |first1=Bishop J |title=Bishop's Letter |journal=Fukien Diocesan Magazine |date=1917 |volume=13 |issue=July |pages=6–7}}</ref> Christ Church Cathedral was consecrated on 13 November 1927.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lambert |first1=Deaconess Clara |title=Making Church History in Fukien |journal=Fukien Diocesan Magazine |date=1928 |volume=34 |issue=January |pages=5–9}}</ref> On the right hand side of the main entrance an inscription in Chinese characters marked in stone reads in translation as “with the ancient moon shining upon modern men we commemorate Archdeacon Wolfe who ministered here.” (John Wolfe’s name in Chinese sounded very like the English sounds in ancient moon and became his longstanding nickname.) The church still stands and a Christian congregation worships regularly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lin |first1=Jennifer |title=Shanghai Faithful Betrayal And Forgiveness in a Chinese Christian Family |date=2017 |publisher=Rowland and Littlefield, London and New York |isbn=978-1-4422-5693-4 |pages=264–266}}</ref>

==From Mission to Diocese==

Up until 1906 Fuh-Kien was known as the South China Mission of the CMS and was an ecclesiastical archdeaconry of the Diocese of Hong Kong, visited by the Bishops of Hong Kong. In that year Revd J. C. Hoare was appointed bishop of Fuh-Kien followed by Bishops Price and Hind who had served as a missionary in Fuh-Kien since 1902. Under Bishop Hind progress continued on the indigenisation of the Church (all meetings for example, had to use the appropriate Fuh-Kien dialect) and some priority was given to the education and position of women in the church. He strongly encouraged the ordination of women as deaconesses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cunich |first1=Peter |editor1=Wai Ching Angela Wong |editor2=Patricia P. K. Chiu |chapter=Deaconesses in the South China Missions of the Church Missionary Society (CMS), 1922–1951 |title=Christian Women in Chinese Society: The Anglican Story |date=2018 |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |isbn=978-988-8455-92-8 |jstor=j.ctv80cbh8.13 |series=Sheng Kung Hui: Historical Studies of Anglican Christianity in China|pages=85–106 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv80cbh8.13 }}</ref>

During his time the CMS passed control of the mission to the diocese and he was a careful organiser and manager of this process. By 1929 only hospitals and dispensaries came under mission control.<ref name="Hewitt">{{cite book |last1=Hewitt |first1=Gordon |title=The Problems of Success, A History of the Church Missionary Society 1910-1942 |date=1977 |publisher=SCM Press London |edition=Volume II}}</ref> If Archdeacon Wolfe was father of the mission, Bishop Hind was father of the emerging and strengthening diocese.

Hind had appointed Revd Ding Ing Ong as Archdeacon of Fukien in 1917 and he was later in 1927 to become Assistant Bishop.<ref name="Hewitt" /> It was in 1944 that the first Chinese Bishop of Fuh-Kien Revd Michael Chang was consecrated. Only five years later the Communist Government was in power and the church’s position equivocal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Conlin |first1=Revd W |title=Fukien Then and Now |date=1950 |publisher=Project Canterbury |url=http://Anglicanhistory.org/asia/china}}</ref>

The CMS and its people had been present in Fuh-Kien from 1850 until 1949 or shortly thereafter. An often mentioned feature of the Mission is the long service given by many, and also its position as the largest mission of the CMS in China. From uncertain beginnings and through many difficulties, development and consolidation, evangelisation had effected the building of churches, schools, hospitals and a body of European and Chinese people united in an Anglo-Chinese Christian world.

==CMS activities in the 20th Century==
The [[Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui]], or Anglican-Episcopal Province of China, was established on 26 April 1912 by the merger of the various mission activities of the [[Church of England]], the [[Episcopal Church of the United States]], [[Anglican Church of Canada]] and other [[Anglican province]]s into one autonomous jurisdiction.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Armentrout|first1=Donald|title=An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church|date=2000|publisher=Church Publishing Inc.|location=New York|isbn=978-0-89869-211-2|page=94}}</ref>
There was a gradual transfer of responsibility from the CMS to the Anglican church which occurred in the 1920s and 1930s; although it was not until 1937, with the invasion of China by the Japanese, that substantial authority was given to the Chinese clergy.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

Some CMS missionaries returned after the end of [[World War II]]. CMS missionaries remained active in [[Fujian]], [[Guangxi]] and in [[Hunan]] and other places until the [[Chinese Revolution (1949)|communist revolution in China]] after which they all left China.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[History of Anglicanism in Sichuan|Anglicanism in Sichuan]]
* [[History of Christian missions]]
* [[List of Protestant missionaries in China]]
* [[Protestant missionary societies in China during the 19th Century]]
* [[Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui]] or Anglican-Episcopal Province of China

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Protestant missions to China}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1799]]
[[Category:Church of England missions]]
[[Category:Church of England missionary societies]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Anglican organizations established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Christian missionary societies]]
[[Category:Christian missions in China]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in China]]
[[Category:19th-century Protestantism]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Ningpo]]

Church Missionary Society in India

2025-10-20T00:58:23Z

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{{short description|Missionary Society in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Church Missionary Society
|image = Church Missionary Society 1799.gif
|caption = CMS logo
|abbreviation = CMS
|formation = 12 April 1799
|headquarters =
|type = [[Evangelical Anglicanism]]<br />[[Ecumenism]]<br />[[Protestant missionary]]<br />[[British Commonwealth]]
|founder = [[Clapham Sect]]
|website =
}}
The '''Church Missionary Society in India''' was a branch organisation established by the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] ('''CMS'''), which was founded in Britain in 1799 under the name the '''Society for Missions to Africa and the East''',<ref name="I1">{{cite journal|last1= Mounstephen |first1= Philip |author-link1=Philip Mounstephen |title= Teapots and DNA: The Foundations of CMS|url=http://www.nzcms.org.nz/teapots-and-dna-the-foundations-of-cms-intermission-issue-22/ |year= 2015 |journal= Intermission|volume=22}}</ref> as a mission society working with the [[Anglican Communion]], other [[Protestantism|Protestant]]s, and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Christians around the world. In 1812, the British organization was renamed the '''Church Missionary Society'''.<ref name="CMS-RK">{{cite web| last =Keen| first =Rosemary| work= Adam Matthew Publications |title= Church Missionary Society Archive|url= http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx| access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>

In 1814 the CMS began sending missionaries to India and established mission stations at [[Chennai]] (Madras) and [[Bengal]], then in 1816 at [[Travancore]].<ref name="CMSatlasHind">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (India)|pages= 95–156|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> The mission stations were extended across India in the following years. The work among women was mainly left to the [[Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]] and the [[Zenana Bible and Medical Mission]].<ref name="CV19">{{cite book |title= The Centenaru Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799-1899|url= https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf|year=1902|publisher= London : Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University|page=19}}</ref>

==The CMS in India==
[[File: Henry Martyn.jpg|thumb|right|200px| [[Henry Martyn]], missionary to India and [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa#Iran (Persia)|Persia]]]]
[[File:palayamkottai.jpg|thumb|[[Holy Trinity Cathedral, Palayamkottai]], Tirunelveli - Built by Rev. [[C. T. E. Rhenius|Charles Rhenius]]]]
The [[East India Company]] controlled access to India and only allowed its chaplains to work among the European communities. [[The Reverend]] [[Henry Martyn]] wanted to offer his services to the [[Church Missionary Society]], however a financial disaster in Cornwall deprived him and his unmarried sister of the income their father had left for them. It was necessary for Martyn to earn an income that would support his sister as well as himself.<ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Martyn, Henry|volume=36}}</ref> He accordingly obtained a chaplaincy under the [[East India Company]] and left for [[British Raj|India]] on 5 July 1805.<ref name="ODCC">{{cite book |editor=F. L. Cross |editor2=E. A. Livingstone | title =The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition | publisher =Oxford University Press | date =13 March 1997 | location =USA | pages =[https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/1046 1046] | url =https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/1046 | isbn =019211655X | url-access =registration }}</ref> [[William Wilberforce]] campaigned for the revision of the charter of the East India Company to permit missionaries to work in India. When the Charter Bill was passed in 1813 the CMS had missionaries ready for the India mission.<ref name="CMS-RK"/> The Revd [[C. T. E. Rhenius|Charles Rhenius]] and the Revd John Christian Schnarre were the first CMS missionaries to arrive at India and were sent to work at [[Chennai]] (Madras).<ref name="CV16">{{cite book |title= The Centenaru Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799-1899|url= https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf|year=1902|publisher= London : Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University|page=16}}</ref> Charles Rhenius later worked in [[Tirunelveli]] (Tinnevelly).

The CMS sent 7 missionaries to India in 1814-1816: two were placed at [[Chennai]] (Madras), two at [[Bengal]] and three at [[Travancore]] (1816).<ref name="CMSatlasHind"/> The Indian missions were extended in the following years to a number of locations including [[Agra]], [[Meerut district]], [[Varanasi]] (Benares), [[Mumbai]] (Bombay) (1820), [[Tirunelveli]] (Tinnevelly) (1820) and [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta) (1822).

New mission stations were later established in the [[Telugu Christian|Telugu Country]] (1841) and at [[Lahore]] in the [[Punjab region]] (1852).<ref name="CMSatlasHind"/><ref name="CMSatlasHxi">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Church Missionary Society)|pages= xi|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>

While the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Revolt of 1857]] resulted in damage to the missions in the North West Provinces, after the revolt the CMS expanded its missions to [[Oudh State|Oudh]], [[Allahabad]], the [[Santhal people]] (1858), and to [[Kashmir]] (1865).<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlasHind"/><ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/>

In 1899, [[Baring Baring-Gould|B. Baring-Gould]] and his daughter Elizabeth oversaw the missions in India and China supporting the development of additional hospitals and schools. Their work describe the balance between westernized education and medical care versus Christian conversion.<ref name=":BG">{{Cite book|last=Baring-Gould|first=Edith M. E.|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100898814|title=With note-book and camera: a winter journey in foreign lands|last2=Young|first2=W. Mackworth|date=1901|publisher=Church Missionary Society|location=London}}</ref>

==Kolkata (Calcutta)==
The CMS mission in Calcutta was started in 1822. The first CMS school was opened at Kidderpore, a suburb of Calcutta, in 1816; and the first girls’ school in 1822, by Miss M. A. Cooke, at Calcutta.<ref name="CV16"/> [[Reginald Heber]], the [[Diocese of Calcutta of the Church of North India|Bishop of Calcutta]] (1823–1826) supported the work of the CMS mission.

The Revd [[James Long (Anglican priest)|James Long]] joined the mission in 1840. [[Edward Stuart]] served in India from 1850 to 1874. He was the Secretary of the Church Missionary Society at Calcutta. He also served at [[Agra]] and at [[Jalalpur]].<ref name="ES1">{{cite web|first= Eugene|last= Stock |title = The Story of the New Zealand Mission| date =1913|url= http://anglicanhistory.org/nz/stock1913/ |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

==Agra==
[[Valpy French]] arrived in India in 1851. He was sent to [[Agra]], where he founded the [[St. John's College, Agra]] in 1853.<ref name="brit">[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9000269/Thomas-Valpy-French Thomas Valpy French] [[Britannica.com]].</ref>

==Lahore==
The CMS mission in [[Lahore]] started in 1852. The Revd [[H. U. Weitbrecht]] was sent to India in 1875 to be the Vice Principal of St. John's Divinity College, Lahore. Valpy French became the first [[Anglican Bishop of Lahore|Bishop of Lahore]] in 1877.<ref name="brit"/>

==Mission in Kerala==
The contribution made by the society in creating and maintaining educational institutions in [[Kerala]], the most literate state in India, is significant. Many colleges and schools in Kerala and [[Tamil Nadu]] still have CMS in their names. Among the oldest in modern India, the [[CMS College Kottayam]] is regarded a pioneer in popularising secondary education in southern India, whose famous alumni include former Indian President [[K. R. Narayanan]], career diplomats [[K. P. S. Menon (senior)|K.P.S. Menon]] and [[K. M. Panikkar]] as well as scientist [[E. C. George Sudarshan]].

The Revd [[Benjamin Bailey (missionary)|Benjamin Bailey]] was appointed to the [[Kottayam]] mission in the Indian state of [[Kerala]] in 1816 and in 1821 he established a printing press.<ref name="CMSatlasHind"/> Benjamin Bailey translated the complete Bible to [[Malayalam]] language. He also authored the first printed Malayalam-English Dictionary. He is considered as the father of Malayalam printing.<ref>''Benjamin Bailiyum Malayala Saahityavum''. By Dr. Babu Cherian. Published by the Department of Printing and Publishing, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.</ref>

==CMS activities in the 20th Century==
The CMS continued to send missionaries to India, including [[Frank Lake]] in 1937.

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[Protestantism in India]]
* [[Christianity in India]]
* [[List of Protestant missionaries in India]]
* [[History of Christian missions]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1799]]
[[Category:Church of England missions]]
[[Category:Church of England missionary societies]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Anglican organizations established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Christian missionary societies]]

Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa

2025-10-20T00:58:21Z

YourUsername: 1 revision imported

{{Infobox organization
|name = Church Missionary Society
|image = Church Missionary Society 1799.gif
|caption = CMS logo
|abbreviation = CMS
|formation = 12 April 1799
|headquarters =
|type = [[Evangelical Anglicanism]]<br />[[Ecumenism]]<br />[[Protestant missionary]]<br />[[British Commonwealth]]
|founder = [[Clapham Sect]]
|website =
}}
The '''Church Missionary Society''' in the Middle East and North Africa, operated through branch organisations, such as the Mediterranean Mission (for countries bordering on the [[Mediterranean]]), with the mission extending to Palestine ([[Jerusalem]], [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Jaffa]], [[Nazareth]], [[Nablus]] and [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]]), [[Iran]] (Persia), [[Iraq]], [[Egypt]], [[Ethiopia]] (Abyssinia) and the [[Sudan]]. The missions were financed by the CMS with the local organisation of a mission usually being under the oversight of the [[Bishop]] of the [[Anglican]] [[diocese]] in which the CMS mission operated. The CMS made an important contribution to the [[Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East]].

The [[Church Mission Society]] ('''CMS'''), was founded in Britain in 1799 under the name the '''Society for Missions to Africa and the East'''.<ref name="I1">{{cite journal|last1= Mounstephen |first1= Philip |author-link1=Philip Mounstephen |title= Teapots and DNA: The Foundations of CMS|url=http://www.nzcms.org.nz/teapots-and-dna-the-foundations-of-cms-intermission-issue-22/ |year= 2015 |journal= Intermission|volume=22}}</ref> In 1812, the organization was renamed the '''Church Missionary Society''',<ref name="CMS-RK">{{cite web| last =Keen| first =Rosemary| work= Adam Matthew Publications |title= Church Missionary Society Archive|url= http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx| access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> and later the '''Church Mission Society'''.

==The Ottoman Empire (Turkey)==
In 1815, [[William Jowett]] was appointed to commence the Mediterranean Mission, however the CMS was not able to establish missions in [[Ottomon Empire|Ottoman Turkey]] in 1819-21 as the result of resistance to the Christian faith by the Turkish authorities.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>
Following the [[Crimean War]] (1853-1856) the [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of Turkey]] was forced to issue a decree to secure religious liberty throughout the Ottoman Empire. The CMS sent two missionaries in 1862 to open a mission station in [[Constantinople]].<ref name="CMSatlasHme">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Middle East)|pages= 67–76|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> However, the continued opposition by the Turkish authorities to [[evangelism]] resulted in the failure of the mission, which closed in 1877.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

==Egypt and Ethiopia (Abyssinia)==
Five missionaries were sent to [[Egypt]] in 1825. The CMS concentrated the Mediterranean Mission on the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Church]] and in 1830 to its daughter [[Ethiopian Church]], which included the creation of a translation of the Bible in [[Amharic language|Amharic]] at the instigation of [[William Jowett]], as well as the posting of two missionaries to [[Ethiopia]] (Abyssinia), [[Samuel Gobat]] (later the [[Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem]])<ref name="SG">{{cite book |last1= Gobat|first1=Samuel |title= Journal of a Three Years' Residence in Abyssinia, in Furtherance of the Objects of the Church Missionary Society| year=2001 |publisher= Adamant Media Corporation (Elibron Classics) facsimile reprint of a 1834 edition by Hatchard & Son; Seeley & Sons, London. | isbn= 1421253496}}</ref> and Christian Kugler arrived in that country in 1827.<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref>Donald Crummey, ''Priests and Politicians'', 1972, Oxford University Press (reprinted Hollywood: Tsehai, 2007), pp. 12, 29f. For an account of the society's Amharic translation, see [[Edward Ullendorff]], ''Ethiopia and the Bible'' (Oxford: University Press for the British Academy, 1968), pp. 62–67 and the sources cited there.</ref> Charles Isenberg (1806–64) joined the Abyssinian mission in 1835, followed by [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]] (1810–81) in 1837.<ref name="IK">{{cite book |last1= Charles William Isenberg, Johann Ludwig Krapf, James MacQueen|title= Journals of the Rev. Messrs Isenberg and Krapf, Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society (Detailing their Proceedings in the Kingdom of Shoa, and Journeys in Other Parts of Abyssinia, in the Years 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842)| year=2011 |publisher= Cambridge University Press| isbn= 9781108034173}}</ref> The missionaries were expelled from Abyssinia in 1844.<ref name="CMSatlasHme"/> The Egyptian Mission was abandoned by the CMS in 1862.

The Egyptian Mission was revived in 1882 by the Revd [[Frederick Augustus Klein]].<ref name="CMSatlasHme"/> The number of converts to the Anglican Church in Egypt was small because CMS decided not to [[Proselytism|proselytise]] among members of the Coptic or [[Evangelical]] churches, as the intention of the mission was the evangelisation of non-Christian people.<ref name="CMS-RK"/> In Cairo the CMS established schools for boys and girls. In 1899, Dr Frank Harpur established the Old Cairo Hospital. In 1905, [[Douglas M. Thornton]] and [[William Henry Temple Gairdner|W. H. Temple Gairdner]] established a book depot in Cairo, which also published the ''Orient and Occident'' magazine in Arabic which published articles on religious and general subjects.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

==The Ottoman Empire (Palestine)==
[[File: Nazareth Christ church 1.jpg |thumb|right|200px|Christ Church in Nazareth, built 1871]]
The CMS sent missionaries to Palestine ([[Jerusalem]], [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Jaffa]], [[Nazareth]], [[Nablus]] and [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]]), which was then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The Revd [[Frederick Augustus Klein]] arrived in [[Nazareth]] in 1851 where he lived for 5–6 years, then he moved to [[Jerusalem]] until 1877. Klein discovered the [[Moabite Stone]], and assisted with the translation of the [[Book of Common Prayer]] into Arabic.<ref>{{cite book|last=Murray|first=Jocelyn|title=Proclaim the Good News: A Short History of the Church Missionary Society|year=1985}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Stock|first=Eugene|title=History of the Church Missionary Society|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchurchm03stoc|year=1899}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Frederick Augustus Klein|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/egypt/klein_frederick.html|work=Dictionary of African Christian Biography|access-date=19 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524201158/http://dacb.org/stories/egypt/klein_frederick.html|archive-date=24 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Gerald|title=Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions|year=1998|publisher=Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids}}</ref>

Former CMS missionary [[Samuel Gobat]] became the second bishop of the [[Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem|Diocese of Jerusalem]], and in 1855 invited the CMS to make Palestine a mission field. In 1855 the Revd [[John Zeller]] was sent to [[Nablus]]. In 1857 he moved to Nazareth, where he stayed for the next 20 years, then he moved to Jerusalem.<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlasHme"/>

Over the years many missionaries were sent to [[Jerusalem]], [[Gaza City|Gaza]], [[Jaffa]], [[Nazareth]], [[Nablus]] and [[Transjordan (region)|Transjordan]], by 1899 there were 59 missionaries in Palestine.<ref name="CMS-RK"/> The missionaries included [[John Zeller]], who exercised a great influence on the development of Nazareth and founded [[Christ Church, Nazareth]], the first Protestant church in the Galilee, which was consecrated by Gobat in 1871.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Miller|first=Duane Alexander|title=Christ Church (Anglican) in Nazareth: a brief history with photographs|journal=St Francis Magazine|date=October 2012|volume=8|issue=5|url=http://www.stfrancismagazine.info/ja/images/stories/DuaneMiller-oct2012.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130908180608/http://www.stfrancismagazine.info/ja/images/stories/DuaneMiller-oct2012.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-08}}</ref>

The CMS established hospitals at Gaza, Jaffa, Nablus, [[Acre, Israel|Acre]], [[Al-Salt|Salt]] and [[Al-Karak|Karak]],<ref name="CV27">{{cite book |title= The Centenary Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799-1899|url= https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf|year=1902|publisher= London : Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University|page=27}}</ref> and an orphanage at Nazareth.<ref name="CMSP">{{cite web|title= CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY ARCHIVE, Section IX, Middle East Missions |date= 2019| url= http://www.ampltd.co.uk/collections_az/CMS-9-01/description.aspx| publisher =Adam Matthew Publications| access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> [[Edith Eleanor Newton|Edith Newton]] worked at the Jaffa Mission Hospital from 1887 to 1893 along with both of her sisters and fellow missionaries, Constance A. Newton and [[Frances E. Newton|Frances Newton]], who was in Palestine from 1889 until 1938.<ref>Tusan, Michelle. [http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-review&month=0807&week=e&msg=AEYy%2Bnpo08iEvUysHmgwtg&user=&pw= Review] of Stockdale, Nancy L. ''Colonial Encounters among English and Palestinian Women, 1800-1948''. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2007.</ref>

The CMS established a school at Bethlehem, with Miss McNeile as principal;<ref name="THB">{{cite book |last1= Mæhle, Ingvar B., and Inger Marie Okkenhaug (editors) |first1= Okkenhaug |title= 'Mission and Education as Liberating Strategies: The Case of Mabel Warburton' in Women and Religion in the Middle East and the Mediterranean |url= http://dspace.uib.no/bitstream/handle/1956/16727/M%25C3%25A6hle%2Band%2BOkkenhaug%2B-%2BWomen%2Band%2BReligion%2BMiddle%2BEast%2BMeditteranean.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y|year=2004 |publisher= Unipub/Oslo Academic Press |pages=67–84}}</ref> and the Jerusalem Girls' College, with [[Mabel Clarisse Warburton]] as the co-founder and first principal from 1919 to 1926.<ref name="THB"/> The CMS supported the Bishop Gobat School for boys (est. 1847). The CMS also established the Newman School of Missions, set up by the CMS missionary Eric Bishop,<ref name="CMSP"/> which was established for the study of languages and Islamic studies for missionaries.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

In 1951 it was decided that the [[Jerusalem and the Middle East Church Association (JMECA)|Jerusalem and East Mission]] would take over the work of the CMS in [[Israel]].<ref name="CMSP"/>

==Iran (Persia)==
[[File: Henry Martyn.jpg|thumb|right|200px| [[Henry Martyn]], [[Church Missionary Society in India|missionary to India]] and Persia]]
The Revd [[Henry Martyn]] visited Persia ([[Iran]]) in 1811. He reached [[Shiraz]],<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|wstitle=Martyn, Henry|volume=17|page=804}}</ref> then he travelled to [[Tabriz]] to attempt to present the [[Shah]] with his Persian translation of the New Testament. The British ambassador to the Shah, was unable to bring about a meeting, but did deliver the manuscript to the Shah.<ref name="cp">{{cite book | last =Padwick | first =Constance | title =Henry Martyn, Confessor of the Faith| publisher =Inter-Varsity Fellowship | year =1953 | location =London | pages =172 }}</ref><ref name="ODCC">{{cite book |editor=F. L. Cross |editor2=E. A. Livingstone | title =The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition | publisher =Oxford University Press | date =13 March 1997 | location =USA | pages =[https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/1046 1046] | url =https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00late/page/1046 | isbn =019211655X | url-access =registration }}</ref> However a CMS mission was not established until 1869 when the Revd Robert Bruce established a mission station at [[New Julfa|Julfa]] in [[Ispahan]].<ref name="CV30">{{cite book |title= The Centenaru Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799-1899|url= https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf|year=1902|publisher= London : Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University|page=30}}</ref><ref name="CV122">{{cite book |title= The Centenaru Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799-1899|url= https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf|year=1902|publisher= London : Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University|pages=122–124}}</ref><ref name="May1876">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, May 1876|work= The New Mission to Persia|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1876_05/5| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Feb1877">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, February 1877|work= From London to Ispahan |access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1877_02/2| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> The Persian mission operated hospitals and schools.<ref name="CMS-RK"/> In 1880 medical work was begun by Dr. E. F. Hoernle.<ref name="CV30"/> The mission in Persia expanded to include [[Kerman]], [[Yezd]] (1893) and [[Shiraz]] (1900), with [[Mary Bird (medical missionary)|Mary Bird]], a medical missionary, establishing hospitals at Kerman and Yezd.<ref>Rice, Clara C., ''Mary Bird in Persia'', London: Church Missionary Society, Salisbury Square, E.C. 1916</ref> [[Donald William Carr|Dr. Donald Carr]] expanded and built additional hospitals at the {{ill|Isa Bin Maryam Hospital|fa|بیمارستان عیسی بن مریم}}, in [[Julfa, Isfahan, Iran]], and the Shiraz Christian Missionary Hospital.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ebrahimi |first=Sara |title=Emotion, Mission, Architecture |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-4744-8657-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Hospitals in Iran and India, 1500-1950s |publisher=Brill |year=2012 |isbn=9789004228290 |editor-last=Speziale |editor-first=Fabrizio}}</ref> After Bishop [[Edward Stuart]] resigned as the [[Anglican Diocese of Waiapu|Bishop of Waiapu]] in New Zealand, he then served as a missionary in Julfa from 1894 to 1911.<ref name="ES1">{{cite web|first= Eugene|last= Stock |title = The Story of the New Zealand Mission| date =1913|url= http://anglicanhistory.org/nz/stock1913/ |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="CMSatlasHper">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Persia)|pages= 78–80|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> In 1940 government action forced the missionaries to end their activities.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

==The Ottoman Empire (Iraq)==
The CMS sent missionaries to the [[Ottoman Empire]], to what is now [[Iraq]]. The CMS established a mission in [[Baghdad]] in 1883, with a hospital also established in Bagdad in 1896. The CMS also established a hospital in [[Mosul]] in 1901. Following the outbreak of the [[First World War]] the mission workers were interned by the Turkish authorities, then expelled to Egypt where they worked during the war years. In 1919 the CMS decided not to resume the mission.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

==Sudan==
===North Sudan===
[[Llewellyn Gwynne]], [[Archibald Shaw]] and Dr Frank Harpur established mission stations in North [[Sudan]] at [[Omdurman]] (1899) and [[Khartoum]] (1900). A hospital was established at Omdurman. Later schools were established in Omdurman, [[Atbara]] (1908) and [[Wad Madani]] (1916). At the request of the government the CMS established schools in the [[Nuba Mountains]] at Salara (1935) and Katcha in (1939). In 1959 the government took over the operation of the schools.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

===South Sudan===
The first station in [[South Sudan]] was established by Archibald Shaw in the land of the [[Dinka people]] at Malek, near [[Bor, South Sudan]] (1905), then later at Akot. The CSM also worked among the [[Nuer people]] at Ler and Zeraf Island, the [[Zande people]] at [[Yambio]] and [[Maridi]] and the [[Bari people]] at [[Juba]], [[Yei, South Sudan|Yei]], Loka and [[Kajo Keji]] (Kajokaji).<ref name="CMS-RK"/> The CMS operated elementary schools and the Nugent Secondary School, which was started at Juba in 1920, then in 1929 it was moved to Loka.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

==CMS activities in the 20th Century==
[[J. Spencer Trimingham]] served with the CMS in the Sudan, Egypt, and West Africa (1937–53).

Rachel Hassan worked for the CMS in Sudan from 1944 to 1971. She taught in the Nuba Mountains (1944-1959). She was at the Salara Mission (1945-1951); Katcha Mission (1951-1959); and was the CMS Secretary in Omdurman from 1963 to 1971.<ref name="RH">{{cite web|title= Catalogue of the papers of Rachel Hassan |date= 1971| url= https://reed.dur.ac.uk/xtf/view?docId=ark/32150_s1pk02c9793.xml|access-date=30 December 2021 | publisher = Durham University Library: Archives and Special Collections}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[History of Christian missions]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Protestant missions to Africa}}
{{Protestant missions to the Middle East}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1799]]
[[Category:Church of England missions]]
[[Category:Church of England missionary societies]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Anglican organizations established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:Christian missionary societies]]

New Zealand Church Missionary Society

2025-10-20T00:58:18Z

YourUsername: 1 revision imported

{{Short description|Organisation in New Zealand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = New Zealand Church Missionary Society
|image =
|caption =
|size =
|abbreviation = NZCMS
|formation = 12 April 1799 (UK parent organisation); 1892 (NZ branch)
|headquarters = 78 Peterborough Street <br />[[Christchurch]]<br />8144<br />New Zealand
|type = [[Evangelical Anglicanism]]<br />[[Ecumenism]]<br />[[Protestant missionary]]
|founder = [[Clapham Sect]]
|leader =
|website = {{URL|http://www.nzcms.org.nz}}
}}
The '''New Zealand Church Missionary Society''' ('''NZCMS''') is a mission society working within the [[Anglican Communion]] and [[Protestantism|Protestant]], [[Evangelical Anglicanism]]. The parent organisation was founded in England in 1799.<ref name="I1">{{cite journal|last1= Mounstephen |first1= Philip |author-link1= Philip Mounstephen|title= Teapots and DNA: The Foundations of CMS|url=http://www.nzcms.org.nz/teapots-and-dna-the-foundations-of-cms-intermission-issue-22/ |year= 2015 |journal= Intermission|volume=22}}</ref><ref name="CMS-RK">{{cite web| last =Keen| first =Rosemary| work= Adam Matthew Publications |title= Church Missionary Society Archive|url= http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx| access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> The [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS) sent missionaries to settle in New Zealand. The Rev. [[Samuel Marsden]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Marsden|first1=Samuel|title=The Marsden Collection|url=https://marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/home|website=Marsden Online Archive|publisher=University of Otago|access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> the Society's Agent and the Senior Chaplain to the [[New South Wales]] government, officiated at its first service on Christmas Day in 1814, at [[Rangihoua Bay|Oihi Bay]] in the [[Bay of Islands]], New Zealand.<ref name="GT17">{{cite book |editor-last1= Troughton |editor-first1= Geoffrey |title= Saints and Stirrers: Christianity, Conflict and Peacemaking in New Zealand, 1814–1845
|year=2017|publisher=Wellington : Victoria University Press |isbn=9781776561643}}</ref>

==History of the New Zealand Church Missionary Society==
In 1892, Mr. [[Eugene Stock]] and the Rev. [[Robert Stewart (priest)|Robert Stewart]] were sent to Australia and New Zealand by the parent CMS organisation to facilitate the formation of Church Missionary Associations in both Australia and New Zealand, in order that those associations would select, train and send out missionaries.<ref name="ES1">{{cite web|first= Eugene|last= Stock |title = The Story of the New Zealand Mission| date =1913|url= http://anglicanhistory.org/nz/stock1913/ |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref> In 1892 the '''New Zealand Church Missionary Association''' was formed in a [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] church hall.<ref name="NZCMS-Mission">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nzcms.org.nz/our_mission.html |title=NZCMS |access-date=18 July 2008 |work=New Zealand Church Missionary Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014031447/http://nzcms.org.nz/our_mission.html |archive-date=14 October 2008 }}</ref> Funding from the UK stopped completely in 1903.<ref name="titleChurch Missionary Society">{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/M/Missions/ChurchMissionarySociety/en |title=Church Missionary Society|access-date=18 July 2008 |encyclopedia = [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]}}</ref> The association was established under the sanction of the Bishops of Waiapu and Nelson, with the Rev. Frederick William Chatterton as Clerical Secretary, and Mr. J. Holloway as Lay Secretary and Treasurer.<ref name="ES1"/> The association provided workers for the Māori Mission, for the [[Melanesian Mission]], for the CMS Missions in China, Japan, India and Africa, and also for the [[Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]].<ref name="ES1"/> In 1893 Miss Marie Louise Pasley, the first missionary candidate, was selected, and who was subsequently sent to Japan.<ref name="ES1"/><ref name="Grace1">{{cite book | title=Harvest of grace: essays in celebration of 150 years of mission in the Anglican Diocese of Nelson | year=2010 |publisher=Standing Committee of the Diocese of Nelson| editor=René́ Bester}}</ref>

The association subsequent changed its name to the '''New Zealand Church Missionary Society''' (NZCMS) in 1916.<ref name="NZCMSf">{{cite web |first =Steve | last = Maina |title= Response to Michael Blain's article published in AMB- E Newsletter – May 09|work= A Glimpse of New Zealand as it Was|date=25 June 2009 |url= http://www.angmissions.org.nz/?sid=85| publisher = The Anglican Missions Board of the Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia|access-date=9 November 2015 }}</ref> In 2000 the NZCMS amalgamated with the South American Missionary Society of New Zealand.<ref name="NZCMS-Mission"/> The NZCMS works closely with the [[Anglican Missions Board]], concentrating on mission work outside New Zealand and has been involved in Pakistan, East Africa, the Middle East, Cambodia, South Asia, South America and East Asia.<ref name="NZCMS-Mission"/> It is part of the CMS Mission Network and the global network of mission agencies [http://www.faith2share.net Faith2Share].

==History of the CMS mission in New Zealand==
[[Image:Samuel marsden.jpg|thumb|right|The Revd Samuel Marsden]]

=== Founding of the CMS mission in New Zealand ===
The CMS founded its first mission at Rangihoua in the Bay of Islands in 1814 and over the next decade established farms and schools in the area. [[Thomas Kendall]] and William Hall were directed to proceed to the Bay of Islands in the ''Active'', a vessel purchased by [[Samuel Marsden]] for the service of the mission, there to reopen communication with [[Ruatara (chief)|Ruatara]], a local chief; an earlier attempt to establish a mission in the Bay of Islands had been delayed as a consequence of the [[Boyd Massacre]] in Whangaroa harbour in 1809.<ref name="CARv2">{{cite book |last1= Carleton |first1=Hugh |title= The Life of Henry Williams|year= 1874 |publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library|chapter= Vol. I |chapter-url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1038&action=null}}</ref> Kendall and Hall left New South Wales on 14 March 1814 on the ''Active'' for an exploratory journey to the Bay of Islands. They met ''[[rangatira]]'' (chiefs) of the [[Ngāpuhi]] including [[Ruatara (chief)|Ruatara]] and his uncle [[Hongi Hika]]; Hongi Hika and Ruatara travelled with Kendall when he returned to Australia on 22 August 1814. Kendall, Hall and John King, returned to the Bay of Islands on the ''Active'' on 22 December 1814 to establish the Oihi Mission.<ref name="LMR1874">{{cite book |last1= Rogers |first1= Lawrence M. |title= Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams|year=1973 |publisher=Pegasus Press }}</ref><ref name="CMSatlasNZ">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Church Missionary Society)|pages= 210–219|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> The protector of the Kerikeri mission station was the chief [[Ruatara (chief)|Ruatara]] and following his death in 1815, Hongi Hika accepted responsibility for the protection of the mission.<ref name="March1857">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1857|work= A Glimpse of New Zealand as it Was|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>

In April 1817 William Carlisle, and his brother-in-law Charles Gordon, joined the mission from New South Wales. Carlisle was engaged as a schoolteacher and Gordon is engaged for the purpose of teaching agriculture, they remained at the mission until 1819.<ref name="TM43">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=43|date= 1819| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=2980&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> In 1819 Marsden made his second visit to New Zealand,<ref name="rsm">{{cite web|title= Notices of the Rev S. Marsden|pages= 247–267|date= 1822| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QbIPAAAAIAAJ| publisher = Missionary Register| access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> bringing with him [[John Gare Butler]] as well as Francis Hall and James Kemp as lay [[settler]]s. William Puckey, a boatbuilder and carpenter, came with his family, including [[William Gilbert Puckey]] to assist in putting up the buildings at [[Kerikeri]].<ref name="CARv2"/> In 1820, Marsden paid his third visit, on [[HMS Howe (1805)|HMS ''Dromedary'']], bringing James Shepherd.<ref name="CARv2"/>

Butler and Kemp took charge of the Kerikeri mission, but proved unable to develop a harmonious working relationship, and from 1822 to 1823 Butler was in dispute with Marsden.<ref name="JB1">{{cite book |last1=John Butler|first1= Compiled by R. J. Barton|title= Earliest New Zealand: the Journals and Correspondence of the Rev. John Butler |url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=1457&page=0&action=null |year=1927|publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library |pages=1–344 }}</ref> In 1823, Marsden paid his fourth visit, bringing with him [[Henry Williams (missionary)|Henry Williams]] and his wife [[Marianne Williams|Marianne]] as well as [[Richard Davis (meteorologist)|Richard Davis]], a farmer, and [[William Thomas Fairburn|William Fairburn]], a carpenter, and their respective families.<ref name="CARv2"/><ref name="Fitzgerald2011">{{cite book |last1= Fitzgerald |first1= Caroline |title= Te Wiremu: Henry Williams – Early Years in the North |year=2011|publisher=Huia Publishers, New Zealand |isbn=978-1-86969-439-5 }}</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald2004-2">{{cite book |last1= Fitzgerald |first1= Caroline |title= Marianne Williams: Letters from the Bay of Islands |year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books, New Zealand |isbn=0-14-301929-5 }}</ref> In 1826 Henry's brother [[William Williams (bishop)|William]] and his wife [[Jane Williams (missionary)|Jane]] joined the CMS mission and settled at [[Paihia]] in the [[Bay of Islands]]. The immediate protector of the Paihia mission was the chief, Te Koki, and his wife [[Ana Hamu]], a woman of high rank and the owner of the land occupied by the mission.
[[Image:Stone Store and Kemp House.jpg|thumb|350px|Kerikeri Mission Station with the Stone Store at left, St James at rear and Mission House on the right]]

=== Work of the CMS mission in New Zealand ===
The CMS [[Mission House]] in Kerikeri, completed in 1822, ranks as New Zealand's oldest surviving building.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
In the early days the CMS funded its activities largely through trade. [[Thomas Kendall]] sold weapons to [[Māori people]], with muskets being the primary item traded by whaling and sealing ships for food; with this trade in weapons resulting in the [[Musket Wars]] (1807–1842).<ref name="JB164">{{cite book |last1=John Butler|first1= Compiled by R. J. Barton|title= Earliest New Zealand: the Journals and Correspondence of the Rev. John Butler |url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=1459&page=0&action=null|year=1927|publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library |pages=164–168 }}</ref> Kendall brought Māori war-chief [[Hongi Hika]] to London in 1820, creating a minor sensation. When [[Henry Williams (missionary)|Henry Williams]] became the leader of the missionaries at [[Paihia]] in 1823, he immediately stopped the trade in muskets.<ref name=mitcalfe34>Mitcalfe, Barry – ''Nine New Zealanders'', Christchurch 1963. p. 34</ref> The mission schools provided religious education and literacy skills in the [[Māori language]], as well as English language skills.<ref name="TB15">{{cite book |last1= Ballantyne |first1= Tony |title= Entanglements of Empire: Missionaries, Maori, and the Question of the Body|year=2015|publisher=Auckland University Press |isbn=978-1-86940-826-8}}</ref> Karaitiana Rangi was the first person baptised, which occurred in 1825.<ref name="April1874">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, April 1874|work= The New Zealand Mission|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1874_04/0| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> However the evangelical mission of the CMS achieved success only after the baptism of [[Ngāpuhi]] chief [[Rawiri Taiwhanga]] in 1830. His example influenced others to be baptised into the Christian faith.<ref name="ReferenceA">Dench, Alison, ''Essential Dates: A timeline of New Zealand history'', Random House, 2005</ref> The CMS established farms at [[Kerikeri]] and at [[Te Waimate mission]] and engaged workers from Sydney to assist in the farming; William Spikeman, a herdsman, arrived in 1833.<ref name=Gillies27>Gillies, Iain and John (1998) – ''East Coast Pioneers. A Williams Family Portrait; A Legacy of Land, Love and Partnership''. p. 27/8. Published by The Gisborne Herald Co. Ltd, Gladstone Road, Gisborne NZ (1998) {{ISBN|0-473-05118-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Prokhovnik |first1=R. M. |title=A Reluctant Pioneer: The Story of William Spikeman: His Life and Times |year=1991 |publisher=Northland Historical Publications Society |location= Kerikeri |isbn=978-0-9597926-4-5 }}</ref><ref name="Pre1828ws">{{cite web|title= William Spikeman| publisher=Pre 1839 Settlers in New Zealand|url= https://sites.google.com/site/pre1839settlersinnz/home/more-details-2/william-spikeman| access-date=11 October 2015}}</ref> In 1833 a mission was established at [[Kaitaia]] in Northland as well as a mission at [[Puriri, New Zealand|Puriri]] on the [[Waihou River]].<ref name="FWW">{{cite web| last = Williams| first = Frederic Wanklyn|title= Through Ninety Years, 1826–1916: Life and Work Among the Maoris in New Zealand: Notes of the Lives of William and William Leonard Williams, First and Third Bishops of Waiapu (Chapter 3)| publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (NZETC)|url= https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WilThro.html }}</ref> In 1835 missions were established in the Bay of Plenty and Waikato regions at [[Tauranga]], [[Matamata]] and [[Rotorua]]. The possessions of these missions were plundered during an inter-tribal war between the Māori people of Matamata, Rotorua and the Waikato river.<ref name="Nov1850"/><ref name="Jan1852">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, January 1852|work= Otawhao|access-date=18 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1852_01/11| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="TMR295">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=295–301 |date= 1838| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4069&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> In 1836 a mission was open in the [[Manukau Harbour]] region.<ref name="LMR1874"/>
[[Image:Colenso notice.jpg|thumb|right|The first public notice in New Zealand, printed for Kororarika [sic] by the press of the Church Missionary Society in [[Paihia]], in the Bay of Islands]]

=== Salary and allowances of CMS missionaries ===
In 1832 the salary of single laymen or [[catechist]] was £30 per annum; a married couple were paid £50 p.a.. Ordained ministers were paid £80 p.a.. All children received a free education, with board, at the CMS school at [[Te Waimate mission]]. Children under school age had an allowance of £10. After that £18 was allowed for each child up to the age of fifteen.<ref name="CJW0">{{cite web| editor-last = Wilson | editor-first = C.J.|title= Missionary Life and Work in New Zealand, 1833 to 1862: Being the Private Journal of the Late Rev. John Alexander Wilson | publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (NZETC)|date =1889|url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=704&page=0&action=null| access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref>

The CMS provided rations to the missionary families of {{convert|8|lb|kg}} of flour per week for a male, and {{convert|6|lb|kg}} for a female, with half ration for each child up to seven or eight years of age. There was an allowance of sugar, tea and soap, but if mustard, pepper, vinegar and other luxuries were required, these had to be purchased from the mission store.<ref name="CJW0"/>

=== ''Herald'' ===
Henry Williams commissioned a ship to provision the Paihia Mission and to visit the more remote areas of New Zealand to bring [[the Gospel]] to the [[Māori people]].<ref name="CAR43">{{cite book |last1= Carleton |first1=Hugh |title= The Life of Henry Williams|year= 1874 |publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library|pages= 43–53|chapter= Vol. I |chapter-url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1038&action=null}}</ref> William Hall, William Puckey (Senior), [[William Gilbert Puckey]] designed and built {{ship||Herald|1826 ship|2}}, a 55-ton [[schooner]]. [[Gilbert Mair (trader)|Gilbert Mair]], who became her [[sailing master]], and Māori carpenters also worked on ''Herald''{{'}}s construction.<ref name="HW1">{{cite web| work= Williams, H. The Early Journals of Henry Williams, p. 487 |title= Appendix IV – The Herald |date =1961 |url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=3826&page=1&action=null| access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="LMR1874"/>

''Herald'' was launched on 24 January 1826.<ref name="Fitzgerald2011-1">{{cite book |last1= Fitzgerald |first1= Caroline |title= Te Wiremu: Henry Williams – Early Years in the North |year=2011|publisher=Huia Publishers, New Zealand |isbn=978-1-86969-439-5 |pages=65–66 }}</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald2004-1">{{cite book |last1= Fitzgerald |first1= Caroline |title= Marianne Williams: Letters from the Bay of Islands |year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books, New Zealand |isbn=0-14-301929-5 |pages=97–99 }}</ref><ref name="TREARA1">{{cite encyclopedia| last = McLean | first = Gavin| encyclopedia= 'Shipbuilding - The wooden era', Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |title= Launching the Herald |date = 20 July 2015 |url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/artwork/5460/launching-the-herald| access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> ''Herald'' went to [[Sydney]], [[Australia]] four times; the [[Bay of Plenty]] four times; and sailed three times around the [[North Cape, New Zealand|North Cape]], to [[Hokianga Harbour]] on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. On 6 May 1828 ''Herald'' was wreaked on the [[Hokianga]] bar.<ref name="HW11">{{cite web| work= Williams, H. The Early Journals of Henry Williams, p. 479-494|title= Appendix IV – The Herald (H. Williams, Journal, 8 May 1828; Marianne Williams, Journal, 11 May 1828) |date =1961 |url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=3826&page=1&action=null|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Fitzgerald2011-6">{{cite book |last1= Fitzgerald |first1= Caroline |title= Te Wiremu: Henry Williams – Early Years in the North |year=2011|publisher=Huia Publishers, New Zealand |isbn=978-1-86969-439-5 |pages= 109–111}}</ref>

=== Translation of the Bible into the Māori language ===
{{See also|Bible translations into Oceanic languages}}

The first book published in the [[Māori language]] was ''[[A korao no New Zealand|A Korao no New Zealand]]! The New Zealanders First Book!'', published by [[Thomas Kendall]] in 1815. In 1817 [[Tītore]] and Tui (also known as Tuhi or Tupaea (1797?–1824)) sailed to England.<ref name=NZETC1>[https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-SmiMaor-t1-body-d12b.html NZETC: Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century, 1816]</ref> They visited [[Samuel Lee (linguist)|Professor Samuel Lee]] at [[Cambridge University]] and assisted him in the preparation of a grammar and vocabulary of Māori. Kendall travelled to London in 1820 with [[Hongi Hika]] and [[Waikato (rangatira)|Waikato]] (a lower ranking [[Ngāpuhi]] chief) during which time work was done with Professor Samuel Lee, which resulted in the ''First Grammar and Vocabulary of the New Zealand Language'' (1820).<ref name="TIT3">{{cite web|first=Ron |last= Brownson |title = Outpost| date = 23 December 2010|url= http://aucklandartgallery.blogspot.com.au/2010/12/wonderful-letter-from-titore.html|publisher=Staff and friends of Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref><ref>Rogers, Lawrence M., (1973) ''Te Wiremu: A Biography of Henry Williams'', Pegasus Press, p. 35, f/n 7 & 39</ref> The CMS missionaries did not have a high regard for this book. Williams organised the CMS missionaries into a systematic study of the language and soon started translating the Bible into Māori.<ref>Fitzgerald, Caroline (2011) Letter of Henry Williams, 9 February 1824</ref><ref>Fitzgerald, Caroline (2004) Journal of Henry Williams, 12 July 1826</ref> After 1826 [[William Williams (bishop)|William Williams]] became involved in the translation of the Bible and other Christian literature, with Henry Williams devoting more time to his efforts to establish CMS missions in the [[Waikato]], [[Rotorua]] and [[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]].

[[File:Page ii and iii of Ko te Katihama III, printed by William Yate,1830.jpg|thumbnail|right|[http://www.georgegrey.org.nz/TheCollection/CollectionItem/id/77/title/ko-te-katekihama-iii.aspx Page ii and iii of Ko te Katekihama III, printed by William Yate, 1830]]]
In July 1827 [[William Colenso]] printed the first Māori Bible, comprising three chapters of Genesis, the 20th chapter of Exodus, the first chapter of the Gospel of St John, 30 verses of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of St Matthew, the Lord’s Prayer and some hymns.<ref name=Gillies48>Gillies 1995, p. 48</ref><ref>Rogers 1973, p. 25, f/n, p. 70</ref> It was the first book printed in New Zealand and his 1837 Māori New Testament was the first indigenous language translation of the Bible published in the southern hemisphere.<ref name="B&T">{{cite book |last=Newman |first=Keith |title=Bible & Treaty, Missionaries among the Māori – a new perspective |year = 2010 |orig-year = 2010 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0143204084}} pp 20-110</ref>

By 1830 the CMS missionaries had revised the [[orthography]] for writing the Māori language; for example, ‘Kiddeekiddee’ became, what is the modern spelling, ‘[[Kerikeri]]’.<ref name="TMR55">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=54–55 |date= 1813| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3065&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>

In 1830 during [[William Yate]]'s stay in Sydney, New South-Wales, he supervised the printing of an edition of 550 copies of a translation of the first three chapters of the Book of Genesis; the first eight chapters of the Gospel according to St. Matthew; the first four chapters of the Gospel according to St. John; the first six chapters of the Epistle of St. Paul to the Corinthians; parts of the Liturgy and Catechism.<ref name="TMR67">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=67–68 |date= 1831| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3065&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>

[[William Gilbert Puckey]] collaborating with [[William Williams (bishop)|William Williams]] on the translation of the New Testament, which was published in 1837 and its revision in 1844.<ref name="LMR1874"/> William Williams published the ''Dictionary of the New Zealand Language and a Concise Grammar'' in 1844.

The translation and printing of the [[Book of Common Prayer]] was completed by November 1841. The greater number of the [[Collect]]s were translated by the Rev. William Williams; the Sacramental and Matrimonial Services by William Puckey; and the remaining Collects, with the [[Epistle]]s from the Old Testament, Thanksgivings, and Prayers, Communion of the Sick, Visitation of the Sick, Commination, Rubrics, and [[Thirty-nine Articles|Articles of Religion]], by William Colenso.<ref name="TMR475">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=475 |date= 1842| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3976&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> From May to September 1844 a committee consisted of Archdeacon William Williams, the Rev. Robert Maunsell, James Hamlin, and William Puckey revising the translation of the Common-Prayer Book.<ref name="TMR364">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=364|date= 1845| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4024&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref>

After 1844 [[Robert Maunsell (missionary)|Robert Maunsell]] worked with William Williams on the translation of the Bible, with Maunsell working on the translation of the [[Old Testament]], portions of which were published in 1840.<ref name="WWTJ44">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1= William |title= The Turanga journals, 1840–1850|url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=3676&action=null |year=1974|publisher=F. Porter (Ed) |page=44}}</ref> In 1845 the [[Book of Common Prayer]] was translated by a committee comprising William Williams, [[Robert Maunsell (missionary)|Robert Maunsell]], James Hamlin and [[William Gilbert Puckey|William Puckey]].<ref name="nzm45-2">{{cite web|title= New Zealand Mission|pages= 364–373|date= 1845|url=https://archive.org/details/1845CMSMissionaryRegister | publisher = Missionary Register| access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> The full translation of the Bible into the Māori language was completed in 1857.<ref name="TB">{{cite web| last = Transcribed by Terry Brown Bishop of Malaita, Church of the Province of Melanesia, 2008 | title = Untitled article on Maori Bible translation|date=10 November 1858|publisher=The Church Journal, New-York | url= http://anglicanhistory.org/nz/maunsell_translation1858.html| access-date=30 November 2014}}</ref>

The Rev. William Williams and the Rev. T. W. Meller M.A., the Editorial Superintendent of the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]], worked to revise the translation of the New Testament.<ref name="McS"/> In 1853, 15,000 copies were printed in England.<ref name="TMR226">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=225|date= 1853| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3211&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> These copies, when circulated, made the total number of 106,221 copies of the New Testament printed in the Māori language and distributed by the CMS and Wesleyan Missionary Society in New Zealand.<ref name="TMR226"/> In the early 1860s [[Elizabeth Fairburn Colenso]] helped prepare the revised Māori [[Old Testament]] and [[New Testament]] for the press. She correcting the printed copy, sometimes suggesting alternative translations.<ref name="dnzb-EFC"/> The first edition of the full Māori Bible was published in 1868.<ref name="McS">{{cite web|title= Maori (or New Zealand) Version of the Scriptures|url= http://www.biblicalcyclopedia.com/M/maori-(or-new-zealand)-version-of-the-scriptures.html| publisher = McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia| access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref>

===Influence of the CMS in New Zealand===
[[Image:Colenso press.jpg|thumb|right|A press at "Haven of History", a reconstruction of the CMS mission station in [[Paihia]], with a press in the same style of [[William Colenso]]'s]]
The concern about the European impact on New Zealand, particularly lawlessness among Europeans and a breakdown in the traditional restraints in Māori society, meant that the CMS welcomed the United Kingdom's annexation of New Zealand in January 1840, with Henry Williams assisting Captain [[William Hobson]] by translating the document that became known as the [[Treaty of Waitangi]].<ref name="CMSNZ ">{{Cite encyclopedia|url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/1966/M/Missions/ChurchMissionarySociety/en |title=Church Missionary Society|access-date=18 July 2008 |encyclopedia = [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]}}</ref> Henry Williams was also involved in explaining the treaty to Māori leaders, firstly at the meetings with [[William Hobson]] at [[Waitangi, Northland|Waitangi]], but also later when he travelled to Port Nicholson, Queen Charlotte's Sound, Kapiti, Waikanae and Otaki to persuade Māori chiefs to sign the treaty.<ref name="CARv2-4">{{cite book |last1= Carleton |first1=Hugh |title= The Life of Henry Williams: "Early Recollections" written by Henry Williams |year= 1874 |publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library|pages=15–17|chapter= Vol. II |chapter-url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1048&page=1&action=null}}</ref> His involvement in these debates brought him "into the increasingly uncomfortable role of mediating between two races".<ref name="dnzb-HW">{{cite web|last = Fisher| first = Robin| work = Dictionary of New Zealand biography | title = Williams, Henry 1792 – 1867 |url= http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp?PersonEssay=1W22|date = 22 June 2007 |access-date=28 October 2013}}</ref>

The CMS missionaries held the [[low church]] beliefs that were common among the 19th century [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] members of the [[Anglican Church]]. There was often a wide gap between the views of the CMS missionaries and the bishops and other clergy of the [[high church]] traditions of the [[Oxford Movement]] (also known as the Tractarians) as to the proper form of ritual and religious practice.<ref name="WWTJ239">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1= William |title= The Turanga journals, 1840–1850|url=http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3680&page=0&action=null |year=1974|publisher=F. Porter (Ed)|pages=239–241 }}</ref> [[George Selwyn (bishop of Lichfield)|Bishop Selwyn]], who was appointed the first Anglican [[Bishop of New Zealand]] in 1841, held the high church (Tracharian) views,<ref name="dnzbS">{{cite web|first= Warren E.|last= Limbrick |title = Selwyn, George Augustus| date =1990|url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1s5/selwyn-george-augustus|publisher=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=22 April 2019}}</ref> although he appointed CMS missionaries to positions in the Anglican Church of New Zealand including appointing [[William Williams (bishop)|William Williams]] as the first [[Bishop of Waiapu]].<ref name="WWTJ37">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1= William |title= The Turanga journals, 1840–1850|url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=3676&action=null |year=1974|publisher=F. Porter (Ed) Wellington |page=37}}</ref>

The CMS reached the height of its influence in New Zealand in the 1840s and 1850s. Missions covered almost the whole of the North Island and many Māori were baptised. The number of Māori who attended public worship at CMS churches was estimated at 50,000 and the [[Eucharist|Communicants]] at between 5,000 and 6,000.<ref name="MR1853">{{cite book |title= The Missionary Register (1814–1853)|year= 1853 |pages=226–228 |chapter= Sections relating to New Zealand |chapter-url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3211&page=1&action=null}}</ref> Māori converts engaged in missionary work. Te Manihera and Kereopa were killed in 1847 when they travelled onto the land of hostile Māori.<ref name="TMR407">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=407–408|date= 1852| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3205&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="June1848">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, June 1848|work=The Two New-Zealand Martyrs|access-date=17 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1848_05/4| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> However the murderers later welcomed a Christian missionary to reside in their land.<ref name="Aug1853">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, August 1853|work= Manihera, and His Murderer, Huiatahi|access-date=18 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1853_08/4| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>

The efforts of the CMS resulted in the ordination of Māori clergy: [[Rota Waitoa]] was ordained in 1853; [[Riwai Te Ahu]] in 1858; Raniera Kawhia, Hohua Te Moanaroa, Heta Tarawhiti and Pirimona Te Karari in 1860; [[Tamihana Huata]], [[Ihaia Te Ahu]], Matiu Taupaki and [[Piripi Patiki]] in 1861; [[Matiaha Pahewa]] in 1863; [[Mohi Turei]], Hare Tawhaa and Watene Moeke in 1864; Rihara Te Rangamaro in 1866; Renata Tangata and Raniera Wiki in 1867; Wiremu Katene Paraire and Hone Pohutu in 1870; Rawiri Te Wanui, Heneri Te Herekau, Wiremu Turipona and Wiremu Pomare in 1872.<ref name="WT99">{{cite web|first= Eugene|last= Stock |title = Extracts pertaining to New Zealand from the 'History of The Church Missionary Society' Vol. 2| date =1899|url= http://www.waitangi.com/cms/cms_vol2b.html|publisher=www.waitangi.com |access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="CV1">{{cite book |title= The Centenaru Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799–1899|url= https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf|year=1902|publisher=London : Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University}}</ref>

In 2014, [[Thomas Hocken]]'s archives of the Church Missionary Society, held at the Hocken Collections, were added to the [[UNESCO]] [[Memory of the World Register]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unescomow.nz/inscription/dr-hockens-church-missionary-society-records|title=Dr Hocken's Church Missionary Society Records|publisher=UNESCO Memory of the World Programme|access-date=2 December 2024}}</ref>

== Early CMS personnel in New Zealand ==
The CMS provided training for missionaries at the [[Church Missionary Society College, Islington]], [[London]]. [[George Selwyn (bishop of Lichfield)|Bishop George Selwyn]] established [[St John’s College (New Zealand)|St. John’s College]] at [[Te Waimate mission]] in June 1842 to provide theology to candidates for ordination into the Anglican Church. In 1844 Bishop Selwyn moved St John’s College to [[Auckland]]. The CMS in London began to reduce its commitment to the CMS mission in New Zealand in 1854, and no further missionaries were sent out until Joseph Sydney Hill and William Goodyear arrived in 1878; they were the last CMS missionaries sent out from England.<ref name="ES1"/> Members of the mission who arrived before 1854 included:
* '''The Reverend [[Benjamin Yate Ashwell]]''' and his wife Harriet Elizabeth arrived in 1835, and worked from 1839 at Kaitotehe Mission near [[Mount Taupiri]] and at [[Te Awamutu|Otawhao]] in the valley of the [[Waipā River]];<ref name="LMR1874"/><ref name="BYA">{{cite web|last= Bernard |first=John Foster|title = ASHWELL, Benjamin Yates| date =1966|url= https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/ashwell-benjamin-yates|publisher=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="HP">{{cite book |last1= Petrie |first1= Hazel |title= Chiefs of Industry: Maori Tribal Enterprise in Early Colonial New Zealand|year=2006|publisher=Auckland University Press|isbn= 9781869403768}}</ref> and remained at that mission into the 1840s.<ref>{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, September 1842 |work= Anxiety of New Zealand Converts for the Conversion of Their Brethren|access-date=11 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1842_09/9| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1843 |work= Illustration of the value of a Liturgy|access-date=13 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1843_12/8| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> In 1846 he was located at the Kaitotehe Mission.<ref name="nzm">{{cite book|title= New Zealand Mission|pages= [https://archive.org/details/churchmissionar03socigoog/page/n168 150]–158|date= 1846| url= https://archive.org/details/churchmissionar03socigoog| publisher = Missionary Register| access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="Oct1847">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, October 1847|work=Visits to Pious Sick New Zealanders|access-date=16 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1847_10/5| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> Died 29 September 1883.<ref name="BBD">{{cite web|title=Blain Biographical Directory of Anglican clergy in the South Pacific|date= 2019| url= http://anglicanhistory.org/nz/blain_directory/directory.pdf| access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref>
* '''The Rev. [[Charles Baker (missionary)|Charles Baker]]''' and his wife Hannah arrived on 9 June 1828, and worked at [[Kerikeri]]; then at [[Kororareka]] (Russell);<ref name="LMR1874"/> and they were at the mission station at Uawa ([[Tolaga Bay]]) from 1843 to 1851.<ref name="WWTJ40">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1= William |title= The Turanga journals, 1840–1850|year=1974|publisher=F. Porter (Ed) |page=40}}</ref> Died 6 February 1875.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. Ralph Barker''' and his wife Mary Ann arrived in November 1850 and was appointed to [[East Cape]];<ref name="July1851">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, July 1851|work= New Zealand Welcome|access-date=18 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1850-1851_16/3| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> where he remained until 1852.<ref name="April1856">{{cite web |first =Charles | last =Barker |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, April 1856|work= A Memoir of Pita Whakangaua, Head Teacher of Rangitukia|access-date=23 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1856_04/7| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> He ended his connection with the CMS in 1854.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. [[Alfred Nesbit Brown]]''' and his wife Charlotte arrived in October 1829. He was put in charge of the school at [[Paihia]]. In 1835 he opened a mission station at [[Matamata]] and from 1838 he was working at Te Papa Mission at [[Tauranga]].<ref name="LMR1874"/><ref name="Oct1844">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, October 1844 |work= Illustration, by a New-Zealand Christian, of the Worthy and Unworthy Reception of the Lord's Supper|access-date=13 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1844_10/10| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> In 1843 he was ordained as [[Archdeacon]] of Tauranga.<ref name="HTWC">{{cite book |last1= Bedggood |first1= W.E. |title=Brief History of St John Baptist Church Te Waimate|year=1971|publisher=News, Kaikohe }}</ref><ref name="NE1844">{{cite web|title= Appointments by Bishop Selwyn| publisher=Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle| volume=II| issue=102, 17 February 1844, Page 405|date =1844|url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NENZC18440217.2.10| access-date=11 October 2015}}</ref> In 1846 he was assisted by the Rev. C.P. Davies.<ref name="nzm"/> Died 7 September 1884.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. Robert Burrows''' and his wife Charlotte Eliza arrived in 1840;<ref name="LMR1874"/><ref name="Dec1846=1">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1846|work=Baptism of an Aged Woman in New Zealand|access-date=3 November 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1846_12/12| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> He was appointed a deacon on 10 June 1838 and ordained a priest on 26 May 1839. He was at Kororareka (Russell) in 1845.<ref name="nzm45">{{cite web|title= New Zealand Mission|pages= 105–108|date= 1845| url=https://archive.org/details/1845CMSMissionaryRegister | publisher = Missionary Register| access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> From 1845 – 1852 he worked at [[Te Waimate mission]].<ref name="HTWC"/><ref name="Oct1853">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, October 1853|work= Kaitaia|access-date=18 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1853_10/2| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> Died 22 August 1897.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. [[John Gare Butler]]''' and his wife Hannah arrived 12 August 1819. Butler ceased working for the CMS in 1822.<ref name="LMR1874"/><ref name="BBD"/><ref name="JB">{{cite book |last1= Barton |first1=R. J. |title= Earliest New Zealand: the Journals and Correspondence of the Rev. John Butler |year= 1927 |publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library|url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1455&action=null }}</ref>
* '''The Rev. Thomas Chapman''' and his wife Anne Maria arrived in 1830 and established a mission station at [[Rotorua]] in 1835;<ref name="LMR1874"/> and remained at that mission into the 1840s.<ref name="HP"/><ref name="nzm"/><ref name="July1847 ">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, July 1847|work=Princely Native Feast at Puhirua, New Zealand|access-date=16 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1847_07/8| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> In 1844 he attended the St. John's College at Te Waimate Mission and on 22 September 1844 he was appointed a deacon. On 6 June 1852 he was ordained a priest.<ref name="RD"/> He worked at the Rotorua Mission until 1861 when he moved to Auckland where he continued to work for the CMS as a teacher at St. Stephen School for Native Girls in Parnell. Died 22 December 1876.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. [[George Clarke (judge)|George Clarke]]''' and his wife Martha and family (including their son [[George Clarke (New Zealand pioneer)|George Clarke]] jr.) arrived on 4 April 1824.<ref name="Te Ara">{{cite book | title=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand | year=1966 |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage / Te Manatū Taonga |url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/1966/clarke-george/1 | editor-first=A. H. | editor-last=McLintock | editor-link=Alexander Hare McLintock| chapter= CLARKE, George | access-date= 14 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="GC">{{cite web| title =George Clarke (1798–1875 |url= http://www.clarke.org.nz/?sid=10| access-date=14 September 2011}}</ref> George was trained as a [[blacksmith]] and was appointed to [[Kerikeri]],<ref name="FWW"/> then he worked at [[Te Waimate mission]] from 1830 to 1840.<ref name="HTWC"/><ref>{{NZHPT|3|Te Waimate Mission House|2009-12-01}}</ref> Their son Edward Bloomfield Clarke joined the CMS in 1849.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. [[William Colenso]]''' arrived in December 1834 to work as a printer and catechist.<ref name="TMR563">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=563 |date= 1836| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4041&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="colenso">{{cite book |title=The Authentic and Genuine History of the Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi|last=Colenso|first=William|author-link=William Colenso|year=1890|publisher=By Authority of George Didsbury, Government Printer|location=Wellington|url=http://www.waitangi.com/colenso/colhis1.html|access-date=31 August 2011}}</ref> William and Elizabeth Colenso worked at the Waitangi Mission at [[Awatoto]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Waitangi Mission Station 1844–1852, Hawke's Bay|url=https://www.topomap.co.nz/NZTopoMap/nz51298/Waitangi-Mission-Station-1844-1852/|access-date=20 August 2021|website=NZ Topo Map|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|date=1 July 2015|title=Site of William Colenso's mission station, Clive|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/photograph/23894/site-of-william-colensos-mission-station-clive|access-date=20 August 2021|website=teara.govt.nz|language=en}}</ref> Mission from 1844 [[Napier, New Zealand|Napier]] from 1844, until [[William Colenso]] was dismissed from the CMS in 1852.<ref name="WWTJ40"/><ref name="dnzb-wc">{{cite web|last = Mackay| first =David| work = Dictionary of New Zealand biography | title = Colenso, William|url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1c23/colenso-william|date = 30 October 2012 |access-date=7 December 2015}}</ref>
* '''[[Elizabeth Fairburn Colenso]]''' was the daughter of Sarah Tuckwell and her husband, William Fairburn.<ref name="dnzb-EFC">{{cite web|last = Murray| first = Janet E.| work = Dictionary of New Zealand biography | title = Colenso, Elizabeth|url= http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1c22/colenso-elizabeth|date = 30 October 2012 |access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> She was born at the CMS mission at Kerikeri. She became fluent in Māori. She married William Colenso on 27 April 1843. Following his ordination as a deacon in September 1844, they established the Waitangi mission station at Awatoto in Hawke's Bay.<ref name=fes>{{cite web| last =Transcribed by the Right Reverend Dr. Terry Brown | title=ELIZABETH COLENSO: Her work for the Melanesian Mission, by her eldest granddaughter Francis Edith Swabey 1956|date=2007|url= http://anglicanhistory.org/oceania/colenso1956.html|access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> She became aware that William was the father of Wiremu, a child born in 1850 to Ripeka Meretene, who was a member of the household.<ref name="dnzb-EFC"/> Only after William’s adultery became public knowledge in 1853 did they separate. Elizabeth continued to work for the CMS as a teacher at the Kaitotehe Mission near [[Mount Taupiri]] in the Waikato.<ref name=fes/> In the 1860s she worked on the manuscripts of the translation of the Bible into a Māori, including correcting proofs and suggesting alternative translations.<ref name="dnzb-EFC"/>
* '''The Rev. Richard Davis''' and his wife Mary arrived on 7 May 1824.<ref name="FWW"/> He was a farmer and established a garden at the [[Paihia]] Mission. In 1830 he established a farm at [[Te Waimate mission]] and remained there until 1845.<ref name="HTWC"/> He was ordained on [[Trinity Sunday]] 1843.<ref name="RD">{{cite book |last1=Coleman|first1= John Noble |title= A Memoir of the Rev. Richard Davis – Chapter IX. Missionary Operations...1843...1852|url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=1158&page=0&action=null|year=1865|page=363}}</ref><ref name="NE1844"/><ref name="Nov1844">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, November 1844 |work= Spiritual Awakening at Kaikohi, New Zealand — Need of Earnest Prayer|access-date=13 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1844_11/8| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="June1851">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, June 1851|work= Heke|access-date=18 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1850-1851_15/1| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]] }}</ref> He was appointed to [[Kaikohe]] from 1845 to 1854, then he returned to Te Waimate Mission from 1854 to 1863.<ref name="HTWC"/> Died 28 May 1863.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. Christopher Pearson Davies''', a surgeon, studied for his ordination in 1844 at St John’s College, when it was located at Te Waimate.<ref name="Aug1845">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, August 1845 |work= Desire of a Blind New Zealander for Scriptural Instruction|access-date=13 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1845_08/10| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> He married Marianne Williams, a daughter of [[Henry Williams (missionary)|Henry Williams]] and his wife [[Marianne Williams|Marianne]]. In 1846 Davies was at the Tuaranga Mission,<ref name="nzm"/> and after that until 1856 he was at the [[Ōpōtiki]] Mission.<ref name="HER">{{cite web |title=Widow of the Missionary |work= [[The New Zealand Herald]]| volume=LVI| issue=17332, 2 December 1919, Page 8|access-date=18 October 2015 |url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZH19191202.2.89| publisher =National Library of NZ}}</ref> Died 2/3 March 1861.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. William Charles Dudley''' and his wife Elizabeth arrived in 1842. Dudley worked at Te Papa Mission at Tauranga, Wairoa and the Kaweranga Mission on the [[Hauraki Gulf]].<ref name="nzm"/> His connection with the CMS ended on 28 October 1854.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''[[William Thomas Fairburn]]''', a carpenter, and his wife Sarah accompanied Marsden on his second visit to New Zealand in 1819.<ref name=fes/> In 1823 he was in Sydney and returned on board the ''Brampton'' with Henry & Marianne Williams;<ref name="FWW"/> In October 1833 he went with John Wilson, James Preece and John Morgan to establish a mission station at [[Puriri, New Zealand|Puriri]] on the [[Waihou River]].<ref name="CJW1">{{cite web| last = Wilson | first = C.J. |title= Missionary Life and Work in New Zealand, 1833 to 1862: Being the Private Journal of the Late Rev. John Alexander Wilson | publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (NZETC)|date =1889|url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=699&page=1&action=null| access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="NW">{{cite web| last =Watson | first =Norton | work = Ohinemuri Regional History Journal 14, October 1970| title =By way of Puriri Mission |url= http://www.ohinemuri.org.nz/journal/14/by_way_puriri_mission.htm| access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> In 1840 he was at the [[Maraetai Mission Station|mission station]] at [[Maraetai]],<ref name=fes/> and was at the Puriri Mission in 1842.<ref name="May1842">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, May 1842 |work= Great Love of the New Zealanders for the Word of God|access-date=11 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1842_05/3| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Aug1843">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, August 1843 |work= New Zealand Mission – Extracts from Two Letters From the Bishop of New Zealand |access-date=12 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1843_08/4 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> His daughter [[Elizabeth Fairburn Colenso|Elizabeth]] married [[William Colenso]].<ref name="LMR1874"/>
* '''Samuel Hayward Ford''' and his wife Martha arrived on 22 August 1837, and Ford began his duties as the missionary surgeon at Paihia.<ref name="TMR222">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=222 |date= 1838| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4066&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="JMRO">{{cite journal|last1= Owens |first1= J. M. R. |title= Missionary Medicine and Maori Health: The Record of the Wesleyan Mission to New Zealand Before 1840|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_81_1972/Volume_81%2C_No._4/Missionary_medicine_and_Maori_health%3A_the_record_of_the_Wesleyan_Mission_to_New_Zealand_before_1840%2C_by_J._M._R._Owens%2C_p_418-436/p1|year= 1972 |journal= The Journal of the Polynesian Society|volume=81|issue=4|pages=418–436}}</ref> He remained with the CMS until 1840,<ref name="CV">{{cite book |title= The Centenaru Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799–1899|url= https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf|year=1902|publisher=London : Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University}}</ref> when he moved to Te Wahapu Point, {{convert|4|km|mi}} south of Kororareka (nowadays [[Russell, New Zealand|Russell]]).<ref name="TS8">{{cite web|title=Samuel Hayward Ford: NZ's first resident surgeon|date= 15 November 2008| url= https://timespanner.blogspot.com/2008/11/samuel-hayward-ford-nzs-first-resident.html| access-date=11 March 2019}}</ref> As the result of the [[Flagstaff War]], he lived in Auckland from 1845 to 1849. He continued to practice as a surgeon and he established a hospital at Russell in 1858 “for destitute seamen and others”. He died on 19 July 1876.<ref name="TS8"/>
* '''The Rev. [[Thomas Samuel Grace]]''' and his wife Agnes arrived in July 1850. He replaced [[William Williams (bishop)|William Williams]] at Tūranga in [[Poverty Bay]] from 1850–1853, during the latter’s trip to Britain.<ref name="Wai900">{{cite web | last = Derby | first = Mark | title = Wai 900 – East Coast inquiry, 'Undisturbed Possession' – Te Tiriti o Waitangi and East Coast Māori 1840 – 1865 (Scoping Report) | publisher = Ruawaipu | date = July 2007 | url = http://www.ruawaipu.com/files/research_reports/Tiriti-o-Waitangi-scoping-report.pdf | access-date = 3 October 2011 | archive-date = 25 April 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120425015719/http://www.ruawaipu.com/files/research_reports/Tiriti-o-Waitangi-scoping-report.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> He established a mission station at [[Taupō]].<ref name="Jan1851">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, January 1851|work=The Aged Chief of Taupo|access-date=18 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1850-1851_10/9| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="May1874">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, May 1874|work= The Church Missionary House at Pukawa|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1874_05/10| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]] }}</ref> In 1865 the [[Pai Mārire]] ransacked his house.<ref name="Sept1865">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, September 1865|work= Death of the Rev. C. S Volkner|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1865_09/2| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> Grace, who had fled from Taupō to Ōpōtiki, was caught up in the [[Völkner Incident]]. In the 1870s he rebuilt the Taupō Mission.<ref name="Feb1877">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, February 1877|work= The Rev. T. S. Grace of New Zealand|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1877_02/2| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> Died 30 April 1879.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. [[Octavius Hadfield]]''' arrived in December 1838 and was ordained a minister at Paihia on 6 January 1839,<ref name="LMR1874"/> and in November of that year he travelled to [[Otaki, New Zealand|Otaki]] with Henry Williams, where he established a mission station.<ref>{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1842 |work= Remarkable Introduction and Rapid Extension of the Gospel in the Neighbourhood of Cook's Straits|access-date=10 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1842_03/4| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Nov1852">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, November 1852|work= Tamahana Te Rauparaha (part 3) |access-date=18 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1852_11/6| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> He was appointed as [[Archdeacon]] of [[Kāpiti Coast|Kāpiti]], then [[Diocese of Wellington|Bishop of Wellington]] from 1870 to 1893 and [[Archbishop of New Zealand|Primate of New Zealand]] from 1890 to 1893.<ref name="BBD"/> Died 11 December 1904.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''Francis Hall''' arrived 12 August 1819 and remained until 1823.<ref name="LMR1874"/>
* '''William Hall''' and his wife Dinah arrived on ''Active'' on 22 December 1814.<ref name="FWW"/> Hall was a ship-carpenter. He drew the plans for ''Herald'' and worked on her construction.<ref name="Fitzgerald2011-2">{{cite book |last1= Fitzgerald |first1= Caroline |title= Te Wiremu: Henry Williams – Early Years in the North |year=2011|publisher=Huia Publishers, New Zealand |isbn=978-1-86969-439-5 |page=52 }}</ref><ref name="HW1"/> He left for Sydney in ill-health in 1824 on ''Herald''{{'}}s maiden voyage.<ref name="LMR1874"/>
* '''The Rev. James Hamlin''', [[Phormium tenax|flax]] dresser and weaver, and his wife Elizabeth arrived in March 1826 with William and Jane Williams.<ref name="FWW"/> He served as a [[Catechism|catechist]] at [[Te Waimate mission]] and later at the mission stations at [[Kerikeri]] and Mangapouri, (near [[Te Awamutu]] on the northern bank of the [[Puniu River]], near where it joins the [[Waipā River]]). In 1836 he became the head of the Manukau Mission. In 1844 his son [[Ebenezer Hamlin]] was born and Hamlin was ordained a [[deacon]] and sent to [[Wairoa]], [[Hawkes Bay]];<ref name="WWTJ40"/> in 1863 he was ordained a minister.<ref name="LMR1874"/> Died 15 November 1865.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''John King''' and his wife Hannah arrived on the ''Active'' on 22 December 1814. He was a shoemaker by trade; with the CMS he was employed as a [[Catechism|catechist]], teaching the Māori at the Oihi Mission, and when that mission station was closed, in 1832 he and James Shepherd moved their families to Te Puna Mission on the [[Purerua Peninsula]].<ref name="AM8">{{cite book |last1= Middleton |first1= Angela |title= Te Puna – A New Zealand Mission Station: Historical Archaeology in New Zealand|year=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-387-77620-0}}</ref> He also served at [[Rangihoua]].<ref name="FWW"/> King was engaged in work to effect improvement in the dressing of [[Phormium tenax|flax]] (harakeke in Māori).<ref name=Carleton22>Carleton 1874, Vol I. p. 26.</ref> He was still with the CMS in 1845.<ref name="nzm45"/>
* '''James Kemp''' and his wife Charlotte arrived 12 August 1819.<ref name="LMR1874"/> Kemp was a [[Catechism|catechist]], school teacher and blacksmith at [[Kerikeri]]; he was the keeper of the mission stores at the Kerikeri mission and lived at [[Mission House]].<ref name="LMR1874"/><ref name="FWW"/>
* '''The Rev. [[Thomas Kendall]]''' and his wife Jane arrived on the ''Active'' on 22 December 1814. He was dismissed from the CMS in August 1822.<ref name="LMR1874"/>
* '''[[George Kissling|George Adam Kissling]]''' and [[Margaret Kissling]] worked at the Kawakawa ([[Hicks Bay]]) Mission from 1843 to 1846.<ref name="WWTJ40"/><ref name="Aug1844">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, August 1844 |work= Formation of a Station at Kauakaua, Hick’s Bay|access-date=13 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1844_08/8| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Jan1844">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, January 1845 |work= Missionary Tour in the Eastern District of New Zealand|access-date=13 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1845_01/13| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Aug1846">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, August 1846|work= Influence of a Missionary in Reconciling Contending Parties of New Zealanders |access-date=16 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1846_08/10| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> His ill-health forced a move to Auckland.<ref name="July1851"/> In 1846 the Kisslings established a Māori girls boarding school in Kohimarama and 1851 the Kisslings established St. Stephen’s School for Native Girls in Parnell; while the girls school closed in 1860, St. Stephen’s School became a theological college for Māori clergy. George Kissling died 9 November 1865.<ref name="BBD"/> Margaret Kissling died on 20 September 1891.<ref name="DNZB Kissling">{{DNZB|title=Margaret Kissling|first= Joan C.|last= Stanley|id=1k13|accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref>
* '''The Rev. Thomas Lanfear''' was appointed a deacon on 18 June 1848 and ordained as a priest on 3 June 1849. Lanfear and his wife Frances arrived in 1849 and was appointed to the [[Puriri, New Zealand|Puriri]] Mission in December 1849 and remained until January 1865.<ref name="BBD"/><ref name="TL">{{cite web| last =Wilton | first =David| work = Hauraki Mission Station (Puriri and Parawai sites)| title =The Treasury Journal, Vol 1 |date =2008|url= http://www.thetreasury.org.nz/HaurakiMission/HaurakiMission.htm| access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref>
* '''The Rev. Samuel Marsden Knight''' (a nephew of [[Samuel Marsden]]) arrived in June 1835.<ref name="LMR1874"/> In 1836 he was teaching at [[Ohinemutu]] near Rotorua. His connection with the CMS ended in 1865.<ref name="CV"/> Died in 1890 in Penshurst, Australia.
* '''The Rev. John Mason''' attended the CMS College at Islington, London. He was appointed at deacon on 22 September 1839. Mason and his wife Martha arrived in 1840 and established a mission station at [[Whanganui]].<ref name="LMR1874"/> He was ordained as a priest on 25 September 1842 at Wellington.<ref name="TMR386">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=386 |date= 1843| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3980&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> He drowned on 5 January 1843 while crossing the [[Turakina River]].<ref>{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, July 1843 |work= Progress of the Gospel in the Western District of New Zealand – the death of Rev J Mason|access-date=12 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1843_07/9| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>
* '''The Rev. Joseph Matthews''' arrived in 1832.<ref name="LMR1874"/> He attended the CMS College, Islington in 1830. He arrived in New Zealand on 26 March 1832 and was appointed a catechist teacher at Te Waimate Mission. He married Mary Ann Davis on 16 December 1833 at Te Waimate. He attended the St. John's College at Te Waimate in 1843. He and [[William Gilbert Puckey]] established a mission station at [[Kaitaia]]. He was appointed a deacon on 22 September 1844 at Te Waimate and on 7 August 1859 he was ordained a priest at Auckland. Matthews remained in Kaitaia until he retired in 1883.<ref name="May1842"/><ref>{{cite web |first = Joseph | last = Matthews|title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, August 1841 |work=A Church Mission in New Zealand|access-date=9 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1841_05/2| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, June 1843 |work= Death of a Native Christian Chief in New Zealand|access-date=12 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1843_06/11| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Sept1846">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, September 1846|work=Hopeful Deaths of New-Zealand Converts|access-date=16 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1846_09/10| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="May1847 ">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, May 1847|work=Baptism and Death of a Pious New-Zealand Chief|access-date=16 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1847_05/7| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]] }}</ref> Died 3 November 1895.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''Richard Matthews''' was the brother of Joseph Matthews. Richard Matthews arrived in 1835. He married Johanna Blomfield, sister of Mrs Martha Blomfield Clarke who was the wife of George Clarke. He served the CMS in Kaitaia, then was transferred to the Whanganui Mission.<ref name="Pre1828rm">{{cite web|title= Richard Matthews| publisher=Pre 1839 Settlers in New Zealand|url= https://sites.google.com/site/pre1839settlersinnz/home/notes/richard-matthews| access-date=11 October 2015}}</ref>
* '''The Rev. [[Robert Maunsell (missionary)|Robert Maunsell]]''' attended the CMS College at Islington, London in 1832. He was appointed as a deacon on 22 December 1833 and he was ordained a priest on 21 December 1834. Maunsell and his wife Susan arrived in 1835 and he was sent to establish the Maraetai Mission at Waikato Heads at [[Port Waikato]] in the same year.<ref name="LMR1874"/><ref name="HP"/> He continued at the Manukau Mission into the 1840s.<ref name="nzm"/> From 1849 – 1865 he worked at the Kohanga Mission at the Waikato Heads. Maunsell worked with [[William Williams (bishop)|William Williams]] on the translation of the Bible. Maunsell focused on the [[Old Testament]], portions of which were published in 1840 with the full translation completed in 1857. He became a leading scholar of the Māori language. His son George joined the CMS. He died 19 April 1894.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. [[John Morgan (missionary)|John Morgan]]''' attended the CMS College at Islington, London in 1832. He arrived in New Zealand in 1833, and in December of that year he worked with William Fairburn, John Wilson and James Preece to establish the Puriri Mission at Thames.<ref name="CJW1"/><ref name="TL"/> He moved to the Mangapouri Mission in May 1835.<ref name="Nov1850">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, November 1850|work=Bible Class at Matamata|access-date=17 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1850-1851_08/2| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> On 26 August 1835 he married Maria Mathew Coldham, the sister of Marianne Williams. In 1842 he moved to the mission station at [[Te Awamutu|Otawhao]].<ref name="LMR1874"/><ref name="Jan1852"/><ref name="May1842"/><ref>{{cite web |first = John | last = Morgan |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1841 |work=Horrors Attending New Zealand Warfare|access-date=9 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1841_09/9| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Dec1846">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1846|work=The Station of Otawao, New Zealand|access-date=16 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1846_12/12| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> In 1849 he attended the St. John's College in Auckland and was appointed a deacon on 24 June 1849. In 1846 Morgan helped to construct 3 water mills that were built by the local Māori to mill wheat for sale.<ref name="HP"/><ref name="Aug1847">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, August 1847|work=Advancement of New Zealanders in Civilization|access-date=16 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1847_08/9| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> On 18 December 1853 he was ordained as a priest. In the early 1860s he acted as a government agent and reported on the [[Māori King Movement]] in the Waikato. His activities resulted in his expulsion from Otawhao in April 1863 following the [[Invasion of the Waikato]] by colonial government forces.<ref name="BBD"/> He acted as a chaplain to the military forces in 1863–64. He resigned from the CMS in October 1864 and died on 8 June 1865.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''Henry Miles Pilley''', [[Catechism|catechist]] and carpenter, arrived in February 1834 and worked in the Rotorua district.<ref name="LMR1874"/><ref name="HP"/><ref name="HP36">{{cite book |last1= Pilley|first1= Henry Miles |title= The New Zealand missionary|url= http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-52836292/view?partId=nla.obj-99861089#page/n5/mode/1up |year=1838|publisher=Cheltenham : William Wight, digital publication: [[National Library of Australia]] (NLA)}}</ref> His connection with the CMS ended in 1838.<ref name="CV"/>
* '''James Preece''', [[Catechism|catechist]], arrived in 1830 and in December 1833 he worked with William Fairburn, John Wilson and John Morgan to establish the [[Puriri, New Zealand|Puriri]] Mission;<ref name="LMR1874"/><ref name="CJW1"/><ref name="TL"/> and continued at that mission into the 1840s.<ref name="nzm"/><ref name="Aug1843"/> He moved to Kauwaeranga (near [[Thames, New Zealand|Shortland]]), then from 1847 to 1856 he was a missionary at Ahikareru, near [[Te Whaiti]] in [[Te Urewera]].<ref name="MT1">{{cite web| title = War Veterans|date= 16 January 1913|publisher=Manawatu Times| volume=LXV| issue=1824| url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/MT19130116.2.11| access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="Pre1828jp">{{cite web|title= Preece family| publisher=Pre 1839 Settlers in New Zealand|url= https://sites.google.com/site/pre1839settlersinnz/home/notes/preece-family| access-date=18 October 2015}}</ref> His connection with the CMS ended in 1837.<ref name="CV"/> Preece was buried at [[Coromandel, New Zealand|Coromandel]] in 1870.<ref name="JP">{{cite web| last =Wilton | first =David| work = The Hauraki Mission Station (HMS) Parawai Site| title =The Treasury Journal, Vol 3 |date =2010|url= http://www.thetreasury.org.nz/ParawaiUpdate/ParawaiUpdate.htm| access-date=1 November 2015}}</ref>
* '''William Puckey''', carpenter, arrived on 12 August 1819 with his wife Margery, son William Gilbert, and daughter Elizabeth. William and Margery left the mission in 1826.
* '''[[William Gilbert Puckey]]''' arrived with his parents in 1819, then joined the CMS in 1821. He helped build, then served as the [[Mate (naval officer)|mate]] of the 55-foot [[schooner]] ''Herald''.<ref name="LMR1874"/> He went to Sydney with his parents in 1826 then returned to the Bay of Islands the following year. He and Joseph Matthews established the [[Kaitaia]] Mission in 1834.<ref name="FWW" /> As he had become fluent in the Māori language since arriving as a boy of 14, he was a useful translator for the CMS mission, including collaborating with [[William Williams (bishop)|William Williams]] on the translation of the New Testament in 1837 and its revision in 1844.<ref name="LMR1874"/>
* '''The Rev. Charles Lucas Reay''' arrived in 1842 and was first located in [[Cloudy Bay]] and then at [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]] in 1844,<ref name="TMR411">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=411–414|date= 1845| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=4025&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="nzm45-1">{{cite web|title= New Zealand Mission|pages= 411–414|date= 1845|url=https://archive.org/details/1845CMSMissionaryRegister | publisher = Missionary Register| access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> then he was transferred to [[Rangitukia]] at East Cape in 1847, where he died on 11 March 1848.<ref name="BBD"/><ref name="July1851"/><ref name="Grace1"/>
* '''James Shepherd''' visited with Marsden in 1817 and was placed at the Oihi Mission, and when that mission station was closed in 1832 he and John King moved their families to Te Puna Mission Station on the [[Purerua Peninsula]].<ref name="AM8"/> He was a skilled gardener, who taught the Māori how to plant vegetables, fruit and trees. He was generally employed among the different tribes, instructing them in the Christian religion, as he understood the Māori language better than any of the other missionaries at that time.<ref name="LMR1874"/><ref name="FWW"/> He and his wife Harriet also served at the mission stations at [[Rangihoua]], [[Kaeo]], and at [[Whangaroa]].<ref name="LMR1874"/>
* '''The Rev. [[Seymour Mills Spencer]]''' from [[Hartford, Connecticut]], arrived in Auckland in 1842 with his wife Ellen Stanley Spencer and was stationed at the Te Papa Mission at Tauranga and also working at Rotorua from 23 November 1843.<ref name="HP"/> Spencer was ordained to be the deacon for the district of Taupō on 24 September 1843,<ref name="NE1844"/> but ended up being posted to the Rotorua Mission. Spencer was at the [[Maketu]] Mission in 1844.<ref name="Oct1854">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, October 1854 |work= Leonard, of Rotorua|access-date=18 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1854_10/5| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> In 1944 the couple established the first missionary station at [[Lake Tarawera]]; working with the local Māori they built a European-styled community called [[Te Wairoa (village)|Te Wairoa]]. He was suspended from the CMS in 1844, then rejoined the CMS in 1849 and was stationed at Ōpōtiki until about 1855;<ref name="MR51">{{cite book |title= Missionary Register| volume=39|year=1851|publisher=Seeley, Jackson, & Halliday |page=221}}</ref><ref name="MR55">{{cite book |title= Missionary Register| volume=43|year=1855|publisher=Seeley, Jackson, & Halliday |page=255}}</ref> then the couple returned to the Te Wairoa mission station and remained there until 1883.<ref name="CV"/> Died 30 April 1898.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. [[James Stack (missionary)|James Stack]]''', arrived in New Zealand on 8 October 1827.<ref name="HW8-2">{{cite web| work= Williams, H. The Early Journals of Henry Williams, p. 479-494|title= Appendix IV – The Herald (H. Williams, Journal, 9 October 1827) |date =1961 |url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=3826&page=1&action=null|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> He was a [[Wesleyanism|Wesleyan]] missionary at [[Kaeo]]; then he later joined the CMS and in 1835 he was sent to the Puriri Mission at Thames where his son [[James West Stack]] was born.<ref name="BBD"/> In 1839 Stack and his wife Mary joined [[William Williams (bishop)|William Williams]] at the Tūranga Mission in [[Poverty Bay]];<ref name="LMR1874"/><ref name="WWTJ40"/> and in 1859 he was in the Waikato.<ref name="Oct1859">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, October 1859|work= United Meeting of the Schools in the Waikato District|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1859_10/5| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> His connection with the CMS ended in 1860.<ref name="CV"/> Died 18 April 1883.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. [[Richard Taylor (missionary)|Richard Taylor]]''' and his wife Mary arrived in 1836 on the ''Achilles''.<ref name="CJW">{{cite web| last = Wilson | first = C.J. |title= Missionary Life and Work in New Zealand, 1833 to 1862: Being the Private Journal of the Late Rev. John Alexander Wilson | publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (NZETC)|date =1889|url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=701&page=0&action=null | access-date=3 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="BBD"/><ref name="April1874-1">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, April 1874|work= The Late Rev. R. Taylor|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1874_04/1| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> In September 1839 he succeeded William Williams as principal of the boys’ school at Te Waimate Mission and remained there until 1842.<ref name="HTWC"/><ref name="WWTJ67">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1= William |title= The Turanga journals, 1840–1850|url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=3676&action=null |year=1974|publisher=F. Porter (Ed) |pages=32 & 67 }}</ref><ref name="Mar1844">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1844 |work= A Native Congregation at Waimate – Contrast between the Past and the Present|access-date=13 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1844_03/10| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> The Revd Taylor moved to join the [[Whanganui]] Mission in 1842.<ref name="LMR1874"/> Died 10 October 1873.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''John Telford''', Colenso's successor as mission printer,<ref name="TMR108">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=108–109|date= 1844| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3980&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> was stationed at Otaki from about 1840. He went to England at the end of 1847 to study at the CSM Islington Institute. He returned to New Zealand in 1849 and spent 10 months at St John's College. He fell out with Bishop Selwyn and left the College to work as a catechist at [[Pipiriki]] under Richard Taylor.<ref name="WWTJ525">{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1= William |title= The Turanga journals, 1840–1850|url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3695&page=0&action=null|year=1974|publisher=F. Porter (Ed)|page=525}}</ref> He was at Whanganui in 1851,<ref name="MR51"/> and at Pipiriki in 1853.<ref name="MR1853"/> His connection with the CMS ended in 1853.<ref name="WWTJ525"/>
* '''The Rev. [[Carl Sylvius Völkner]]''' was sent to New Zealand by the [[North German Missionary Society]], arriving in August 1849. In 1852 he offered his services to CMS and assisted the Revd [[Robert Maunsell (missionary)|Robert Maunsell]], by teaching in the school at the Manukau Mission.<ref name="March1853">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1853|work= Native Traits and Gospel Influence|access-date=18 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1853_03/1| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> He married Emma Lanfear, sister of a CMS missionary. Völkner was ordained a priest in 1861 and took charge of the CMS mission station at [[Ōpōtiki]] in August that year. On 1 March 1865 he was captured by the [[Pai Mārire]] led by Patara, a chief, and [[Kereopa Te Rau]], a Pai Mārire prophet.<ref name="Sept1865"/><ref name=DNZB>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Völkner, Carl Sylvius |first=Evelyn |last=Stokes |encyclopedia= Dictionary of New Zealand Biography |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1v5/volkner-carl-sylvius |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |location=Wellington, New Zealand |date=30 October 2012}}</ref> Völkner was hanged and decapitated at his church grounds on 2 March 1865 in what became known as the [[Völkner Incident]].<ref name="BBD"/><ref name=DNZB/><ref>{{cite web |title=Carl Volkner |work= New Zealand History Online |url= https://nzhistory.govt.nz/people/carl-volkner |publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage |location=Wellington, New Zealand |date=3 March 2014}}</ref>
* '''William Richard Wade''' and his wife Sarah arrived in December 1834 and worked with William Colenso at [[Paihia]]. In 1835 he took over as the superintendent of the printing press.<ref name="TMR471">{{cite web|title=The Missionary Register|pages=471 |date= 1835| url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=3125&page=0&action=null| publisher =[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library | access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> He later established Te Papa Mission at [[Tauranga]] in 1836.<ref name="LMR1874"/> His connection with the CMS ended in 1840.<ref name="CV"/>
* '''The Rev. [[John Alexander Wilson (missionary)|John Alexander Wilson]]''' retired from the navy and in 1832 he joined the CMS as a lay missionary. In 1833, he and William Fairburn, John Morgan and James Preece opened a mission station at Puriri on the [[Waihou River]],<ref name="CJW1"/> and in 1836 he and William Wade went to Te Papa Mission at [[Tauranga]]. His wife Anne Wilson died on 23 November 1838, leaving her four young sons, including [[John Wilson (businessman)|John Alexander Wilson]] to be brought up by their father.<ref name="DNZB Wilson">{{DNZB|Rorke|Jinty|2w29|John Alexander Wilson|30 January 2016}}</ref> In 1840 he established a mission station at Ōpōtiki.<ref name="nzm"/><ref name="Jan1844"/><ref>{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, October 1842 |work= Anxiety of a New Zealander of Rank for the Word of God|access-date=11 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1842_10/10| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> He was ordained a [[deacon]] in 1852.<ref name="LMR1874"/> in 1860 he was a missionary-chaplain to [[First Taranaki War|Māori war-parties]] at [[Waitara, New Zealand|Waitara, Taranaki]]. His connection with the CSM ended on 21 January 1868.<ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. [[Henry Williams (missionary)|Henry Williams]]''' and [[Marianne Williams]] arrived in the Bay of Islands in 1823. Henry Williams was appointed as the leader of the CMS mission in New Zealand.<ref name="BBD"/><ref name="CARv2"/> In 1844 Williams was installed as [[Archdeacon]] of Te Waimate in the [[diocese]] centered at [[Te Waimate mission]].<ref name="CARv2"/>
* '''The Rev. [[William Williams (bishop)|William Williams]]''' and [[Jane Williams (missionary)|Jane Williams]] arrived in the Bay of Islands in 1826.<ref name="Fitzgerald2004-x">{{cite book |last1= Fitzgerald |first1= Caroline |title= Marianne Williams: Letters from the Bay of Islands |year=2004|publisher=Penguin Books, New Zealand |isbn=0-14-301929-5 |page=103 }}</ref> William Williams led the CMS missionaries in translating the Bible into Māori and he also published an early dictionary and grammar of the [[Māori (language)|Māori language]]. Williams was appointed [[Archdeacon]] of the East Cape [[diocese]] and later as the first [[Bishop of Waiapu]].<ref name="WWTJ37"/><ref name="BBD"/>
* '''The Rev. [[William Yate]]''' arrived in the Bay of Islands on 19 January 1828.<ref name="Yate">{{cite book |last1= Yate|first1= William|title= An Account of New Zealand: And of the Formation and Progress of the Church Missionary Society's Mission in the Northern Island |url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/1867_-_Williams%2C_William._Christianity_among_the_New_Zealanders |year=1835|publisher=R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside }}</ref> He was appointed to lead [[Te Waimate mission]].<ref name="HTWC"/><ref>{{cite web|first=Binney|last=Judith|title = Yate, William – Biography|date =1 September 2010|url= http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/1y1/1|publisher=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|access-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> His personal life became a matter of controversy and he was dismissed from the CMS on 24 February 1837.<ref name="BBD"/>

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Christianity|New Zealand}}
* [[Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia]]
* [[Bible translations into Oceanic languages]]
* [[History of Christian missions]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in India]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in China]]

==Bibliography==
'''CMS in New Zealand''':

* ''Mission and Moko: aspects of the work of the Church Missionary Society in New Zealand, 1814–1882'', Robert Glen (editor) Latimer Fellowship of New Zealand (1992) {{ISBN|047301646X}}
* {{cite book |last1= Barton |first1= R. J.|title= Earliest New Zealand: the Journals and Correspondence of the Rev. John Butler |year= 1927 |publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library|url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1455&action=null }}
*{{cite book |editor-last1= Coleman |editor-first1= John Noble |title= Memoir of the Rev. Richard Davis |year= 1865 |publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB), University of Auckland Library|url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=1157&page=1&action=null}}
* {{Aut|Carleton, Hugh}} (1874) – ''The life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate'', Volume I. Auckland NZ. [http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=1038&action=null Online available] from [[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB).
* {{Aut|Carleton, Hugh}} (1877) – ''The life of Henry Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate'', Volume II. Auckland NZ. [http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=1046&action=null Online available] from [[Early New Zealand Books]] (ENZB).
* {{Aut|Fitzgerald, Caroline}} (2004) – ''Letters from the Bay of Islands'', Sutton Publishing Limited, United Kingdom; {{ISBN|0-7509-3696-7}} (Hardcover). Penguin Books, New Zealand, (Paperback) {{ISBN|0-14-301929-5}}
* {{Aut|Fitzgerald, Caroline}} (2011) -''Te Wiremu – Henry Williams: Early Years in the North'', Huia Press, New Zealand, (Paperback) {{ISBN|978-1-86969-439-5}}
* Grace, D., ''A Driven Man – Missionary Thomas Samuel Grace 1815–1879: His Life and Letters'', Wellington : Ngaio Press, 2004
* Pilditch, Jan (editor) ''The Letters and Journals of Reverend John Morgan, Missionary at Otawhao, 1833–1865'', Volumes 1 and 2. The Grimsay Press, 2010. In association with the University of Waikato.
* {{cite book |last1= Pilley|first1= Henry Miles |title= The New Zealand missionary|url= http://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-52836292/view?partId=nla.obj-99861089#page/n5/mode/1up |year=1838|publisher=Cheltenham : William Wight, digital publication: [[National Library of Australia]] (NLA)}}
* {{cite book |last1= Savage|first1= John|title= An Account of New Zealand: And of the Formation and Progress of the Church Missionary Society's Mission in the Northern Island |url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/1867_-_Williams%2C_William._Christianity_among_the_New_Zealanders |year=1835|publisher=R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside }}
* {{cite web|first= Eugene|last= Stock |title = The Story of the New Zealand Mission| date =1913|url= http://anglicanhistory.org/nz/stock1913/ |access-date=4 March 2019}}
* Williams, Henry, ''The Early Journals of Henry Williams 1826 to 1840'', Rogers, Lawrence M. (editor) Christchurch : Pegasus Press (1961). [https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-RogEarl.html online available] at [[New Zealand Electronic Text Centre]] (NZETC)
* Williams, William, ''Christianity among the New Zealanders''. London (1867). [https://archive.org/details/christianityamon00willrich Online available ] from Archive.org.
* Williams, William, ''The Turanga Journals, 1840–1850''. Ed. F. Porter. Wellington, 1974 [http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document?wid=3676&action=null Online available ] from ENZB
* {{cite web| last = Williams| first = Frederic Wanklyn|title= Through Ninety Years, 1826–1916: Life and Work Among the Maoris in New Zealand: Notes of the Lives of William and William Leonard Williams, First and Third Bishops of Waiapu| publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (NZETC)|url= http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WilThro-t1-front-d6.html }}
* {{cite web |editor-last1= Wilson| editor-first1 = C.J.|title= Missionary Life and Work in New Zealand, 1833 to 1862: Being the Private Journal of the Late Rev. John Alexander Wilson | publisher=[[Early New Zealand Books]] (NZETC)|date =1889|url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=704&page=0&action=null}}
* {{cite book |last1= Yate|first1= William|title= An Account of New Zealand: And of the Formation and Progress of the Church Missionary Society's Mission in the Northern Island |url= http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=51&action=null |year=1835|publisher=R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://anglicanhistory.org/nz/index.html Anglicanism in New Zealand]
*[http://www.nzcms.org.nz/ New Zealand CMS]
*[http://www.cms.org.au/ CMS Australia]
*[http://www.cms-uk.org/ CMS Britain]
*[http://www.cmsireland.org/ CMS Ireland]
*[http://worldmissionnewsfeed.blogspot.com/ World Mission News from CMS]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071208064614/http://maxcast.com/cms_missionaries/ CMS mission videos]

{{Protestant missions to Pacific Islands}}

[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1892]]
[[Category:Church of England missions]]
[[Category:Church of England missionary societies]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Anglican organizations]]
[[Category:Anglican organizations established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Anglicanism in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in New Zealand]]

Evangelical Anglicanism

2025-10-20T00:58:11Z

YourUsername: 1 revision imported

{{short description|Tradition within Anglicanism}}
{{use Oxford spelling|date=July 2017}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}

[[File:All Souls Church.jpg|thumb|[[All Souls Church, Langham Place]] is an evangelical congregation in the [[Church of England]].]]

'''Evangelical Anglicanism''' or '''Evangelical Episcopalianism''' is a tradition or [[Churchmanship|church party]] within [[Anglicanism]] that shares affinity with broader [[evangelicalism]]. Evangelical Anglicans share with other evangelicals the attributes of "conversionism, activism, biblicism and crucicentrism" identified by historian [[David Bebbington]] as central to evangelical identity. The emergence of evangelical churchmanship can be traced back to the [[First Great Awakening]] in America and the Evangelical Revival in Britain in the 18th century. In the 20th century, prominent figures have included [[John Stott]] and [[J. I. Packer]].{{Sfn| Harp | 2005 | pp = 180–181}}

In contrast to the [[high church|high-church]] party, evangelicals emphasize [[Religious experience|experiential religion]] of the heart over the importance of [[liturgical]] forms. As a result, evangelicals are often described as being [[low church]], but these terms are not always interchangeable because ''low church'' can also describe individuals or groups that are not evangelical.{{Sfn| Harp | 2005 | p = 180}}

==Description==
In contrast to [[Anglo-Catholics]], [[evangelical]] Anglicans stress the [[English Reformation|Reformed]], [[Protestant]] nature of [[Anglicanism]].{{Sfn| Chapman | 2006 | p = 68}} Historically, evangelicals have come from both [[Calvinism in the Church of England|Calvinist]] as well as [[Arminian]] backgrounds.{{Sfnm |1a1=Harp |1y=2005 |1p=182 |2a1=Joint Implementation Commission of the Covenant between the Methodist Church of Great Britain and the Church of England |2y=2008 |2pp=119–121}}

According to [[J. I. Packer]], evangelicals stress the [[biblical authority|supremacy of scripture]]; the majesty of Jesus Christ; the lordship of the Holy Spirit; the necessity of [[Conversion to Christianity|conversion]] (either instantaneous or gradual)<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.lausanne.org/content/the-work-of-the-holy-spirit-in-conviction-and-conversion | title = The Work of the Holy Spirit in Conviction and Conversion | last = Packer | first = J. I. | date = 5 May 2018 | publisher = Lausanne Movement | access-date = 22 October 2020 | quote = Psychologically, conversions take countless forms. Some are quiet, some tumultuous. Some are quick and clear, occurring the moment the gospel is understood, others take years before faith in Christ is confidently professed. Some occur so early in life that there is no conscious memory of them; some are deathbed occurrences. | archive-date = 26 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201026073358/https://www.lausanne.org/content/the-work-of-the-holy-spirit-in-conviction-and-conversion | url-status = live }}</ref> and a [[Born again|new birth]]; the priority of [[evangelism]] and the importance of [[Koinonia|fellowship]].<ref name="Packer, J I 1978, page 20">Packer, J I, The Evangelical Identity Problem, Latimer Study 1, 1978, Latimer House; page 20</ref> The historian Gillis Harp adds that the [[substitutionary atonement]] of [[Jesus Christ]] is the focus of their preaching. Harp also claims that Evangelicals stress the need for a [[Conversion to Christianity|conversion experience]], however Packer specifically denies that this is the case.{{Sfn| Harp | 2005 | p = 181}}<ref name="Packer, J I 1978, page 20"/> Evangelical Anglicans have been particularly fierce critics of [[Ritualism in the Church of England|ritualism]] and [[sacerdotalism]].{{Sfn| Chapman | 2006 | p = 68}}

With respect to [[baptismal regeneration]], evangelicals hold baptism to be "part of a process of regeneration, a step before eventual 'rebirth'."{{Sfn| Wilcox | 2014 | p = 80}}<ref name=Butlerquote>{{harvnb| Butler | 1995 | p = 194}}: "When the infant grew to adulthood and experienced spiritual regeneration, then baptismal regeneration would be made effective."</ref> Evangelical Anglicans hold a [[Reformed baptismal theology|Reformed view of baptism]] understood in light of [[covenant theology]] in which baptism seals or pledges the blessings of the [[New Covenant]] to the individual Christian. However, [[Regeneration (theology)|regeneration]] is not simultaneous with baptism. In the case of [[infant baptism]], the [[Anglican sacraments|sacrament]] "signifies and seals to them graces which they still need to receive later by faith."{{Sfn| Stott | 1998 | p = 6–7}}

Evangelicals maintain a [[Lord's Supper in Reformed theology|Reformed view of Holy Communion]], believing that [[real presence of Christ in the Eucharist|Christ is spiritually or mystically present]] to the believer by faith, rather than corporeally present in the elements themselves.<ref name=Budziszewskiquote>{{harvnb| Budziszewski | 2006 | p = 20}}: "For example, many evangelical Anglicans acknowledge the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist."</ref><ref name=Scotlandquote>{{harvnb| Scotland | 2004 | p = 355}}: "Bishop Ryle was clear that there is 'a spiritual presence of Christ in the Lord's Supper to every faithful communicant, but no local corporal presence in the bread and wine to any communicant'. This, he went on to assert, 'is evidently the uniform doctrine of the Church of England'. Ryle was quite specific as to the meaning of 'a spiritual presence'. He spelt it out as follows: 'But we by the real spiritual presence of Christ do understand Christ to be present, as the Spirit of God is present, in the hearts of the faithful by blessing and grace; and this is all which we mean'".</ref> According to this view, known as [[receptionism]], the [[Body of Christ|body]] and [[blood of Christ]] are received spiritually by [[Faith in Christianity|faith]].{{sfn| Kennedy | 2016 | p = 243}}

==By region==

===Church of England===
{{See|History of the Church of England}}

====19th century====
Evangelicalism emerged from the religious revivals of the 18th century.{{Sfn| Harp | 2005 | pp = 180–181}} While previous movements in the [[Church of England]] had revolved around issues of church order and authority, evangelicals stressed lifestyle, doctrine and conduct. Evangelicals emphasized domestic religion, especially family prayer. Evangelical concern for the moral reform of society manifested itself in large scale support for [[Christian mission|missions]], [[Charity school|schools]], charitable societies for the poor, and the formation of the [[Society for the Suppression of Vice]]. It was also demonstrated by political campaigns in the [[British Parliament]], the most important being the movement to [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolish slavery]] led by [[William Wilberforce]]. Wilberforce was a prominent figure in a network of evangelical social reformers nicknamed the [[Clapham Sect]].{{Sfn| Chapman | 2006 | pp = 60–61}}

[[File:CharlesSimeon.jpg|thumb|[[Charles Simeon]] (1759–1836) was a leading evangelical cleric]]

[[Charles Simeon]] was the most influential leader of evangelical Anglicanism. He established the [[Simeon Trust]], a fund that became a major source of evangelical [[Advowson|patronage]]. By the time of his death, the Trust controlled the [[Benefice|livings]] of 42 churches, including [[Bath Abbey]]. He also helped to found the [[Church Missionary Society]] in 1799, which was meant to be an evangelical alternative to the high-church [[Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts]]. The society sponsored mission work in India, Africa, and Australia. In 1804, the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] was founded to provide Bibles in different languages to accompany the missionary work,{{Sfn| Chapman | 2006 | pp = 64–65}} though in 1831 there was a schism which led to the founding of the [[Trinitarian Bible Society]].{{fact|date=October 2024}}

Nineteenth-century evangelicals were fascinated with [[biblical prophecy]] as it related to future events, and some also promoted [[Christian Zionism]], the belief in the restoration of the [[Jews]] to Palestine. The London Society for Promotion of Christianity Amongst the Jews (now the [[Church's Ministry Among Jewish People]]) was created in 1809. In the 1830s, the [[7th Earl of Shaftesbury]], a leading evangelical, helped persuade [[Lord Palmerston]], the British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, to sponsor Jewish settlement. In 1841, [[Edward Bickersteth (priest)|Edward Bickersteth]] published ''The Restoration of the Jews to Their Own Land and the Final Blessedness of the Earth''.{{Sfn| Chapman | 2006 | p = 65}}

The first evangelical bishop, [[Henry Ryder]], was appointed to [[Bishop of Gloucester|Gloucester]] in 1815 by the [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Earl of Liverpool]] after initial objections that he was a "religious bishop".{{Sfn| Chapman | 2006 | p = 66}} The second evangelical bishop, [[Charles Sumner (bishop)|Charles Sumner]], [[Bishop of Winchester]], was not appointed until 1826, over 10 years later. His brother [[John Sumner (bishop)|John]] later became [[Bishop of Chester]] and then [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in 1848. The number of evangelical bishops grew afterwards, especially during Lord Palmerston's time as prime minister since he relied on Shaftesbury's advice when making appointments.{{Sfn| Chapman | 2006 | p = 67}} In the latter half of the 19th century, the leading evangelical was [[J. C. Ryle]], first [[Bishop of Liverpool]]. Ryle helped to found evangelical theological institutions such as [[Wycliffe Hall]] at the [[University of Oxford]] and [[Ridley Hall]] as alternatives to the diocesan-run colleges, which by this time were dominated by the ritualists.{{Sfn| Chapman | 2006 | p = 68}}

Evangelical insistence on the necessity of conversion provoked controversy within the Church of England over the doctrine of baptismal regeneration. Evangelicals rejected this doctrine, a position summarized by the Bishop of Winchester, who wrote, "I must look, notwithstanding his baptism, for the Scriptural evidence of his being a child of God."{{Sfn| Chapman | 2006 | p = 63}} The controversy came to a head in the late 1840s in what became known as the Gorham Judgment. In 1847, [[Henry Phillpotts]], [[Bishop of Exeter]], refused to induct [[George Cornelius Gorham]] as [[Vicar (Anglicanism)|vicar]] of a parish in Devon on the grounds that Gorham did not believe in baptismal regeneration. Gorham appealed the case all the way to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council|Privy Council]], which in 1850 ruled in Gorham's favour.{{Sfn| Chapman | 2006 | p = 63}}

In 1844, a number of congregations separated from the Church of England. They formed the [[Free Church of England]], a Protestant and reformed body, as a reaction to the ritualist movement.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

====20th century====
From the 1870s into the early 20th century, evangelicals came to feel increasingly marginalized as ritualism became more commonplace within the Church of England. As evangelicalism continued to lose ground to the high-church party, a split became apparent between [[Conservative Evangelicalism in Britain|conservative evangelicals]] and liberal evangelicals. Liberal evangelicals led by [[Vernon Storr]] coalesced into the Anglican Evangelical Group Movement. Their position was outlined in the 1923 collection of essays ''Liberal Evangelicalism'', which argued that evangelicalism had been discredited and needed to move away from strict notions of penal substitutionary atonement and scriptural infallibility. Conservatives accused liberal evangelicals of being no different from the older [[broad church]] liberals that evangelicals had always opposed.{{Sfn| Schlossberg | 2011 | pp = 86–87}}

In 1922, disaffected evangelicals left the Church Missionary Society over moves to broaden the society's theological boundaries and established the Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society (now known as [[Crosslinks]]). Soon, there were BCMS missionaries in Africa, Burma, and among the [[Inuit]]. In 1925, what would become [[Trinity College, Bristol|Trinity College]] in Bristol was established by the BCMS to train missionaries. Trinity, then known as Tyndale Hall, would maintain a conservative position, while other evangelical colleges like Ridley Hall would go in a more theologically open direction.{{Sfn| Chapman | 2006 | p = 70}} The two later merged to form the present college.

The failure of the [[Book of Common Prayer (1928, England)|1928 proposed Book of Common Prayer]] to be approved by Parliament was seen as a victory for evangelicals, though this was overturned when the [[Alternative Service Book|ASB]], and its successor [[Common Worship]], were approved in the latter part of the twentieth century.

Beginning in the 1960s, evangelicals began to emerge from isolation. In response to [[Congregationalist]] minister [[Martyn Lloyd-Jones]]' call for the formation of a pan-evangelical denomination, [[John Stott]] of [[All Souls, Langham Place]] founded the [[Church of England Evangelical Council]] in 1960 to act as a collective voice of all evangelicals within the Church, and delivered a strong assertion of Anglican identity at the [[National Evangelical Anglican Congress]] in 1967. This produced a greater willingness to remain within the Church of England and to change it from within. Influential organisations include the [[Reform (Anglican)|Reform]] network and the Proclamation Trust, which have worked to oppose [[Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion|women's ordination]] and [[Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion|permissive attitudes toward homosexuality]] in the Church of England. ''[[Churchman (journal)|Churchman]]'', published by the [[Church Society]], is an important journal for conservative evangelicals. The think tank [[Fulcrum (Anglican think tank)|Fulcrum]] and the journal ''Anvil'' represent the [[open evangelical]] perspective.{{Sfn| Chapman | 2006 | p = 71}}

====21st century====
As other church parties experienced decline in the 21st century, evangelicalism has seen a rise in influence and popularity within the Church of England. According to Peter Brierley, a researcher on church statistics, 40 per cent of Anglicans attended evangelical parishes.<ref>{{cite news | title = Hot and Bothered: The Rise of Evangelicalism Is Shaking Up the Established Church | newspaper = The Economist | location = London | date = 10 March 2012 | url = https://www.economist.com/britain/2012/03/10/hot-and-bothered | access-date = 1 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190328005221/https://www.economist.com/britain/2012/03/10/hot-and-bothered | archive-date = 28 March 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref> As of 2016, 70 percent of [[ordinand]]s were reported to be evangelical, and 18 out of 42 dioceses had evangelical bishops.<ref name="Turn Away" /> [[Justin Welby]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] since 2013, is an evangelical with connections to [[Holy Trinity Brompton]] in London. Evangelical growth in recent years has been aided by [[church planting]] and urban evangelisation. However, some liberals within the church have criticized the growing influence of evangelicalism as a threat to the inclusive, [[broad church]] values of the Church of England.<ref name="Turn Away">{{cite news | last = Sherwood | first = Harriet | title = As Traditional Believers Turn Away, Is This a New Crisis of Faith? | newspaper = The Observer |location=London| publisher = Guardian Media Group | date = 13 August 2016 | url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/13/church-of-england-evangelical-drive | access-date = 31 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190327213543/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/13/church-of-england-evangelical-drive | archive-date = 27 March 2019 | url-status = live}}</ref>

In December 2014, it was announced that the suffragan [[Bishop of Maidstone|see of Maidstone]] would be filled again in order to provide [[alternative episcopal oversight]] for particular members of the Church of England who take the conservative evangelical view on [[Complementarianism|male headship]] and object to the [[Ordination of women in the Anglican Communion|ordination of female bishops]]. On 23 September 2015, [[Rod Thomas (bishop)|Rod Thomas]] was consecrated Bishop of Maidstone.<ref name="thomas">{{cite press release |date=5 May 2015 |title=Suffragan Bishop of Maidstone announced |url= https://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/news/latest-news/news-archive-2015/suffragan-bishop-maidstone-announced|publisher=Archbishop of Canterbury |access-date=1 August 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190801035824/https://www.archbishopofcanterbury.org/news/latest-news/news-archive-2015/suffragan-bishop-maidstone-announced | archive-date = 1 August 2019 | url-status = live}}</ref> On 2 October 2022 Rod Thomas retired. He was replaced by [[Rob Munro (bishop)|Rob Munro]], [https://www.bishopofebbsfleet.org/the-bishop/ Bishop of Ebbsfleet] in 2023.

===Episcopal Church in the United States===
{{See|History of the Episcopal Church (United States)|Evangelicalism in the United States}}

====19th century====
[[File:Old St Pauls - 225 South 3rd St.JPG|thumb|Old St. Paul's Church in Philadelphia (now Episcopal Community Services) was a prominent evangelical Episcopal church in the 19th century. Its ministers included [[Stephen Tyng]].]]

In the 19th century, the newly organized [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]] was divided between two competing church parties, the high-church party led by [[John Henry Hobart]] and the evangelical party (also simply called the low-church party).{{sfnm |1a1=Bell |1y=1977 |1p=114 |2a1=Butler |2y=1994 |2p=194}} The evangelical party was influenced by their counterparts in England and included [[Wesleyan]]s who chose to remain in the Episcopal Church rather than joining the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]].{{sfn| Guelzo | 1993 | p = 554}}<ref name=Bellquote>{{harvnb| Bell | 1977 | p = 114}}: "... most Wesleyans became members of the Methodist Church, but some remained within the Episcopal Church to form an influential group, the Evangelicals or the low-church party."</ref> Evangelical Anglicans, however, did not share the strong "sacramental emphasis" of the Methodists, who were also evangelicals.<ref name= quote>{{harvnb| Kennedy | 2016 | p = 75}}: "Evangelical Anglicans in the main did not follow the sacramental emphasis of the Wesleys but tended to be Cranmerian in their eucharistic theology...They were also content with the 1662 rite as agreeable to Christ's institution, understanding consecration as the setting aside of the elements for holy use."</ref>

Like evangelicals in other Protestant denominations, they stressed the need for a conversion experience and participated in the [[Christian revival|revivalism]] of the [[Second Great Awakening]], holding [[revival meeting]]s and [[prayer meeting]]s.{{sfn| Butler | 1994 | p = 194}} They also tended to disapprove of social amusements such as dancing, card-playing, and the theatre.{{sfn| Bell | 1977 | p = 114}}

While the high-church party disapproved of participation in inter-denominational voluntary societies, evangelical Episcopalians strongly supported them. Leaders such as [[Alexander Viets Griswold]], [[William Meade]], [[James Milnor]], [[Stephen Tyng]] and [[Charles Pettit McIlvaine|Charles McIlvaine]] participated in societies such as the [[American Bible Society]], the [[American Tract Society]], the [[American Sunday School Union]], the [[American Colonization Society]], the [[American Temperance Society]] and the [[Boston Seaman's Friend Society|American Seaman Friends Society]]. According to church historian William Manross, evangelicals often preached to the "outcast and the underprivileged", which made them more aware of social problems and, therefore, more enthusiastic supporters of efforts to reform [[Antebellum United States|antebellum America]].{{sfn| Butler | 1994 | pp = 196–197}}

Participation in voluntary societies reflected evangelical Episcopalians' beliefs that every Christian had a responsibility to spread [[the gospel]] and [[righteousness]] in preparation for the [[Millennialism|millennial reign of Christ]] on earth. Like their English counterparts, millennial expectation fuelled an interest in biblical prophecy among evangelical Episcopalians. Bishop [[John P. K. Henshaw]], Benjamin Allen ([[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of Old St. Paul's in Philadelphia) and other Episcopal ministers published books or magazines dedicated to millennialism.{{sfn| Butler | 1994 | pp = 202–203}}

By 1844, two-thirds of Episcopal clergy were evangelical.{{sfn| Guelzo | 1993 | p = 559}} Nevertheless, the growing influence of the Anglo-Catholic [[Oxford Movement]] on Episcopal Church leaders worried evangelicals. They experienced a loss of confidence in the church's institutions after 1844 when the church's [[General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America|General Convention]] refused to label the Oxford Movement a [[Heresy in Christianity|heresy]]. Their own attempts to stem the tide through [[Ecclesiastical court|heresy trials]] ultimately failed as well. In response, evangelicals chose to form their own distinctly evangelical Episcopal voluntary societies to promote education and evangelism, such as the Protestant Episcopal Society for the Promotion of Evangelical Knowledge (which later merged with what is now known as the Episcopal Evangelism Society) and the American Church Missionary Society (which was modelled on the English society).{{sfn| Butler | 1994 | pp = 208–209}}

After the [[American Civil War]], the breach between evangelicals and high churchmen had deepened. While an older generation of evangelical leaders, such as McIlvaine, tried to preserve evangelical loyalty to the Episcopal Church, a younger generation was calling for schism and the creation of a distinctly evangelical church.{{sfn| Butler | 1994 | p = 210}} In 1873, some of these evangelicals led by [[George David Cummins]] and [[Charles E. Cheney]] organized the [[Reformed Episcopal Church]].{{sfn| Prichard | 2014 | p = 191}}

Towards the end of the 19th century, the old evangelical party would evolve into broad church liberalism.{{sfn| Butler | 1994 | p = 210}} Broad church Episcopalians sought to promote theological openness and tolerance, as well as [[Social Gospel|social ministry]] and [[higher criticism]] of the Bible.{{sfn| Prichard | 2014 | p = 235}} Bishop [[Thomas M. Clark]] is an example of a leading 19th-century evangelical who had become a broad churchman by the time of his death in 1903.{{sfn| Butler | 1995 | p = 236}} However, it was younger evangelicals, those from evangelical families or who had been educated in evangelical Episcopal seminaries, who were most susceptible to liberalism. This was the case of leading broad churchman Bishop [[Phillips Brooks]], who was educated at the evangelical [[Virginia Theological Seminary]]. Broad churchmen like Brooks preserved the old evangelical emphases on liturgical and ecumenical liberty and personal religious experience, but they rejected the core teachings of evangelical theology.{{sfn| Butler | 1995 | pp = 225, 228}}

====20th century====
The [[Fundamentalist–Modernist Controversy]] of the 1920s and 1930s had less of an impact on the Episcopal Church than in other Protestant denominations. Nevertheless, it did lead to a reconfiguration of Episcopal church parties. Broad churchmen with more evangelical leanings, such as [[Walter Russell Bowie]] and Bishop [[Edward L. Parsons]] began to identify as liberal evangelicals. These liberal evangelicals sought to embrace modern science while also having a personal relationship with God. Liberal evangelicals also advocated for closer ecumenical relationships and union with other Protestant churches.{{sfn| Prichard | 2014 | pp = 269–271}}

Liberal evangelicals in the United States were influenced by liberal evangelicals in the Church of England. The difference between the American and English movements was that in the Episcopal Church the liberal evangelicals were the only evangelicals, whereas in England the liberals were countered by the conservative evangelicals.{{sfn| Butler | 1995 | p = 236}}

By mid-century, there was no living memory of the 19th-century evangelicals, and Episcopalians were "reluctant" to acknowledge that they had ever existed.{{sfnm |1a1=Guelzo |1y=1993 |1p=576 |2a1=Harp |2y=2005 |2p=180}} Beginning in the 1960s, however, conservative evangelicalism would re-emerge as an important force within the Episcopal Church. The evangelical revival in the Episcopal Church was part of a larger postwar evangelical resurgence known in North America as [[Evangelicalism#Diversity|neo-evangelicalism]], and it was promoted and supported by Anglicans from England, where evangelical Anglicanism had remained a vibrant tradition throughout the 20th century. The most influential voice from England was John Stott.{{sfn| Bonner | 2008 | p = 269}}

The new evangelicals would provide the strongest opposition to the liberal trajectory of the Episcopal Church, especially regarding progressive views on homosexuality. In the late 1980s, evangelicals began to form organizations aimed at promoting and defending their understanding of Anglican orthodoxy and changing liberal church policies. In 1996, [[Alden Hathaway]], the [[Episcopal Bishop of Pittsburgh|Bishop of Pittsburgh]], founded the [[American Anglican Council]] to represent evangelicals at the national level. Unable to alter the liberal program of the Episcopal Church, evangelical Episcopalians and their Anglo-Catholic allies looked to Anglican churches in the [[Global South (Anglican)|Global South]] for help in a process called [[Anglican realignment]].{{sfn| Hassett | 2009 | pp = 34, 37, 39}}

===Anglican Church of Australia===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2019}}
In the [[Anglican Church of Australia]], Calvinist evangelicalism is the dominant theological orientation of these dioceses:

* [[Anglican Diocese of Sydney]]
* [[Anglican Diocese of Tasmania]]
* [[Anglican Diocese of North West Australia]]
* [[Anglican Diocese of Armidale]]

Additionally, the following non-evangelical dioceses have evangelical bishops:

* [[Anglican Diocese of Bathurst]] (Mark Calder)
* [[Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn]] (Stuart Robinson, Mark Short)
* [[Anglican Diocese of the Northern Territory]] (Greg Anderson)
* [[Anglican Diocese of Bendigo]] (Matthew Brain)
* [[Anglican Diocese of Rockhampton]] (Peter Grice)

Two of Australia's largest theological colleges are Anglican and Evangelical: [[Moore Theological College]] in Sydney and [[Ridley College (Melbourne)|Ridley College]] in Melbourne.

===Africa===
In Africa, evangelicalism is the primary theological orientation of the [[Church of Uganda]], and it is low church in liturgical style. This is due largely to the fact that in much of East Africa Anglicanism was introduced by the evangelical Church Missionary Society. The evangelical character of the Anglican church in Uganda, as well as in the [[Anglican Church of Rwanda]], was strengthened by the [[East African Revival]] of the 1930s and 1940s.{{sfn| Hassett | 2009 | pp = 26–27, 29}}

The growth of [[Pentecostalism]] in Africa has pushed the church in a more [[Charismatic Movement|charismatic]] direction. It is not unusual for church services to feature spontaneous prayer, greater leadership from [[laity|lay people]], and [[Contemporary worship music|praise and worship]] music.{{sfn| Hassett | 2009 | pp = 26–27, 29}}

== See also ==
*[[Anglican Church in North America]]
*[[Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans]]
*[[GAFCON]]
*[[Ridley Theological College]]
*[[Conservative evangelicalism in the United Kingdom|Conservative Evangelicalism in the United Kingdom]]

==References==
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|orig-year=1964
|title=The Evangelical Doctrine of Baptism
|url=http://archive.churchsociety.org/churchman/documents/Cman_112_1_Stott.pdf
|journal=[[Churchman (journal)|Churchman]]
|volume=112
|issue=1
|publisher=Church Society
|access-date=12 March 2017
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327213545/http://archive.churchsociety.org/churchman/documents/Cman_112_1_Stott.pdf
|archive-date=27 March 2019
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Wilcox
|first=Alastair
|year=2014
|title=The Church and the Slums: The Victorian Anglican Church and its Mission to Liverpool's Poor
|location=Newcastle upon Tyne, England
|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing
|isbn=978-1-4438-5997-4
}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Evangelical Anglicanism}}

{{-}}
{{Anglicanism (footer) |state = expanded }}
{{Portal bar|Christianity|Reformed Christianity|Evangelical Christianity}}

[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism| ]]
[[Category:Anglican Churchmanship]]
[[Category:Christian theological movements]]

St John's Blackheath

2025-10-20T00:58:07Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St John's Blackheath
| fullname =
| other name = St John the Evangelist's Church
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| image = Southeast View of St John's Church, Blackheath.jpg
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| coordinates = {{coord|51.4758|0.0187|region:GB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| osgraw = TQ 40294 77135
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| location = Stratheden Road, [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]], London SE3 7TH
| country = England

| denomination = [[Anglicanism|Anglican]]
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| website = {{URL| www.stjohnsblackheath.org.uk}}

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| status = [[Parish church]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation = [[Listed building (United Kingdom)|Grade II]]
| designated date = 8 June 1973
| architect = [[Arthur Ashpitel]]
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| style = [[English Gothic architecture#Perpendicular Gothic|Perpendicular]] [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]]
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| parish = Blackheath, St John the Evangelist
| deanery = Charlton
| archdeaconry = Lewisham and Greenwich
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| diocese = [[Diocese of Southwark|Southwark]]
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'''St John's Blackheath''' (formally known as '''St John the Evangelist's Church''') is an all age [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] church in the Vanbrugh Park area of [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]], part of the [[Royal Borough of Greenwich]] in southeast London, England. Built in the 1850s to the design of architect [[Arthur Ashpitel]], it provided "an important visual and spiritual focus" to a rapidly growing high-class residential area.<ref name="NHLE-1289727">{{NHLE|desc=Church of St John the Evangelist, Stratheden Road, London SE3|num=1289727|grade=II|accessdate=14 January 2014}}</ref> The church has an [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] character. There are two services on a Sunday. St John's Blackheath has thriving children's groups and youth groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stjohnsblackheath.org.uk/activities/ |title=Activities - St John's Blackheath |website=www.stjohnsblackheath.org.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121025254/http://www.stjohnsblackheath.org.uk/activities/ |archive-date=2014-01-21}}</ref>

==History==
The residential area now known as Vanbrugh Park, east of [[Greenwich Park]] and north of the present [[A2 road (Great Britain)|A2 road]], was laid out in the early part of the [[Victorian era]].<ref name="NHLE-1289727"/><ref name="Pevsner246">{{Harvnb|Cherry|Pevsner|2002|p=246.}}</ref> Architect [[Arthur Ashpitel]] from [[Hackney Central|Hackney]] was commissioned to design a new church for this district, which at the time (prior to the [[Local Government Act 1888]]) was in the county of [[Kent]].<ref name="Homan31">{{Harvnb|Homan|1984|p=31.}}</ref> It was his only new church in Kent, although he [[Victorian restoration|restored]] the medieval building at [[Ripple, Kent|Ripple]].<ref name="Homan105">{{Harvnb|Homan|1984|p=105.}}</ref> Work began in 1852 and the church was completed in 1853.<ref name="NHLE-1289727"/>

Some [[stained glass]] windows in the north aisle were destroyed during World War II and were subsequently replaced. The interior was altered in 1999; some of the space at the west end was taken up by new facilities such as offices and a kitchen.<ref name="NHLE-1289727"/>

The church was [[Listed building (United Kingdom)|listed]] at Grade II on 8 June 1973.<ref name="NHLE-1289727"/> [[English Heritage]] defines Grade II-listed buildings as "nationally important" and of "special interest".<ref name="EH2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/listed-buildings/|title=Listed Buildings|year=2012|publisher=[[English Heritage]]|access-date=24 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126151823/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/caring/listing/listed-buildings|archive-date=26 January 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[war memorial]] outside the church, designed by J.B.L. Tolhurst and unveiled on 11 November 1922, was separately listed at Grade II on 19 May 2016.<ref name="NHLE-1435117">{{NHLE|desc=War memorial outside the Church of St John the Evangelist, Blackheath, Stratheden Road, London SE3|num=1435117|grade=II|accessdate=23 May 2016}}</ref>

==Architecture==
St John the Evangelist's Church is "a local landmark" and "a focal point" in a prominent position: it stands on an island surrounded by roads and housing, and is clearly visible in the streetscape especially from the west.<ref name="NHLE-1289727"/><ref name="Southwark-032J">{{cite web|url=http://www.southwark.anglican.org/parishes/032j|title=Charlton Deanery: Blackheath, St John the Evangelist|publisher=[[Diocese of Southwark]]|year=2014|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116101101/http://www.southwark.anglican.org/parishes/032j|archive-date=16 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It is built of [[Kentish Ragstone]], a local material, and has a roof of Welsh [[slate]].<ref name="NHLE-1289727"/><ref name="Pevsner246"/> The plan consists of a [[nave]] with aisles on both sides, an aisled [[chancel]] with a lower roofline and flanked by a [[vestry]] and an organ chamber, porches on two sides, and a tower and the west end.<ref name="NHLE-1289727"/> This is topped with a "good" tall spire whose lowest stage is concealed by a [[parapet]].<ref name="NHLE-1289727"/><ref name="Pevsner246"/> The tower is [[buttress]]ed at each corner and has windows with decorative [[tracery]], clock faces, a [[pinnacle]]d upper stage and a stair turret in one corner.<ref name="NHLE-1289727"/> The architectural style is largely [[English Gothic architecture#Perpendicular Gothic|Perpendicular]] [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]],<ref name="Homan37">{{Harvnb|Homan|1984|p=37.}}</ref> which was out of fashion by the 1850s, although there are some [[English Gothic architecture#Decorated Gothic|Decorated]] [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] elements.<ref name="NHLE-1289727"/><ref name="Pevsner246"/> The architect Arthur Ashpitel, who worked extensively in Kent, was associated with Anglican evangelicalism; this may have led him to use the Perpendicular style, which was popular with that movement.<ref name="SPC-AAA">{{cite web|url=http://www.sussexparishchurches.org/spc_V31/architects-and-artists/320-architects-and-artists-a|title=Architects and Artists A|last=Allen|first=John|date=21 May 2008|work=Sussex Parish Churches website|publisher=Sussex Parish Churches (www.sussexparishchurches.org)|access-date=14 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116102550/http://www.sussexparishchurches.org/spc_V31/architects-and-artists/320-architects-and-artists-a|archive-date=16 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

Inside, the fittings date mostly from the late 19th century and include a [[rood screen]] and [[reredos]] by H.S. Rogers.<ref name="NHLE-1289727"/> The west-end gallery installed by D. Drury in 1898<ref name="Homan37"/> was removed during the 1999 reordering.<ref name="NHLE-1289727"/> The firm of [[Heaton, Butler and Bayne]] designed many of the stained-glass windows.<ref name="Pevsner246"/>

==Services and administration==
There are two Sunday services, 10.15am and 6.00pm including a morning [[Eucharist]]ic service at 8.00am on the 2nd Sunday of the month, using the [[Book of Common Prayer]].<ref name="morning-communion">[http://www.stjohnsblackheath.org.uk/sundays/ Sunday Services], St John's Blackheath.</ref>

The [[Church Pastoral Aid Society]] holds the [[Advowson|patronage]] of St John the Evangelist's Church. The population of the parish was estimated at 4,962 in 2001. It is within the [[Deanery#Anglican usage|Deanery]] of Charlton and the [[Archdeacons in the Diocese of Southwark#Archdeacons of Lewisham and of Lewisham and Greenwich|Archdeaconry of Lewisham]] in the [[Anglican Diocese of Southwark]].<ref name="Southwark-032J"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=150px>
Tower of St John's church - geograph.org.uk - 3075447.jpg|Tower
St John's clock - geograph.org.uk - 3075451.jpg|Clock
St John the Evangelist, Stratheden Road, Blackheath - Chancel - geograph.org.uk - 4177730.jpg|Altar and chancel
St John the Evangelist, Stratheden Road, Blackheath - East end - geograph.org.uk - 4177728.jpg|Nave
St John the Evangelist, Stratheden Road, Blackheath - Font - geograph.org.uk - 4177761.jpg|Font
St John the Evangelist, Stratheden Road, Blackheath - Organ - geograph.org.uk - 4177760.jpg|Organ
St John the Evangelist, Stratheden Road, Blackheath - Pulpit - geograph.org.uk - 4177777.jpg|Pulpit
St John the Evangelist, Stratheden Road, Blackheath - Roof - geograph.org.uk - 4177771.jpg|Ceiling
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[Diocese of Southwark]]
* [[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last1=Cherry|first1=Bridget|last2=Pevsner|first2=Nikolaus|authorlink2=Nikolaus Pevsner|series=The Buildings of England|title=London 2: South|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|location=London|edition=2nd|year=2002|orig-date=1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufSsUlkWKaYC&pg=PA246|isbn=0-300-09651-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Homan|first=Roger|title=The Victorian Churches of Kent|year=1984|publisher=Phillimore & Co. Ltd|location=Chichester|isbn=0-85033-466-7}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.stjohnsblackheath.org.uk St John's Blackheath website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Johns Blackheath}}
[[Category:Blackheath, London]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1853]]
[[Category:19th-century Church of England church buildings]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Church of England church buildings in the Royal Borough of Greenwich|Blackheath]]

Latimer Trust

2025-10-20T00:57:56Z

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{{Short description|Evangelical Christian think tank}}
The '''Latimer Trust''' is a [[Conservative evangelicalism in the United Kingdom|conservative evangelical]] [[Christianity|Christian]] [[think tank]] in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name="about">{{cite web|url=http://www.latimertrust.org/index.php/about|title=Official website, About|publisher=Latimertrust.org|accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0RDSXM6LKHMC|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_0RDSXM6LKHMC/page/n4 5]|quote=latimer house.|title=ThirdWay|via=[[Internet Archive]]|date=June 1982|publisher=Hymns Ancient & Modern |accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref>

==Overview==
The Latimer Trust is an evangelical think-tank dedicated to providing biblical input and a considered response to significant issues within the Christian community and elsewhere, with a particular focus on the Church of England. The trust is continuing and developing the work of Latimer House in [[Oxford]]<ref name="about"/> during the 1960s. It produces books, studies, briefings and publications and supports research by grants and funding posts. The Latimer Collection is now housed within the library at [[Oak Hill Theological College]] in [[London]].<ref name="about"/>

Trustees have included [[Donald Allister]] and [[Wallace Benn]], and [[Jim Packer|J. I. Packer]] was Hon. President.<ref name="about"/> The director of research is [[Gerald Bray|Gerald L Bray]].<ref name="about"/>

===History===
Latimer House (the Oxford Evangelical Research Trust Limited) was set up under the initiative of J.I.Packer and John Stott as a centre for research.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=53Q0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=XCQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6068,1739309&dq=latimer-house+oxford&hl=en|title=The Times-News - Google News Archive Search|accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref> It was funded by donations, and published Studies, Briefings and Comments from 1978 onwards. The first Warden was Richard Coates (1960–61); he was followed by [[Jim Packer|J.I.Packer]] (1962–69), [[John Wenham]] (1969-73), [[Roger T. Beckwith|Roger Beckwith]] (1973–94) and Nigel Atkinson (1995–98). Towards the end of the 1990s the trust struggled financially so the decision was made, with the permission of the Charities Commission, to wind it up and roll the proceeds of the sale of the house in Oxford into a new charity, The Latimer Trust, reg. charity no. 1084337. The books and journals have been rehoused in the library at [[Oak Hill Theological College]], London N14 4PS, where the Latimer Trust office is now situated.

===Current activities===
Since 2001 the trust has resumed its publishing activities, and maintains the interest in research by funding posts and offering small grants. The first director of research (2006-) is [[Gerald Bray]]; research fellows have been Matthew Sleeman (2001-5), Andrew Atherstone (2005-) and Kirsten Birkett (2013-). The trust has been approached by international organisations to publish significant works, such as ‘Being Faithful’ and its predecessor, ‘The Way, The Truth and the Life’ for [[GAFCON]] (now the [[Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fca.net|title=Global Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans - GFCA|publisher=Fca.net|accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref>).

==Books==
*Series of Studies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimertrust.org/index.php/publications/studies|title=Studies|publisher=Latimertrust.org|accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref> (approx 40-100 pages)- well researched discussions of topical issues
*Series of Briefings<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimertrust.org/index.php/publications/briefings|title=Briefings|publisher=Latimertrust.org|accessdate=17 November 2014}}</ref> - usually shorter discussions aimed at a wider audience
*J. I. Packer, [[N. T. Wright]], ''Anglican Evangelical Identity: Yesterday and Today'' (Latimer Trust, 2008)
*Lisa Nolland (ed.), Chris Sugden (ed.), Sarah Finch (ed.), ''God, Gays & the Church: Human Sexuality in Christian Thinking'' (Latimer Trust, 2008)
*[[John Stott]], [[Alec Motyer]], Lee Gatiss, ''The Anglican Evangelical Doctrine of Infant Baptism''
*[[GAFCON]], ''Being Faithful: The Shape of Historic Anglicanism Today'' (Latimer Trust, 2009)
*GAFCON, ''The Way of the Cross: Biblical Resources for a Global Anglican Future - 6 studies'' (Latimer Trust, 2008)
*Gerald Bray, ''The Faith We Confess: An Exposition of the 39 Articles'' (Latimer Trust, 2009)
*Lee Gatiss (ed.), ''Pilgrims, Warriors, and Servants: Puritan Wisdom for Today's Church'' (Latimer Trust, 2010)
*Lee Gatiss, ''The True Profession of the Gospel: Augustus Toplady and Reclaiming our Reformed Foundations'' (Latimer Trust, 2010)
*Gerald Bray, ''Translating the Bible: from William Tyndale to King James'' (Latimer Trust, 2010)
*Charles Raven, ''Shadow Gospel: Rowan Williams and the Anglican Communion Crisis'' (Latimer Trust, 2010)
*Lee Gatiss, ''Preachers, Pastors, and Ambassadors: Puritan Wisdom for Today's Church'' (Latimer Trust, 2011)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official|https://www.latimertrust.org/}}

[[Category:Research institutes in London]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]

North American Anglican Conference

2025-10-20T00:57:56Z

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{{More citations needed|date=June 2016}}

The '''North American Anglican Conference''' ('''NAAC''') was a federation of [[Continuing Anglican]] church bodies in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.virtueonline.org/orthodox-anglicans-still-fractured-maintain-identity-strength|title=Orthodox Anglicans Still Fractured But Maintain Identity, Strength - Virtueonline – The Voice for Global Orthodox Anglicanism|website=www.virtueonline.org|access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> It was founded on August 15, 2008, by an assembly of bishops, clergy, and laity gathered in [[Romulus, Michigan]], for the purpose of ratifying the association's proposed statement of principles.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of American Religions|last=Melton|first=J. Gordon|publisher=Gale|year=2003|isbn=9780787663841|location=U.S.|pages=on 68 pages}}</ref>

According to its constituting declaration, the North American Anglican Conference is not intended to be a first step towards a merger of member churches, but exists for the purposes of [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] churches and clergy working together in support of Evangelism, for fellowship, and for the "transmission of Holy Orders, especially for the Episcopate."

In November, 2009 four bishops of NAAC cooperated in the consecration of David Pressey as bishop suffragan of the Anglican Episcopal Church. The ceremony took place in [[Mariner's Church]], Detroit, famous for its annual memorial services for seamen lost on the Great Lakes and for being referred to in [[Gordon Lightfoot]]'s ballad about the wreck of the [[Edmund Fitzgerald]].

The members of the North American Anglican Conference are the [[Anglican Episcopal Church]], with parishes in California, Arizona, Nevada, Florida, and Alabama, and the Anglican [[Diocese of the Great Lakes (UECNA)|Diocese of the Great Lakes]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.netministries.org/see/churches/ch03356|title=The Diocese of the Great Lakes - Anglican church in Hastings (Irving), MI - Powered by Net Ministries|website=www.netministries.org|access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> which has parishes in Michigan.<ref name="netministries1">{{cite web|url=http://netministries.org/frames.asp?ch%3Dch03356%26st%3DMI%26name%3DThe+Diocese+of+the+Great+Lakes%26city%3DHastings |title=Archived copy of The Diocese of the Great Lakes|access-date=August 31, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910155737/http://netministries.org/frames.asp?ch=ch03356&st=MI&name=The%20Diocese%20of%20the%20Great%20Lakes&city=Hastings |archive-date=September 10, 2011 }}</ref> The bishop of the Anglican Diocese of Texas signed the NAAC statement of principles in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglicandioceseoftexas.com/ANGLICANS-ON-THE-MOVE-.html |title=Anglicans On The Move! |publisher=The Anglican Diocese of Texas |access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref>

The impetus behind the establishment of the NAAC, however, was not a perceived need for inter-Anglican cooperation in general. Rather, it was the founding churches' belief that many of the world's Anglican churches have deteriorated in recent years because of liberal trends. The NAAC points to the "abandonment of Holy Scripture", "non-compliance" with the rubrics and spirit of the [[Book of Common Prayer]] (1928), and the redefining of the meaning of the [[Thirty-nine Articles]] of Religion<ref name="netministries1"/> by both liberal and some [[Anglo-Catholic]] jurisdictions as a reason for "Biblically-based Anglican bodies" to stand and work together.

The Anglican Episcopal Church and the Diocese of the Great Lakes have since become non-geographic dioceses of the [[United Episcopal Church of North America]].{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}

==See also==
* [[Evangelicalism]]
* [[Low church]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Continuing Anglican}}
{{Portal bar|Christianity}}

[[Category:Continuing Anglican movement]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]

Category:Evangelicalism in the Church of England

2025-10-20T00:57:56Z

YourUsername: 1 revision imported

[[Category:Church of England]]

[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism|Church of England]]
[[Category:Evangelicalism in the United Kingdom]]

Christian Observer

2025-10-20T00:57:56Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:The Christian observer (1802, v.1, London).png|thumb|The Christian Observer (1802, v.1, London)]]
The '''''Christian Observer''''' was a London [[evangelicalism|evangelical]] periodical, serving a readership in the [[Church of England]]. It appeared from 1802 to 1874.

==History==
The ''Christian Observer'' was founded by [[William Hey (surgeon)|William Hey]] "in response to the dissenters' ''[[Leeds Mercury]]''."<ref>Margaret DeLacy, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13163 ‘Hey, William (1736–1819)’], ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 16 September 2007</ref> It was published by the bookseller [[John Hatchard]]. Various members of the [[Clapham Sect]] were associated with the paper from the outset. [[Josiah Pratt]], who had called for such an evangelical periodical in a 1799 meeting of the [[Eclectic Society (Christian)|Eclectic Society]], served as editor for the first number in January 1802. Pratt was succeeded after six weeks by [[Zachary Macaulay]], who edited the periodical until 1816.

Later editors were [[Samuel Charles Wilks]] (from 1816 to 1849), [[William Goode (dean)|William Goode]] (from 1847 to 1849), [[John William Cunningham]] (from 1850 to 1858), and [[John Buxton Marsden]] (from 1859 to 1869).

Contributors included [[Thomas Babington]], the clergyman and theological writer [[Charles Smith Bird]] (1795–1862), the lay theological writer [[John Bowdler the Younger|John Bowdler]] (1783–1815), the writer on prophecy [[William Cuninghame of Lainshaw]] (c. 1775-1849), the clergyman [[William Dealtry]] (1775–1847), the clergyman and biblical scholar [[George Smith Drew]] (1819–1880), [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth]], [[Henry Thornton (reformer)|Henry Thornton]], [[Henry Tuke]], [[John Venn (priest)|John Venn]] (1759–1813), and [[Daniel Wilson (bishop)|Daniel Wilson]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1802 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1874 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Evangelical magazines]]
[[Category:Defunct Christian magazines published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1802]]
[[Category:Magazines disestablished in 1874]]
[[Category:Magazines published in London]]
[[Category:Anglican newspapers and magazines]]

{{Christian-mag-stub}}
{{Anglican-stub}}
{{UK-mag-stub}}

National Evangelical Anglican Congress

2025-10-20T00:57:55Z

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The '''National Evangelical Anglican Congress''' ('''NEAC''') is an infrequent conference for [[evangelical Anglicanism|evangelical Anglicans]] in the [[Anglican Communion]]. All congresses to date have been held in England, but have attracted delegates from other countries. They have been notable events which have had significant implications for both the evangelical community and the wider church.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Atherstone |first=Andrew |date=November 2011 |title=The Keele Congress of 1967: A Paradigm Shift in Anglican Evangelical Attitudes |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-anglican-studies/article/abs/keele-congress-of-1967-a-paradigm-shift-in-anglican-evangelical-attitudes1/0FF230072C8A5DF20A196BB07867BA3C |journal=Journal of Anglican Studies |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=175–197 |doi=10.1017/S1740355311000039 |s2cid=145320306 |issn=1745-5278|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Evangelicals exit their ghetto |url=https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2017/31-march/features/features/evangelicals-exit-their-ghetto |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=www.churchtimes.co.uk}}</ref>

==First Congress==
The first congress was held in 1967 at [[Keele University]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/102427 |title=Keele '67: the National Evangelical Anglican Congress statement |date=1967 |publisher=[Church Pastoral-Aid Society |editor-last=Crowe |editor-first=Philip |series=Falcon books |location=London |editor-last2=University of Keele}}</ref>

==Second Congress==
The second congress was held in 1977 at the [[University of Nottingham]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nottingham Statement |url=http://www.romans45.org/creeds/nott.htm |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=www.romans45.org}}</ref>

==Third Congress==
The third congress was held in 1988 at [[Caister]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bunting |first=Ian |title=Evangelical Anglican Way: Reacting, Reviving and Reforming 1828-1900 |url=https://www.academia.edu/39860737}}</ref>

==Fourth Congress==
The fourth congress was held in 2003 at [[Blackpool]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Took |first=Christopher |date=September 21, 2003 |title=Archbishop of Canterbury greets delegates at NEAC4 |url=https://www.anglicannews.org/news/2003/09/archbishop-of-canterbury-greets-delegates-at-neac4.aspx |website=Anglican Communion News Service}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.neac.info}}

[[Category:Anglican organizations]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]

{{Anglicanism-stub}}

Diocese of the Great Lakes (UECNA)

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{{Short description|Diocese of the United Episcopal Church of North America}}
{{Hatnote|For other uses, see [[Diocese of the Great Lakes (disambiguation)|Diocese of the Great Lakes]].}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|org|date=March 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
}}

{{Infobox Christian denomination

| main_classification = [[Continuing Anglican Movement|Continuing Anglican]]
| orientation = [[Anglicanism]]
| polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| founder = Julius A. Neeser
| founded_date = 1998
| founded_place =[[Etobicoke, Ontario]]
| separated_from = [[Independent Anglican Church Canada Synod]]
| associations = [[United Episcopal Church of North America]]
| leader = David T. Hustwick
| area = United States and Canada
| congregations =5 parishes and preaching stations }}

The '''Diocese of the Great Lakes''' (DGL) was founded as a [[Continuing Anglican]] church body in the United States and Canada. More recently, it became a diocese of the [[United Episcopal Church of North America]].<ref name=NM>[https://www.netministries.org/churches/ch03356 Net Ministries website, ''Diocese of the Great Lakes'']</ref> Its worship centers and clergy are located in Michigan and New York.

The DGL uses the 1928 American Book of Common Prayer or the 1962 Canadian book, accepts the Holy Scriptures as the inerrant Word of God, adheres to the [[Thirty-nine Articles of Religion]], and ordains only men to the orders of deacon, priest, and bishop. The Thirty-nine Articles are affirmed in their original sense and it is declared that Scripture contains all that is necessary to salvation. The diocese considers itself to be [[Evangelical Anglican]] and in the classical Anglican tradition. An active work is conducted in nursing homes by DGL clergy and [[lay reader]]s.

== History ==

The Diocese of the Great Lakes was formed in 1998 by the bishops of the Independent Anglican Diocese of Ontario and the Missionary District of the USA, along with priests and deacons formerly belonging to the Independent Anglican Church (Canada Synod). Parishes and missions of the Diocese of the Great Lakes were located in Etobicoke, Niagara Falls, Windsor, Guelph, and Kitchener, Ontario, and in Battle Creek, Michigan.

In 1998, the DGL was admitted to membership in the Anglican Church, Inc, a federation of Continuing Anglican churches, but withdrew in 2001.

In 2014, the Diocese of the Great Lakes was admitted to the [[United Episcopal Church of North America]] as its diocese for the Great Lakes states and Eastern Canada.<ref name=NM />

== Leadership ==

The Bishop Ordinary of the Diocese of the Great Lakes is David Thomas Hustwick,<ref>[https://unitedepiscopal.org/about/dioceses/ UECNA website, ''Dioceses'', retrieved 2024-01-10]</ref> Rector of Saints Andrew and Matthias Anglican Church in Hastings, Michigan.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://netministries.org/see/churches/ch03356 Diocese of the Great Lakes website]

{{Continuing Anglican}}

[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1998]]
[[Category:Anglican denominations in North America]]
[[Category:Continuing Anglican denominations]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]

Eclectic Society (Christian)

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{{Short description|Discussion Group founded 1783}}
The '''Eclectic Society''' was founded in 1783 by a number of Anglican [[clergymen]] and [[laymen]] as a discussion group, and was instrumental in the founding of the [[Church Missionary Society]] in 1799.

==Origins==
The society's early members included clergyman and [[poet]] [[John Newton]] (1725 - 1807), [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]] of [[Clapham]] and founder of [[Church Missionary Society]] [[John Venn (priest)|John Venn]] (1759 - 1813), [[Thomas Scott (commentator)|Thomas Scott]] the Commentator, [[Richard Cecil (clergyman)|Richard Cecil]], and [[Henry Foster (clergyman)|Henry Foster]]. The Eclectic Society met fortnightly, initially at the Castle and Falcon Inn, and later in the vestry of St John's Chapel, Bedford Road, London. At the outset in 1783, two of the founding clerics were relatively new in their Metropolitan incumbencies; Newton was four years established at [[St Mary Woolnoth]] (having moved from Olney), while Foster had held Long Acre for three years (having served as a lecturer in London since 1766). Cecil held parishes in Sussex, but resided in Islington. The society grew in influence as its membership both expanded and matured.

==Foreign Missions==
Foreign missions were first discussed in 1786, and again in 1789 and 1791 with the growing realization of the scope for a society that would evangelise indigenous peoples around the world. Foreign missions was again discussed in 1796, by which time both the [[Baptist Missionary Society|Baptist]] and [[London Missionary Society|London Missionary Societies]] had been founded, but it was not until three years later that action was taken.
[[File:Founding meeting of the Church Missionary Society at Aldersgate Street in the City of London on 12 April 1799.jpg|thumb|Founding meeting of the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] at Aldersgate Street in the City of London on 12 April 1799]]
In 1797, [[Josiah Pratt]], a clergyman from Birmingham who came to London as a curate, joined the Eclectic Society and in February 1799 he proposed the following question for discussion: "How far may a periodical Publication be made subservient to the interest of Religion?" The discussions led, two years later, to the starting of the ''[[Christian Observer]]'' which became for much of the nineteenth century a valuable organ of Evangelical principles and work. The following month, the subject for discussion was "What methods can we use more effectually to promote the knowledge of the Gospel among the Heathen?" and it was ultimately resolved at this meeting to form a society. At a public meeting in April, the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East was formed.

==References==
*Eugene Stock, ''History of the Church Missionary Society'' Vol 1 (London 1899)
*John H. Pratt, ''The Thought of the Evangelical Leaders: Notes of the Discussions of the Eclectic Society, London During the Years 1798-1814'' (Reprint: Edinburgh, Banner of Truth, 1978)

[[Category:Church of England missionary societies]]
[[Category:Church of England missions]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:History of the Church of England]]
[[Category:Church of England societies and organisations]]
[[Category:1783 establishments in Great Britain]]
[[Category:Clapham Sect]]

Category:Evangelical Anglicans

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{{Commons category|Evangelical Anglicans}}
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Evangelicals by denomination|Anglicans]]
[[Category:Anglicans]]
{{CatAutoTOC}}

St Paul's and St George's Church

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{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox church
|name=St Paul's and St George's Church
|image=File:St Paul's and St George's, York Place - geograph.org.uk - 1346761.jpg
|caption=St Paul's and St George's Church
| pushpin map = Scotland Edinburgh Central
| map caption = Location in Edinburgh
| coordinates = {{coord|55|57|24.47|N|3|11|18.81|W|display=inline,title}}
|location=Edinburgh
|country=Scotland
|denomination=[[Scottish Episcopal Church]]
| previous denomination =
| religious institute = 
| churchmanship = [[Evangelical Anglicanism|Evangelical]]
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = {{URL|psandgs.org.uk}}
| former name = St Paul's Chapel
| founded date = 
| events =
| people =
| functional status =
| heritage designation = [[Category A listed building]]
| designated date = 1966
| architect = [[Archibald Elliot]]
| architectural type =
| style = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] nave-and-aisle
| years built = 1816-1818
| parish =
| deanery =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]
| province = Scotland
|rector =David Richards
| dean =
}}

'''St Paul's and St George's Church''' (known colloquially as "Ps and Gs") is an evangelical church of the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]] in central [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://www.psandgs.org.uk/about-us |website=Ps & Gs Church |access-date=31 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131113556/https://www.psandgs.org.uk/about-us |archive-date=31 January 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is located on the corner of [[Broughton, Edinburgh|Broughton Street]] and [[York Place, Edinburgh|York Place]] in the east end of Edinburgh's [[New Town, Edinburgh|New Town]], and is protected as a category A [[listed building]].<ref name=lbr>{{Historic Environment Scotland|num=LB27509|desc=York Place and 8 Broughton Street, St Paul's and St George's (Scottish Episcopal) Church, including Lamp and Railings|cat=A|access-date=18 March 2019}}</ref>

The building was erected as St Paul's Church, replacing a chapel in the [[Cowgate]]. It was designed by [[Archibald Elliot]] between 1816 and 1818, and was extended by [[John More Dick Peddie|Peddie]] and [[Charles Kinnear|Kinnear]] in the 1890s.<ref name=lbr/> In 1932 the congregation merged with that of St George's Church, also located on York Place. The east window is by [[Francis Eginton]] of [[Birmingham]].<ref>Grant's O;ld and New Edinburgh vol 111</ref>

In 2008 a £5.6 million building project to improve facilities in the church was completed.

==History==
[[File:St George's Chapel York Place Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|left|The former St George's Chapel, York Place (closed 1932)]]
In 18th-century Edinburgh, Episcopalians met for worship in small chapels around the city. There were three [[Nonjuring| Non-Juror]] Chapels and three [[Qualified Chapel]]s. On 18 August 1708, [[George Haliburton (bishop of Aberdeen)|George Haliburton]], Bishop of Aberdeen, licensed Robert Blair to be the first Episcopalian priest of a new congregation which began its life meeting in a room in Half Moon Close on the Castle Hill in Edinburgh. This new congregation was founded by John Smith, a barrister, who came to Scotland following the Union of the Parliaments in 1707, to serve as [[Court of Exchequer (Scotland)|Chief Baron of the Court of Exchequer]] of Scotland. Rent for the new meeting house amounted to £6 per year.

The church was later made a collegiate church and as the congregation grew, John Smith looked to build a permanent place of worship, and in 1722 the New Chapel was opened near the foot of Blackfriars Wynd (now Street) in the [[Cowgate]]. In 1745, after further expansion, the congregation bought the adjoining building in order to enlarge the chapel.

In 1774, the congregation moved to their newly built church at the east end of the Cowgate (now [[St Patrick's Church, Edinburgh|St Patrick’s RC]]). Soon after, however, many of its well-to-do congregation began to move out of the Old Town into the townhouses of the emerging New Town, and it became necessary for the congregation to relocate once again. St Paul's and St John's considered uniting and building a large church on [[The Mound]], but it was decided to have two chapels, one in the west end ([[St John's, Edinburgh|St John's]]) and one in the east end.

The present building was built at this time. The new church, St Paul’s Chapel, was consecrated on the 30 January 1818. The architect was Archibald Elliot whose plans were based on the design of [[King's College Chapel, Cambridge]].<ref name="bertie">{{cite book |last1=Bertie |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ceey5RQHgHoC&q=St%20Paul's%20and%20St%20George's%20Church%20edinburgh%20%22king's%20college%20chapel%22&pg=PA574 |title=Scottish Episcopal Clergy, 1689-2000 |date=2000 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-567-08746-1 |page=574 |language=en |accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Ruth Mack |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M4j1pL7psOsC&q=%22Half%20Moon%20Close%22%20edinburgh&pg=PA199 |title=Anglican Chant and Chanting in England, Scotland, and America, 1660 to 1820 |date=1996 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-816424-1 |page=199 |language=en |accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref> The first rectors of the new church were the clergyman and writer [[Archibald Alison (author)|Archibald Alison]], and Robert Morehead.

The building cost £12,000, raised by voluntary subscription. The pew which Walter Scott's family used may now be seen in the side chapel in [[St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)|St Mary's Cathedral]] in Palmerston Place.

The site at the east end of [[York Place, Edinburgh|York Place]] had previously been occupied by some small buildings and backed onto Brown's Coachyard, which had been the main coach station for Edinburgh for some years. The wall at the back of the Church is the original wall behind which the horses and coaches were prepared. This trade diminished with the advent of the railways. By 1891 it was decided to alter the building and enlarge it from a Chapel into a Church. The Chancel was built, extending the Church eastwards and the door into the Church was moved further West along York Place to where the red door now is.

An Episcopalian chapel already existed on York Place, St George's, built in 1794 by [[James Adam (architect)|James Adam]]. In 1932 the two neighbouring congregations amalgamated at St Paul's, which was renamed St Paul's and St George's Church. The old St George's Church was closed and the building is now in use as a casino.<ref>{{cite web |title=5b York Place, Former St George's Chapel (Episcopal), Including Railings and Lamps, Edinburgh, Edinburgh |url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200364520-5b-york-place-former-st-georges-chapel-episcopal-including-railings-and-lamps-edinburgh |website=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk |accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref>

Inside the Church the balconies were taken down, staircases removed and the organ moved from the West End to its current position. A new pulpit, rood screen and reredos were commissioned from JM Dick Peddie and Forbes Smith, the reredos beautifully portraying Christ with the little children and flanked by St Paul on the left and St [[Cuthbert]] on the right.

A small new chapel was made inside the old entrance. This was later dedicated to the fallen of the First World War. The current great west window, originally in the East end, was rebuilt into the West end, and a new East Window and new Chancel windows were introduced depicting a number of early Celtic saints, mostly associated with this area of Scotland. A small stained glass window from the Cowgate Chapel is in the Vestry.

The organ, by [[John Snetzler]], was originally in the Cowgate Chapel, but was rebuilt in the York Place building by J Bruce in 1818. After several refurbishments, it was enlarged by [[Harrison & Harrison]] in 1906.

On the North-East corner there is a bell tower with a single bell, moved there in 1818, originally one of a peal of 3 bought for the coronation of Charles I at Holyrood Abbey in 1633. The bell is still operational but is no longer used.

In the later years of the 20th century, numbers attending St Paul's and St George's had dwindled. In 1985, the Bishop of Edinburgh [[Alastair Haggart]] installed Rev Roger Simpson as rector and members from the Evangelical Episcopal Church of St Thomas in Corstorphine came to the York Place church. Within 10 years, the church congregation had grown significantly as a result of the change in churchmanship to a more Evangelical style.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goodhew |first1=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygwkDwAAQBAJ&q=St%20Ps%20and%20Gs%20edinburgh%20%22roger%20simpson%22&pg=PT214 |title=Church Growth in Britain: 1980 to the Present |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-95161-6 |language=en |accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref>

===Rectors===
{{Expand section|date=June 2020}}
Past rectors of St Paul's (and later St Paul's and St George's) Church have included:<ref name="bertie" />{{sfn|Storer|Storer|1820|p=311}}
* [[Archibald Alison (author)|Archibald Alison]] (1818-1830)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record View {{!}} Archive Collections {{!}} University of Aberdeen |url=https://calm.abdn.ac.uk/archives/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=MS+2206/20 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=calm.abdn.ac.uk}}</ref>
* [[Robert Morehead]] (1818-)
? Wilson -1897
Earnest Hilton Molesworth 1897-1905
* William Henderson Begg (1932–34)
* Theodore Edgar Keyden (1934–37)
* Claude Philip Moor (1938–45)
* William Benjamin Harvey (1945–55)
* Thomas Veitch (1956–84)
* Roger Westgarth Simpson (1985–95)
* Michael Peter Maudsley (1995-)
* David Richards (1995-Present)

==Architecture==
[[File:MA(1829) p.128 - St Paul's Chapel, York Place, Edinburgh - Thomas Hosmer Shepherd.jpg|thumb|left|Archibald Elliot's St Paul's Chapel (prior to the 1892 extension)]]
St Paul's and St George's Church is a noted structure in the early part of [[New Town, Edinburgh|Edinburgh's New Town]], and stands out as one of the few [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] buildings in an area largely made up of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] [[Neoclassical architecture]]. The Scottish architect [[Archibald Elliot]] began work on the new church of St Paul in 1816. Designing it in a [[Perpendicular style]] on a nave-and-aisle floorplan, he modelled the building on King's College Chapel, Cambridge, complete with [[crocket]]ted [[pinnacles]] and [[buttresses]] and four octagonal [[Turret (architecture)|turrets]] on the corners, inspired by those on [[St Mary's Church, Beverley]] in Yorkshire. The exterior [[sandstone]] is richly decorated with Gothic [[strapwork]] and topped with a [[crenellated]] [[parapet]].<ref name=lbr/><ref name="gifford">{{cite book |last1=Gifford |first1=John |last2=McWilliam |first2=Colin |last3=Walker |first3=David |last4=Wilson |first4=Christopher |title=The Buildings of Scotland: Edinburgh |date=1991 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-09672-9 |page=39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvmDV3oeRU0C&q=St%20Paul's%20Church%20edinburgh%20%22Archibald%20Elliot%20%22%20%22king's%20college%20chapel%22&pg=PA39 |accessdate=12 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Storer|Storer|1820|p=311}}

The interior consists of a long [[nave]] flanked by tall aisles and arched stone columns. On the north wall is a stone [[tabernacle]] topped with a Gothic [[ogee arch]], designed by [[David Bryce]]. There are marble monuments by Scottish sculptors Sir [[John Steell]] and [[David Watson Stevenson]].<ref name=lbr/>

In 1891–2, the east end of the church was extended by [[John More Dick Peddie|Peddie]] and [[Charles Kinnear|Kinnear]], turning the original [[chancel]] into a [[Choir (architecture)|choir]]. The renovating architects also added a rib-vaulted south-east porch, installed new furnishings and removed the aisle [[balcony|galleries]].<ref name=lbr/>

A growing congregation created a need to accommodate a larger number of worshippers, and in the early 21st century a project was undertaken by Lee Boyd architects to renovate the church. New glass-fronted aisle galleries were constructed (re-instating the interior balconies that had been removed in the 1890s) and doubling the capacity of the church. A steel and glass entrance pavilion was also constructed outside the west door, and the church hall was demolished and replaced. The £5.6 million building project was completed in 2008 was named Building of the Year in the 2009 Edinburgh Architectural Association Awards.<ref name="edinburgharchitecture">{{cite web |title=St Pauls & St Georges Church, Broughton, Edinburgh |url=http://www.edinburgharchitecture.co.uk/st-pauls-st-georges-church |website=www.edinburgharchitecture.co.uk |date=10 October 2010 |accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="rias">{{cite web |title=Refurbishment of St Paul's & St George's Church |url=https://www.rias.org.uk/for-the-public/practices/lee-boyd-limited-edinburgh/refurbishment-of-st-paul039s-amp-st-george039s-church-edinburgh |website=www.rias.org.uk |publisher=[[Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland]] |accessdate=12 June 2020}}</ref>

===Architectural elements===
<gallery>
File:Église Sts Paul George Édimbourg 2.jpg|Elliot's octagonal turrets on St Paul's and St George's
File:ÉdinburghPaulGeorge2017.jpg|The east window of Peddie and Kinnear's 1892 extension
File:27.5.16 3 Beverley St Marys 11 (27245785052).jpg|Octagonal turrets on St Mary's Beverley
File:PSX 20160815 002632.jpg|The nave-and-aisle chapel at King's College, Cambridge
File:York Place 5B, Edinburgh.JPG|St George's Chapel, York Place, now a casino
</gallery>

== Notable members ==
* [[Thomas Suther]]

==References==

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book |last1=Storer |first1=James |last2=Storer |first2=H. S. (Henry Sargant) |title=Views in Edinburgh and its vicinity; |date=1820 |publisher=Edinburgh, A. Constable & Co.; [etc., etc.] |page=311 |url=https://archive.org/stream/viewsinedinburgh02stor/viewsinedinburgh02stor#page/311/mode/1up/search/st.+paul |accessdate=13 June 2020}}

==External links==
{{commons category|St Paul's and St George's church, Edinburgh}}
* [https://www.psandgs.org.uk/ Official website]
* [https://www.scotland.anglican.org/church/st-pauls-and-st-georges-edinburgh/ St Paul's and St George's] on the Scottish Episcopal Church directory

{{Buildings and Structures in Edinburgh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul's and George's Church, Edinburgh, Saint}}
[[Category:Episcopal church buildings in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Category A listed buildings in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Listed churches in Edinburgh]]
[[Category:1818 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival church buildings in Scotland]]
[[Category:Evangelical churches in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:New Town, Edinburgh]]

Church of England (Continuing)

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{{Short description|Division of the Continuing Anglican Movement}}

The '''Church of England (Continuing)''' is part of the [[Continuing Anglican Movement]]. It was founded in 1994.

Since 2008 the church has regularly exhibited at the Christian Resources Exhibition at Esher, Surrey and elsewhere in England.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://creonline.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/CRE-National-2021-brochure.pdf | title = 12-14 October 2021 - Sandown Park, Surrey | year = 2021 | website = Christian Resources Exhibition | access-date = 2023-09-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210726102739/https://creonline.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/CRE-National-2021-brochure.pdf | archive-date = 2021-07-26}}</ref> It publishes a magazine called ''The Journal'' as well as other literature and books.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Journal of The Church of England (Continuing) |url=https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cofec/publications/journal09.pdf}}</ref> It holds an annual conference. The 2023 conference was held at [[St Mary's Church, Castle Street, Reading]]<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cofec.org/news/ | title = News | year = 2023 | website = Church of England (Continuing) | access-date = 2023-09-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230915160340/https://cofec.org/news/ | archive-date = 2023-09-15}}</ref> and a day conference is due to be held there in late 2024.<ref>[https://cofec.org/news/29th-june-30th-anniversary-and-annual-assembly Church of England (Continuing) website, ''29th June: 30th Anniversary and Annual Assembly'' ]</ref>

==Origins and doctrine==
The church was founded on 10 February 1994 at a meeting chaired by [[David Samuel (bishop)|David Samuel]] at St Mary's, Castle Street, Reading, as a reaction against the use of contemporary-language liturgies (particularly the 1980 ''[[Alternative Service Book]]'') and the recently approved [[ordination of women]] as priests.

The church assents to the unmodified [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] of Religion of the Church of England (constitution section 1), and the [[King James Bible]] and the [[Book of Common Prayer (1662)|1662 ''Book of Common Prayer'']] for liturgy.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4059267.stm BBC website, ''What is The Church of England (Continuing)?'', article dated December 2, 2004]</ref> It also follows the historic three-fold ministry of bishops, priests, and deacons, ordained according to the Ordinal of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer. Its doctrine is [[Calvinism|Calvinist]], and it stands in the [[conservative evangelical]] Protestant tradition.{{cn|date=April 2022}}

The church maintains a conservative view on Christian leadership, and women are not permitted to teach at meetings or to exercise authority in the church (constitution section 3).<ref name=const>{{cite web |url = https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cofec/publications/journal35.pdf |title = Constitution |last= |first= |author= |date= |year= |editor-last= |editor-first= |publisher = Association of the Continuing Church Trust |location= |page= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921003653/https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cofec/publications/journal35.pdf |archive-date=2020-09-21 |url-status=live |access-date = 12 June 2020 |quote= Constitution, section 3}}</ref>

==Congregations==
The Church of England (Continuing) has one church building, [[St Mary's Church, Castle Street, Reading|St Mary's]] in [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]], which was the church of its founding member, David Samuel. A second group meets in [[Wolverhampton]], in the former Long Street synagogue (built 1903).<ref>[https://www.onephotographaday.org.uk/the-former-fryer-street-synagogue-wolverhampton-low-level-station-2/ One Photograph A Day website, ''The Former Fryer Street Synagogue, Wolverhampton'', article dated April 1, 2020]</ref> Additionally, small groups meet in a rented hall in [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], and a community centre in [[Frinton-on-Sea]].

These are the four congregations listed by the church as of 2020:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cofec.org/congregations.htm | title = Congregations | publisher = Church of England (Continuing) | accessdate = 10 January 2012 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120509183740/http://www.cofec.org/congregations.htm | archivedate = 9 May 2012 }}</ref>
*[[File:St Mary, Reading - geograph.org.uk - 2769086.jpg|thumb|St Mary's church, Castle Street, Reading, Berkshire.]]St Mary's Church, Castle Street, Reading, Berkshire – minister, Edward J. Malcolm [http://www.stmaryscastlestreet.org.uk/]
*St John's Church, [[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]], London – minister, Peter Ratcliff [http://www.wimbledonchurch.com/]
*St Silas' Church, [[Wolverhampton]] - minister Kyle Mulholland, who left the CoE to join in 2024. Before that the church had been in vacancy for twelve years.
*Holy Trinity Church, [[Frinton-on-Sea]] – lay minister, Philip Lievesley
A fifth congregation, at [[Nuffield, Oxfordshire|Nuffield]], has since closed.

==Leadership==
The church has had three presiding bishops since its foundation:
* David Samuel, 1995–2001
* Edward Malcolm, 2001–2013
* Edward J Malcolm, 2013–present

The first bishop of the church was its founder, David Samuel, who is now retired. He consecrated as his successor Edward Malcolm, minister of St Silas' Wolverhampton, who died on 17 November 2013.<ref>{{cite news|title= Edward Malcolm (obituary)|newspaper=English Churchman|date=13 December 2013}}</ref> The current presiding bishop is Edward J. Malcolm, minister of St Mary's, Reading, who was also consecrated by David Samuel, one week after the death of Edward Malcolm in 2013.

The bishop, Edward J Malcolm, is currently one of only three active clergymen in the church, although there are several [[lay reader]]s and preachers.

The church establishes its [[episcopal succession]] from [[Albion W. Knight Jr.|Albion Knight]] (1924–2012), Archbishop of the United Episcopal Church of North America, who consecrated David Samuel on 11 June 1995. The closest link of episcopal succession with the Church of England is [[John Moore (Archbishop of Canterbury)]], who consecrated [[William White (Bishop of Pennsylvania)|William White]] of Pennsylvania in 1787, and from whom Knight claimed his succession.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cofec.org/ Official website]

{{Continuing Anglican}}
{{Christianity in the United Kingdom}}

[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1994]]
[[Category:Continuing Anglican denominations]]
[[Category:Anglican denominations established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Anglicanism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Evangelicalism in the United Kingdom]]

Cathedral Church of the Advent (Birmingham, Alabama)

2025-10-20T00:57:45Z

YourUsername: 1 revision imported

{{short description|Historic church in Alabama, United States}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Episcopal Church of the Advent
| nrhp_type =
| image = Cathedral Church of the Advent.jpg
| caption = The church in 2006
| location = 2017 6th Avenue North (at 20th Street)<br />
[[Birmingham, Alabama]]
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{coord|33|31|9|N|86|48|30|W|display=inline,title}}
| area =
| built = 1893-1895
| architect = [[Charles Wheelock (architect)|Charles Wheelock]]
| architecture = Gothic
| added = March 30, 1983
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| refnum = 83002972 <ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
| mpsub =
}}

The '''Cathedral Church of the Advent''' in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], is the see church of the [[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]] [[Episcopal Diocese of Alabama|Diocese of Alabama]]. On March 30, 1983, the structure was added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] as the '''Episcopal Church of the Advent'''.

==History==
The parish church of the Advent was established in 1872, one year after the founding of the city of Birmingham, and was one of the first churches built in the new city. The first building on this site was completed in 1873, but was destroyed by fire on November 24, 1892. The current structure was already underway at that date. It was designed by Wheelock, Joy, and Wheelock, was occupied in the fall of 1893, with the tower and portico undergoing construction until 1895. The parish's second rector [[John Gardner Murray]] (in office 1896-1903) would later become the first elected presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rogers|first=Rebecca Pegues|title=The Strength of Her Towers|publisher=Episcopal Church of the Advent|year=1973|location=Birmingham, Alabama}}</ref> The cathedral is known for its prominent location on Twentieth Street North near Linn Park, as well as for the reputation of its [[church music|music]] program. It was not until 1982 that the Church of the Advent became a [[cathedral]], when the Diocese of Alabama selected the church as its seat.<ref name="web">{{cite web| title=Our Parish: History| url=http://adventbirmingham.org/about/our-parish/history/| publisher=Cathedral Church of the Advent| accessdate=2014-02-25| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112171735/http://adventbirmingham.org/about/our-parish/history/| archive-date=2013-11-12| url-status=dead}}</ref>

==21st century==
The congregation undertook a major project to preserve the [[Scioto County, Ohio|Scioto]] [[sandstone]] exterior of the Cathedral between 1999 and 2005. During this same period the Rector's Garden was redesigned to improve drainage and accommodate a [[columbarium]] and the [[belltower]] was refitted for a [[carillon]] of fifteen bells, cast by [[Fonderie Paccard]] of [[Lac d'Annecy]], [[France]]. In both 2005 and 2012, readers of the ''[[Birmingham News]]'' named the cathedral choir "Best Church Choir". Today, the Church of the Advent comprises nearly 4,000 members, making it one of the ten largest Episcopal churches in the [[United States]].<ref name="web"/>

For several decades the Advent has been among the more conservative parishes in its diocese. In 2003, the then-dean [[Paul F. M. Zahl]] hung a black flag on the cathedral in protest of the election of [[Gene Robinson]] as the first openly gay bishop in the Episcopal Church.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-05|title=Advent Cathedral dean steps down due to 'tension' in denomination|url=https://www.al.com/life/2021/05/advent-cathedral-dean-steps-down-due-to-tension-in-denomination.html|access-date=2021-05-17|website=al|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BIRMINGHAM: Paul Zahl bids goodbye at Advent {{!}} VirtueOnline – The Voice for Global Orthodox Anglicanism|url=https://virtueonline.org/birmingham-paul-zahl-bids-goodbye-advent|access-date=2021-05-17|website=virtueonline.org}}</ref> The parish has also identified itself as being squarely on the Protestant side of the Anglican ''via media''. In 1998 Dean Zahl published ''The Protestant Face of Anglicanism'' and around 2018 the parish shifted from the 1979 American Book of Common Prayer to the 1662 English Book of Common Prayer for portions of the liturgy because they more clearly reflect the Protestant doctrine of justification by faith alone.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zahl|first=Paul F. M.|title=The Protestant face of Anglicanism|date=1998|publisher=W.B. Eerdmans|isbn=0-8028-3775-1|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|oclc=37712940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=James|first=Eden C.|date=2021-05-07|title=Cathedral Church of the Advent's Band-Led Service|url=https://magiccityreligion.org/2021/05/05/cathedral-church-of-the-advents-band-led-service/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-18|website=Magic City Religion|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506064914/https://magiccityreligion.org/2021/05/05/cathedral-church-of-the-advents-band-led-service/ |archive-date=2021-05-06 }}</ref> In 2016, the Advent hired Zac Hicks, a presbyter in the [[Evangelical Presbyterian Church (United States)|Evangelical Presbyterian Church]] as its canon for liturgy and worship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-30 |title=Advent Cathedral hires Presbyterian worship leader |url=https://www.al.com/living/2016/06/advent_cathedral_hires_presbyt.html |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=al |language=en}}</ref>

From 2013 to May 16, 2021, the dean and rector was the Very Reverend Andrew C. Pearson Jr.<ref name="clergy">{{cite web| title=Our Clergy| url=http://adventbirmingham.org/about/our-clergy/| publisher=Cathedral Church of the Advent| accessdate=2014-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925213846/http://adventbirmingham.org/about/our-clergy/ |archive-date=25 September 2014}}</ref> In 2019, the search committee for the new bishop identified the beleaguered relationship as one of four major challenges facing the diocese.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019|title=The Search for the 12th Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama: Profile|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/dfc_attachments/public/documents/3267995/DioAla_Bishop_Search_Profile_2019_Final.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206050320/https://s3.amazonaws.com/dfc_attachments/public/documents/3267995/DioAla_Bishop_Search_Profile_2019_Final.pdf |archive-date=2021-12-06 |access-date=January 8, 2021|website=}}</ref> The parish vestry announced Pearson's resignation on April 28, 2021, stating that he was resigning as dean due to "the ongoing tension he feels in serving in the Episcopal Church." After leaving the Advent he was released at his request from the Episcopal Church and received into the Anglican Church of North America.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-28|title=Dean of Cathedral of the Advent Steps Down Over Tensions with the TEC|url=https://anglican.ink/2021/04/28/dean-of-the-cathedral-of-the-advent-steps-down-over-tensions-with-tec/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-30|website=anglican.ink|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428205518/https://anglican.ink/2021/04/28/dean-of-the-cathedral-of-the-advent-steps-down-over-tensions-with-tec/ |archive-date=2021-04-28 }}</ref> In September 2021 he started start a new Anglican congregation in Birmingham known as Grace Church.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Garrison|first=Greg|date=2021-07-04|title='The Advent has changed': Andrew Pearson on why he left Advent Cathedral|url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/07/the-advent-has-changed-andrew-pearson-on-why-he-left-advent-cathedral-dealing-with-the-diocese-starting-an-anglican-church-in-birmingham.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-05|website=al.com|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704182922/https://www.al.com/news/2021/07/the-advent-has-changed-andrew-pearson-on-why-he-left-advent-cathedral-dealing-with-the-diocese-starting-an-anglican-church-in-birmingham.html |archive-date=2021-07-04 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-23|title=Former Advent Cathedral dean starts new church|url=https://www.al.com/life/2021/09/former-advent-cathedral-dean-starts-new-church.html|access-date=2021-12-15|website=al|language=en}}</ref> The Reverend Canon Craig Smalley was named interim dean and rector in May 2021 and after an international search named the permanent dean and rector in May 2022.

In June 2021, the Advent and the diocese affirmed a new covenant recognizing the cathedral’s commitment to a Protestant, evangelical expression of Anglicanism and stating that the it would return to the use of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer (Rite I) for its principal services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joint Statement of the Episcopal Diocese of Alabama and the Cathedral Church of the Advent|url=https://www.dioala.org/dfc/newsdetail_2/3207672|access-date=2021-06-25|website=Episcopal Diocese of Alabama|language=en}}</ref> In August 2021, Zac Hicks, the canon for liturgy and worship, also left the cathedral staff.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Garrison|first=Greg|date=2021-08-07|title=Advent Cathedral worship minister leaves|url=https://www.al.com/life/2021/08/advent-cathedral-worship-minister-leaves.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-08-07|website=al|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807135414/https://www.al.com/life/2021/08/advent-cathedral-worship-minister-leaves.html |archive-date=2021-08-07 }}</ref> Strains between the Advent and the diocese again became public in December 2021 when the diocesan bishop, [[Glenda S. Curry|Glenda Curry]], ordained four individuals to the priesthood at the cathedral one of whom was in a same-sex marriage. When this detail was made public by conservative Anglicans, cathedral leaders complained that the bishop had not told them of the individual's status. The bishop in turn stated that it was not a secret and that as a diocesan event, she did not see the ordination as an event that should be seen as reflecting the Advent's particular theological views.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-11|title=Tensions flare over ordination at Alabama Episcopal cathedral|url=https://www.al.com/news/2021/12/tensions-flare-over-ordination-at-alabama-episcopal-cathedral.html|access-date=2021-12-15|website=al|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tensions arise between cathedral and bishop over an ordinand's "theological views" – Episcopal Cafe|url=https://www.episcopalcafe.com/tensions-arise-between-cathedral-and-bishop-over-an-ordinands-theological-views/|access-date=2021-12-15|language=en-US}}</ref>

The cathedral campus is also home to the [[Advent Episcopal Day School]].<ref name="school">{{cite web| title=Advent At A Glance| url=http://www.adventepiscopalschool.org/podium/default.aspx?t=135422| publisher=Advent Episcopal School| accessdate=2014-02-25| archive-date=2014-03-06| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306112042/http://www.adventepiscopalschool.org/podium/default.aspx?t=135422| url-status=dead}}</ref> Carpenter House, the headquarters building for the Diocese of Alabama, is connected to the cathedral building by a cloister.

==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
*[[List of the Episcopal cathedrals of the United States]]
*[[List of cathedrals in the United States]]
*[[National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Alabama]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Cathedral Church of the Advent (Birmingham, Alabama)}}
*[http://adventbirmingham.org/ Episcopal Cathedral Church of the Advent website]
*[http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/AL/Jefferson/state.html National Register listing under Jefferson County for Episcopal Church of the Advent]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cathedral Church Of The Advent, Birmingham, Alabama}}
[[Category:Churches completed in 1883]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Birmingham, Alabama]]
[[Category:Episcopal cathedrals in Alabama|Advent Birmingham]]
[[Category:Episcopal church buildings in Alabama]]
[[Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Alabama]]
[[Category:Towers completed in 1885]]
[[Category:Towers in Alabama]]
[[Category:Bell towers in the United States]]
[[Category:Churches in Birmingham, Alabama]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival church buildings in Alabama]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1872]]
[[Category:1872 establishments in Alabama]]
[[Category:19th-century Episcopal church buildings]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]

Church Mission Society

2025-10-20T00:57:45Z

YourUsername: 1 revision imported

{{short description|British mission society}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Church Mission Society
|abbreviation = CMS
|formation = {{launch date and age|12 April 1799}}
|headquarters = [[Oxford]], [[England]]
|logo = Church Mission Society logo.png
|image =
|caption =
|type = [[Evangelical Anglicanism]]<br />[[Ecumenism]]<br />[[Protestant missionary]]<br />[[British Commonwealth]]
|founder = [[Clapham Sect]]
|leader_title = Chief Executive Officer
|leader_name = Alastair Bateman from May 2019
|website = {{URL|https://churchmissionsociety.org|Official website}}
}}

The '''Church Mission Society''' ('''CMS'''), formerly known as the '''Church Missionary Society''',<ref>{{cite web |title=Church Missionary Society Archive – General Introduction and Guide to the Archive |url=http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx |access-date=2020-12-26|website=www.ampltd.co.uk}}</ref> is a British [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] [[Christian mission|mission]] society working with Christians around the world. Founded in 1799,<ref name="I1">{{cite journal |last=Mounstephen |first=Philip |title=Teapots and DNA: The Foundations of CMS |url=http://www.nzcms.org.nz/teapots-and-dna-the-foundations-of-cms-intermission-issue-22/ |year=2015 |journal=Intermission |volume=22}}</ref><ref name="CV1">{{cite book |title=The Centenary Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799–1899 |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf |year=1902 |publisher= London: Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University}}</ref> CMS has attracted over nine thousand men and women to serve as mission partners during its 200-year history. The society has also given its name "CMS" to a number of daughter organisations around the world, including Australia and New Zealand, which have now become independent.

==History==
===Foundation===
[[File:Church Missionary Society 1799.gif|thumb|left|The logo of Church Missionary Society in 1799]]
The original proposal for the mission came from [[Charles Grant (British East India Company)|Charles Grant]] and [[George Udny (planter)|George Udny]] of the [[East India Company]] and [[David Brown (East India Company chaplain)|David Brown]], of [[Calcutta]], who sent a proposal in 1787 to [[William Wilberforce]], then a young member of [[parliament]], and [[Charles Simeon]], a young [[clergy]]man at [[Cambridge University]].<ref name="CMSatlasHviii">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Church Missionary Society)|pages= 210–219|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref> Hans J. Hillerbrand, ''Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set'', Routledge, UK, 2004, p. 1390</ref>

The ''Society for Missions to Africa and the East'' (as the society was first called) was founded on 12 April 1799 at a meeting of the [[Eclectic Society (Christian)|Eclectic Society]], supported by members of the [[Clapham Sect]], a group of activist [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]] who met under the guidance of [[John Venn (priest)|John Venn]], the Rector of [[Clapham]].<ref name="I1"/> Their number included [[Charles Simeon]], [[Basil Woodd]],<ref name="CMSatlasHviii"/><ref name="Feb1874">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, February 1874|work= The Origin of the Church Missionary Society|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1874_02/0| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> [[Henry Thornton (reformer)|Henry Thornton]], [[Thomas Babington]]<ref>{{ODNBweb|id=75363|title=Babington, Thomas|first=Nigel|last=Aston}}</ref> and [[William Wilberforce]]. Wilberforce was asked to be the first president of the society, but he declined to take on this role and became a vice-president. The [[treasurer]] was [[Henry Thornton (reformer)|Henry Thornton]] and the founding secretary was [[Thomas Scott (commentator)|Thomas Scott]],<ref name="Aug1867">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, August 1867|work= The Church Missionary Society (From the "American Church Missionary Register")|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1867_08/5| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> a biblical commentator. Many of the founders were also involved in creating the [[Sierra Leone Company]] and the [[Society for the Education of Africans]].<ref name="African academy">{{cite journal|last1=Mouser|first1=Bruce|title=African academy 1799–1806|journal=History of Education|date=2004|volume=33|issue=1|doi=10.1080/00467600410001648797|s2cid=144855979}}</ref>

The first [[Missionary|missionaries]] went out in 1804. They came from the [[Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg]] and had trained at the Berlin [[Seminary]]. The name Church Missionary Society began to be used and in 1812 the society was renamed ''The Church Missionary Society''.<ref name="CMSatlasHviii"/>

In 1829, the CMS began to send medical personnel as missionaries. Initially to care for the mission staff, these missionaries could also care for the physical well-being of local populations. Dr. [[Henry Graham (Medical missionary)|Henry Graham]] was the first CMS Medical missionary when he was sent to [[Sierra Leone]] and shifted the focus from care of the mission staff to assistance for local people.<ref>{{cite book |title=Register of Missionaries (Clerical, Lay, and Female), and Native Clergy from 1804-1894 |publisher=Church Missionary Society |url=http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk./Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Register_01 |access-date=3 January 2021 |format=Available through: Adam Matthew, Marlborough, Church Missionary Society Periodicals}}</ref><ref name=GrahamPapers>[http://www.researchsource.amdigital.co.uk./Documents/Details/CMS_IV_Part2_Reel36_Vol5 West Africa (Sierra Leone) : Original papers, missionaries : Henry Graham. 1830-1834. C A 1 O106. Africa Missions. Church Missionary Society Archive. (Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham). (Adam Matthew Digital)]</ref>

===Missions===
In 1802 [[Josiah Pratt]] was appointed secretary, a position he held until 1824, becoming an early driving force in the CMS. The principal missions, the founding missionaries, and the dates of the establishment of the missions are:<ref name="CMSatlasHxi">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Church Missionary Society)|pages= xi|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>

* [[West Africa]] (1804): Melchior Renner and Peter Hartwig were sent to the [[Pongo River (Guinea)|Pongo River]], the country of the [[Susu people]] in [[Guinea]].<ref name="CMS-RK">{{cite web| last =Keen| first =Rosemary| work= Adam Matthew Publications |title= Church Missionary Society Archive|url= http://www.ampltd.co.uk/digital_guides/church_missionary_society_archive_general/editorial%20introduction%20by%20rosemary%20keen.aspx| access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref><ref name="CMSatlafrica">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Christianity in Africa)|pages= 23–64|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> The West Africa mission was extended to [[Sierra Leone]] (1816). [[Samuel Ajayi Crowther]], a [[Yoruba people|Yoruba]] by birth, was selected to accompany the missionary [[James Schön]] on the [[Niger expedition of 1841]]. Crowther (later appointed first African Anglican bishop in [[Nigeria]]) was the principal missionary to [[Yorubaland]] in 1844 and the [[Niger]] in 1857.<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/><ref name="CMSatlafrica"/>
* [[West Indies]] (1813): The CMS started work in [[Antigua]] and expanded to other islands. By 1838 the CMS had congregations of 8,000, with 13 ordained missionaries, 23 lay teachers and 70 schools. In about 1848 a shortage of funds resulted in the CMS withdrawing from the West Indies.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>
* [[New Zealand]] (1814): [[Samuel Marsden]]<ref name="The Marsden Collection">{{cite web|last1=Marsden|first1=Samuel|title=The Marsden Collection|url=https://marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/home|website=Marsden Online Archive|publisher=University of Otago|access-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> became the chaplain of the penal colony at [[Parramatta]], Australia in 1774.<ref name="CMSatlasNZ">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (New Zealand)|pages= 210–219|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> Samuel Marsden attempted to establish a mission in New Zealand in 1809, however it was not until 1814 that the [[New Zealand Church Missionary Society#History of the CMS mission in New Zealand|CMS mission in New Zealand]] was established when Marsden officiated at its first service on Christmas Day in 1814, at Oihi Bay in the [[Bay of Islands]].<ref name="CMSatlasNZ"/>
* [[India]] (1814): [[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]], the founder of the [[Baptist Missionary Society]] was the pioneer of the [[Evangelical]], [[Protestant]] missionary movement in India who arrived in 1793. The [[Church Missionary Society in India|CMS Mission in India]] began in 1814 when 7 missionaries arrived: two were placed at [[Chennai]] (Madras), two at [[Bengal]] and three at [[Travancore]] (1816).<ref name="CMSatlasHind">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (India)|pages= 95–156|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> The Indian missions were extended in the following years to a number of locations including [[Agra]], [[Meerut district]], [[Varanasi]] (Benares), [[Mumbai]] (Bombay) (1820), [[Tirunelveli]] (Tinnevelly) (1820), [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta) (1822), [[Telugu Christian|Telugu Country]] (1841) and the [[Punjab region]] (1852).<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/><ref name="CMSatlasHind"/> While the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Revolt of 1857]] resulted in damage to the missions in the North West Provinces, after the revolt the CMS expanded its missions to [[Oudh State|Oudh]], [[Allahabad]], the [[Santhal people]] (1858), and to [[Kashmir]] (1865).<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/><ref name="CMSatlasHind"/><ref name="CMS-RK"/>
* [[Middle East]] (1815): [[William Jowett]] was appointed to commence the [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa|Mediterranean Mission]], however the mission was only intermittently able to establish missions in [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkey]] in 1819–21 as the result of resistance to the Christian faith by the Turkish authorities;<ref name="CMS-RK"/> an attempt in 1862 to open a mission station in [[Constantinople]] also failed.<ref name="CMSatlasHme">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Middle East)|pages= 67–76|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>
* [[Sri Lanka]] (Ceylon) (1817): Four CMS missionaries were sent to Ceylon in 1817 and in the following 5 years mission stations were established at [[Kandy]], [[Baddegama]], [[Kotte]] (Cotta) and [[Jaffna]]. In 1850 a mission station was established at [[Colombo]].<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlasHsl">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Ceylon)|pages= 163–168|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>
* North West America Mission ([[Canada]]) (1822): The CMS provided financial assistance in 1820 to [[John West (missionary)|John West]], chaplain to the [[Hudson's Bay Company]], towards the education of some Native American children, including [[James Settee]] of the [[Swampy Cree]] nation,<ref name="March1857">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1857|work= Missionary Work Around the Winnepegoosis Lake, Rupert's Land|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1857_03/3| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> [[Charles Pratt (Askenootow)]] and [[Henry Budd]] of the [[Cree]] nation. In 1822 the CMS appointed West to head the mission in what was then known as the [[Red River Colony]] in what is now the province of [[Manitoba]].<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlascan">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Canada)|pages= 220–226|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> He was succeeded in 1823 by David Jones who was joined by William Cockram and his wife in 1825.<ref name="CMSatlascan"/> The mission worked among the [[Cree]], [[Ojibwe]], [[Chippewa]], and [[Gwich'in]] (Tukudh) of the upper west [[Great Plains]].<ref name="CMSatlascan"/> The North West America Mission was extended to the people of the [[Blackfoot Confederacy]] in [[Saskatchewan]] (1840),<ref name="Sept1877">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, September 1877|work= The Red Indians of the Saskatchewan|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1877_09/5| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> the Cree and [[Inuit]] of [[Hudson Bay]] (1851),<ref name="Dec1853">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1853|work= The Eskimos (part 1)|access-date=23 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1853_12/4| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Dec1854">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1854 |work= The Eskimos (part 2)|access-date=23 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1854_12/5| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="JUNE1877">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, June 1877|work= The First Missionary to the Eskimos|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1877_06/9| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> the [[Anishinaabe]] of [[Manitoba]] and towards the Arctic Circle to the [[Naskapi]] ([[Innu]]) (1858–1862).<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/><ref name="CMSatlascan"/>
* [[Egypt]] (1825) and [[Ethiopia]] (1827): Five missionaries were sent to [[Egypt]] in 1825. The CMS concentrated the [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa|Mediterranean Mission]] on the [[Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria|Coptic Church]] and in 1830 to its daughter [[Ethiopian Church]], which included the creation of a translation of the Bible in [[Amharic language|Amharic]] at the instigation of [[William Jowett]], as well as the posting of two missionaries to [[Ethiopia]] (Abyssinia), [[Samuel Gobat]] (later the Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem)<ref name="SG">{{cite book |last1= Gobat|first1=Samuel |title= Journal of a Three Years' Residence in Abyssinia, in Furtherance of the Objects of the Church Missionary Society| year=2001 |publisher= Adamant Media Corporation (Elibron Classics) facsimile reprint of a 1834 edition by Hatchard & Son; Seeley & Sons, London. | isbn= 1421253496}}</ref> and Christian Kugler arrived in that country in 1827.<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref>Donald Crummey, ''Priests and Politicians'', 1972, Oxford University Press (reprinted Hollywood: Tsehai, 2007), pp. 12, 29f. For an account of the society's Amharic translation, see [[Edward Ullendorff]], ''Ethiopia and the Bible'' (Oxford: University Press for the British Academy, 1968), pp. 62–67 and the sources cited there.</ref> Charles Isenberg (1806–64) joined the Abyssinian mission in 1835, followed by [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]] (1810–81) in 1837.<ref name="IK">{{cite book |author1=Charles William Isenberg |author2=Johann Ludwig Krapf |author3=James MacQueen|title= Journals of the Rev. Messrs Isenberg and Krapf, Missionaries of the Church Missionary Society (Detailing their Proceedings in the Kingdom of Shoa, and Journeys in Other Parts of Abyssinia, in the Years 1839, 1840, 1841, and 1842)| year=2011 |publisher= Cambridge University Press| isbn= 9781108034173}}</ref> The missionaries were expelled from Abyssinia in 1844.<ref name="CMSatlasHme"/> The Egyptian Mission was abandoned by the CMS in 1862.<ref name="CMS-RK"/> The Egyptian Mission was revived in 1882 by [[Frederick Augustus Klein]].<ref name="CMSatlasHme"/> [[Francis John Harpur]] established CMS hospitals and clinics around Egypt in 1889 including a hospital in Old Cairo and the [https://hmh-menouf.com/ Harpur Memorial Hospital] in Menouf(1910).
* [[Australia]] (1825): William Watson and Johann Simon Christian Handt arrived to establish the [[Wellington Valley Mission]] near to [[Wellington, New South Wales]]. However, because of drought and the lack of success of the mission, the CMS withdrew. In 1892 CMS Associations were set up in New South Wales and Victoria.<ref name="CMS-RK"/> In 1916 the Church Missionary Association of Australia was formed, which was later renamed the Church Missionary Society of Australia. By 1927 the CMS Australia was active in the [[Northern Territory]], Australia, including in communities along the [[Roper River]] in the [[Katherine, Northern Territory|Katherine]] region.<ref name="CMSAU">{{cite web |title=History of the CMS-Australia |date=2016 |url=http://www.cms.org.au/about/cms-history |access-date=22 May 2016 |publisher=CMS Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325052342/http://www.cms.org.au/about/cms-history |archive-date=25 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[South Africa]] (1837): Captain [[Allen Francis Gardiner]] R.N. obtained the permission of [[Dingane kaSenzangakhona|Dingaan]], a [[Zulu people|Zulu]] chief, to establish a CMS mission. Francis Owen arriving in August 1837, followed by W. Hewetson and a surgeon, R. Philips. However, following an armed conflict between the Zulus and the newly arrived [[Voortrekkers]] (Boers), the CMS abandoned the mission.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>
* [[East Africa]] (1844): [[Johann Ludwig Krapf]] was in Abyssinia, however when the missionaries were forced out he moved to [[Mombasa]]. CMS missionaries, such as Krapf and [[Johannes Rebmann]], explored East and Central Africa, with Rebmann being the first European to reach [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] (1848) and Krapf was the first to reach [[Mount Kenya]] (1849).<ref name="CMSatlafrica"/> The East Africa Mission was revived in 1874 and extended to inland, [[Uganda]] (1877) and [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]] (1878).<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/><ref name="CMSatlafrica"/>
:*[[Uganda]] (1877): [[Alexander Murdoch Mackay|Alexander Mackay]] established a mission in the [[History of Buganda|historical kingdom of Buganda]], now part of Uganda. On 29 October 1885, [[Mwanga II of Buganda|Kabaka Mwanga II]] had the incoming Anglican bishop [[James Hannington]] assassinated on the eastern border of his kingdom and he also ordered the execution of [[Uganda Martyrs|Christian converts among his people]].<ref name="AMWN">{{cite book |last1= Moorehead |first1= Alan |title= The White Nile|year=1963|publisher= Penguin|isbn=9780060956394 |chapter= Chapter 16, Paradise Reformed}}</ref><ref name=Ward>Kevin Ward, [http://www.dacb.org/history/a%20history%20of%20christianity%20in%20uganda.html "A History of Christianity in Uganda"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123083842/http://www.dacb.org/history/a%20history%20of%20christianity%20in%20uganda.html |date=23 November 2016 }} in ''Dictionary of African Christian Biography''.</ref> Later the Uganda mission was centered at [[Kampala]] and was led by missionary brothers [[Albert Ruskin Cook]] and [[John Howard Cook]].
:*[[Ruanda-Urundi]] (1916–1919): The [[Ruanda Mission]] stations were later established in [[Ruanda-Urundi]] as medical missions by Drs. [[Algernon Stanley Smith]] and [[Leonard Sharp (doctor)|Leonard Sharp]]. This later became the independent Mid-Africa Ministry but was reincorporated into CMS in 1999. The Ruanda mission was divided into missions for [[Rwanda]] (1919) and [[Burundi]] (1934) with 1962 independence of each country.<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=St. John |first1=Praticia Mary |title=Breath of Life: The Story of the Ruanda Mission |date=1971 |publisher=Norfolk Press |isbn=978-0852110041 |pages=238}}</ref>
* [[China]] (1844): [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]], of the [[London Missionary Society]] established a mission in [[Guangzhou]] (Canton) in 1808. After the [[First Opium War]], [[Hong Kong]] came under the control of Great Britain and ports on the mainland, including Canton and [[Shanghai]], become open to Europeans. In 1844 the [[Church Missionary Society in China|South China Mission]] was established by [[George Smith (Bishop of Victoria)|George Smith]] (later [[Bishop of Victoria]], H.K.) and Thomas McClatchie at [[Shanghai]].<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlasHchina">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (China)|pages= 179–196|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> In 1850, [[William Welton (missionary)|William Welton]] opened the first CMS medical mission, a dispensary hospital, in China.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Buckland|first=Augustus Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHoXAAAAYAAJ&q=william+welton|title=The Heroic in Missions: Pioneers in Six Fields|date=1894|publisher=T. Whittaker|language=en}}</ref> the work of CMS in China was carried out by a branch organization the [[Church Missionary Society in China]]. In 1883, a mission, hospital, and leper colony were started in Pakhoi (now Beihai) by [[Edward George Horder|Edward Horder]] and later [[Leopold George Hill|Leopold G. Hill]].
* [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa#The Ottoman Empire (Palestine)|Palestine]] (1851): [[Frederick Augustus Klein]] arrived in [[Nazareth]] in 1851 where he lived for 5–6 years, then he moved to [[Jerusalem]] until 1877. In 1855 [[John Zeller]] was sent to [[Nablus]]. In 1857, he moved to Nazareth, where he stayed for the next 20 years, then he moved to Jerusalem.<ref name="CMS-RK"/><ref name="CMSatlasHme"/> [[Edith Eleanor Newton]] began a mission in 1887 and served as the Sister Head of the Medical Mission Hospital. In 1892, she became owner and operator of the Jaffa Mission Hospital. Bishop [[Samuel Gobat]] established a school in 1847, later called the Bishop Gobat School and led by [[Hanna Dimishky]]. The school in 1962 consolidated and became the Anglican International School Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite web |title=School History |url=https://www.aisj.co.il/about/school-history |publisher=Anglican International School Jerusalem |access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref> The original school campus is now the location of [[Jerusalem University College]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Location |url=https://www.juc.edu/about-us/location/ |website=Jerusalem University College |access-date=8 January 2024}}</ref>
* [[Mauritius]] (1854): Bishop Vincent W Ryan was appointed the bishop of Mauritius in 1854 and the same year David Fenn established a mission station.<ref name="CMSatlasHmaur">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Mauritius)|pages= 157–159|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>
* North Pacific Mission ([[British Columbia]]) (1857): [[William Duncan (missionary)|William Duncan]], a lay missionary, arrived at the remote [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC) fort settlement at [[Lax Kw'alaams, British Columbia]], then part of [[New Caledonia (Canada)|HBC's New Caledonia district]] and known as Fort Simpson or Port Simpson. His work included founding the [[Tsimshian]] communities of [[Metlakatla, British Columbia]], in Canada, and [[Metlakatla, Alaska]], in the United States.<ref name="CMSatlasbc">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (British Columbia)|pages= 227–232|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> R. S. Tugwell joined the mission in October 1860.<ref name="March1861">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, March 1861|work= First Letter from a New Missionary to British Columbia|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1861_03/4| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> In the early 1870s [[William Collison]] served with Duncan in Metlakatla.<ref name="CMSatlasbc"/> Collison extended the work of the North Pacific Mission to the [[Haida people]] of the archipelago of [[Haida Gwaii]] (formerly the [[Queen Charlotte Islands]]) in northern [[British Columbia]]. [[Robert Tomlinson (missionary)|Robert Tomlinson]], a medical missionary, re-established Robert A. Doolan's three-year-old Anglican mission among the [[Nisga'a]] people by relocating it from the lower Nass River to a newly established community, Kincolith (today known as [[Gingolx]]), at the mouth of the [[Nass River]].<ref name="CMSatlasbc"/>
* [[Madagascar]] (1863): Two CMS missionaries operated a mission station from 1863 until their deaths in 1864.<ref name="CMSatlasHmade">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Madagascar)|page= 160|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref>
* [[Tanzania]] (1864): The [[Universities' Mission to Central Africa]] and the Church Missionary Society began work in 1864 and 1878 at [[Mpwapwa]]. The Province was inaugurated in 1970 following the division of the Province of East Africa into the Province of Kenya and the Province of Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.anglicancommunion.org/structures/member-churches/member-church.aspx?church=tanzania | title=Anglican Church in Tanzania | publisher=Anglican Communion | access-date=5 May 2017}}</ref>
* [[Japan]] (1868): George Ensor established a mission station at [[Nagasaki]] and in 1874 he was replaced by H Burnside. The same year the mission was expanded to include C. F. Warren at [[Osaka]], [[Philip Fyson]] at [[Yokohama]], J. Piper at [[Tokyo]] (Yedo), H. Evington at [[Niigata, Niigata|Niigata]] and W. Dening at [[Hakodate, Hokkaido|Hokkaido]].<ref name="Sept1874">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, September 1874|work= C.M.S. Missionaries in Japan|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1874_09/11| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Dec1874">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, December 1874|work= Our Missionaries in Japan|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1874_12/4| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="May1877">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, May 1877|work= The Ainos of Japan|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1877_05/0| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="CMSatlasHjapan">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Japan)|pages= 205–2009|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> H. Maundrell joined the Japan mission in 1875 and served at Nagasaki.<ref name="Jan1875">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, January 1875|work= Appointment of Rev. H. Maundrell to Japan|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1875_01/18 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> [[John Batchelor (missionary)|John Batchelor]] was a missionary to the [[Ainu people]] of Hokkaido from 1877 to 1941. [[Hannah Riddell]] arrived in [[Kumamoto]], [[Kyūshū]] in 1891. She worked to establish the Kaishun Hospital (known in English as the Kumamoto Hospital of the Resurrection of Hope) for the treatment of [[Leprosy]], with the hospital opening on 12 November 1895. Hannah Riddell left the CMS in 1900 to run the hospital.
*[[Iran]] (Persia) (1869): [[Henry Martyn]] visited Persia in 1811, however the [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa|Persian Mission]] was not established until 1869 when Robert Bruce established a mission station at [[New Julfa|Julfa]] in [[Ispahan]].<ref name="May1876">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, May 1876|work= The New Mission to Persia|access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1876_05/5| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref><ref name="Feb1877">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner, February 1877|work= From London to Ispahan |access-date=24 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Images/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1877_02/2| publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> The mission in Persia expanded to include [[Kerman]], [[Yezd]] (1893) and [[Shiraz]] (1900).<ref name="CMS-RK"/> After Bishop [[Edward Stuart]] resigned as the [[Anglican Diocese of Waiapu|Bishop of Waiapu]] in New Zealand, he then served as a missionary in Julfa from 1894 to 1911.<ref name="CMSatlasHper">{{cite web|title= The Church Missionary Atlas (Persia)|pages= 78–80|date= 1896| url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Atlas_01|access-date=19 October 2015 | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> [[Donald William Carr]] was a prominent medical missionary in the Julfa and Shiraz areas, establishing {{ill|Isa Bin Maryam Hospital|fa|بیمارستان عیسی بن مریم}} and Shiraz Christian Missionary Hospital in 1894 and 1924, respectively.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hospitals in Iran and India, 1500-1950s |publisher=Brill |year=2012 |isbn=9789004228290 |editor-last=Speziale |editor-first=Fabrizio}}</ref>
* [[Iraq]] (1883): the CMS started work in [[Baghdad]] in 1883 and expanded to [[Mosul]] in 1901.<ref name="CMS-RK"/>
* [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa#Sudan|Sudan]] (1899): [[Llewellyn Gwynne]], [[Archibald Shaw]] and Dr Frank Harpur established mission stations in Northern Sudan at [[Omdurman]] (1899) and [[Khartoum]] (1900). The first station in Southern Sudan was established by Archibald Shaw at Malek, near [[Bor, South Sudan]] (1905).<ref name="CMS-RK"/>

Up to 1886 the Society had entered 103 women, unmarried or widows, on its list, and the Annual Report for 1886–87 showed twenty-two then on its staff, the majority being widows or daughters of missionaries.<ref name="CV6">{{cite book |title= The Centenaru Volume of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East 1799–1899|url= https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/29805/1/Z163_02_0540.pdf|year=1902|publisher= London : Church Missionary Society, digital publication: Cornell University|page=6}}</ref> From the beginning of the organisation until 1894 the total number of CMS missionaries amounted to 1,335 (men) and 317 (women). During this period the indigenous clergy ordained by the branch missions totalled 496 and about 5,000 lay teachers had been trained by the branch missions.<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/> In 1894 the active members of the CMS totalled: 344 ordained missionaries, 304 indigenous clergy (ordained by the branch missions) and 93 lay members of the CMS. As of 1894, in addition to the missionary work, the CMS operated about 2,016 schools, with about 84,725 students.<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/>

In the first 25 years of the CMS nearly half the missionaries were Germans trained in Berlin and later from the [[Basel]] Seminary.<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/> The [[Church Missionary Society College, Islington]] opened in 1825 and trained about 600 missionaries; about 300 joined the CMS from universities and about 300 came from other sources.<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/> 30 CMS missionaries were appointed to the [[episcopate]], serving as bishops.<ref name="CMSatlasHxi"/>

The CMS published ''The Church Missionary Gleaner'', from April 1841 to September 1857.<ref name="CMG">{{cite web |title= The Church Missionary Gleaner|work= Church Missionary Society (1841–1857)|access-date=18 October 2015 |url= http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents | publisher = [[Adam Matthew Digital]]}}</ref> From 1813 to 1855 the society published ''The Missionary Register'', "containing an abstract of the principal missionary and bible societies throughout the world". From 1816, "containing the principal transactions of the various institutions for propagating the gospel with the proceedings at large of the Church Missionary Society".<ref name=yale>{{Cite web |url=http://guides.library.yale.edu/missionperiodicals* |title=Mission Periodicals Online (Yale University) |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310130029/http://guides.library.yale.edu/missionperiodicals |archive-date=10 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Training===
During the late 19th and early 20th century, the CMS maintained a training program for women at Kennaway Hall at the former "Willows" estate where the training program started.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whitehead |first1=JAck |title=The March of Bricks and Mortar into Stoke Newington |url=https://www.locallocalhistory.co.uk/willows/final1/page1.htm |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref> Kennaway Hall was the Church Missionary Society training center for female missionaries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kennaway Hall: By One Who is There |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Outlook_1922_05 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref> The training center was called "The Willows", under the Mildmay Trustees, until having been bought by the Church Missionary Society in 1891.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenya Mission: Precis book, 1907-1918 |url=https://www.login.amdigital.co.uk/Login.aspx?sessionID=j1y1nwskjbz5siqourtmtxvt&returnURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk%2fDocuments%2fSearchDetails%2fCMS_IV_Part18_Reel386_Vol1&login=http://www.amscholar.amdigital.co.uk/Login&cookiesTesting=true |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.login.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographies |url=https://www.login.amdigital.co.uk/Login.aspx?sessionID=4cbky2ks1m3gbnnz3iamadvd&returnURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk%2fExplore%2fBiographies&login=http://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Login&cookiesTesting=true |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=www.login.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref> [[Elizabeth Mary Wells]] took over the presidency in 1918 of Kennaway Hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=02 Sep 1918, The Church Missionary Gleaner - Church Missionary Society Periodicals - Adam Matthew Digital |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/CMS_OX_Gleaner_1918_08 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk}}</ref>

===20th century===

During the early 20th century, the society's theology moved in a more [[Liberal Christianity|liberal]] direction under the leadership of [[Eugene Stock]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Stock|1923}}.<br />The more liberal CMS position may be compared with the attitude expressed in the preface to its 1904 ''English–Kikuyu Vocabulary'', whose author, CMS member {{Nowrap|A. W. McGregor}}, complained of the difficulty in obtaining information about Kikuyu from "very unwilling and unintelligent natives" ({{Harvnb|McGregor|1904|p=iii}}).</ref> There was considerable debate over the possible introduction of a doctrinal test for missionaries, which advocates claimed would restore the society's original evangelical theology. In 1922, the society split, with the liberal evangelicals remaining in control of CMS headquarters, whilst conservative evangelicals established the [[Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society]] (BCMS, now [[Crosslinks]]).

In 1957 the [[Church of England Zenana Missionary Society]] was absorbed into the CMS.

Notable general secretaries of the society later in the 20th century were [[Max Alexander Cunningham Warren|Max Warren]] and [[John Vernon Taylor]]. The first woman president of the CMS, [[Diana Reader Harris]] (serving 1969–1982), was instrumental in persuading the society to back the 1980 ''[[Brandt Report]]'' on bridging the [[North–South divide in the World|North-South divide]]. In the 1990s CMS appointed its first non-British general secretary, [[Michael Nazir-Ali]], who later became Bishop of Rochester in the [[Church of England]], and its first women general secretary, [[Diana Witts]]. [[Gillian Joynson-Hicks]] was its president from 1998 to 2007.

In 1995 the name was changed to the '''Church Mission Society'''.

At the end of the 20th century there was a significant swing back to the [[Evangelical]] position, probably in part due to a review in 1999 at the anniversary and also due to the re-integration of [[Mid Africa Ministry]] (formerly the [[Ruanda Mission]]). The position of CMS is now that of an [[ecumenical]] Evangelical society.

===21st century===

In 2004 CMS was instrumental in bringing together a number of [[Anglican]] and, later, some [[Protestant]] mission agencies to form Faith2Share, an international network of mission agencies.

In June 2007, CMS in Britain moved the administrative office out of London for the first time. It is now based in east Oxford.

In 2008, CMS was acknowledged as a mission community by the Advisory Council on the Relations of Bishops and Religious Communities of the Church of England. It currently has approximately 2,800 members who commit to seven promises, aspiring to live a lifestyle shaped by mission.

In 2010 CMS integrated with the [[South American Mission Society]] (SAMS).

In 2010 Church Mission Society launched the Pioneer Mission Leadership Training programme, providing leadership training for both lay people and those preparing for ordination as pioneer ministers. It is accredited by Durham University as part of the Church of England's [https://www.churchofengland.org/clergy-office-holders/ministry/ministerial-education-and-development/common-awards-in-theology,-ministry-and-mission.aspx Common Awards]. In 2015 there were 70 students on the course, studying at certificate, diploma and MA level.

In October 2012, [[Philip Mounstephen]] became the Executive Leader of the Church Mission Society.<ref>{{cite web|title=Executive leader: Philip Mounstephen|url=http://www.churchmissionsociety.org/executive-leader|website=Church Mission Society|access-date=13 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726191052/http://www.churchmissionsociety.org/executive-leader|archive-date=26 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 31 January 2016 Church Mission Society had 151 [[missionary|mission partners]] in 30 countries and 62 local partners in 26 countries (this programme supports local mission leaders in Asia, Africa and South America in "pioneer settings"<ref name=":0">Church Mission Society Report and Accounts for the year ended 31 January 2016.</ref>) serving in Africa, Asia, Europe and the Middle East. In addition, 127 mission associates (affiliated to Church Mission Society but not employed or financially supported through CMS) and 16 short-termers. In 2015–16, Church Mission Society had a budget of £6.8 million, drawn primarily from donations by individuals and parishes, supplemented by historic investments.<ref name=":0" />

The Church Mission Society Archive is housed at the [[University of Birmingham]] Special Collections.

'''In Australia''', the society operates on two levels: firstly, at a national/federal level as 'CMS Australia', training and supporting various missionaries; and secondly, at a state level with 6 Branches, recruiting missionaries and liaising with supporters and support churches.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About CMS Australia|url=https://www.cms.org.au/about-us/about-cms-australia/|access-date=2020-10-16|website=CMS Australia|language=en-AU}}</ref>

==Leadership==
'''Secretary or Honorary Secretary'''
* [[Thomas Scott (commentator)|Thomas Scott]] (1799–1802)
* [[Josiah Pratt]] (1802–1824)
* [[Edward Bickersteth (priest)|Edward Bickersteth]] (1824–1831)
*[[Charles Hodgson (missionary)|Charles Hodgson]] (1832-
* [[Henry Venn (Church Missionary Society)|Henry Venn]] (1841–1872)
* Henry Wright (1872–1880)
* Frederic Wigram (1880–1895)
* Henry E. Fox (from 1895)
{{expand list|date=July 2018}}

'''President'''
* [[James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier|Admiral Gambier]] (first President, 1812–1834)
* [[Henry Pelham, 3rd Earl of Chichester]] (1834–1886)
* Captain the Hon. Francis Maude (1886–1887)
* [[Sir John Kennaway, 3rd Baronet]] (1887–1919)
* 1969 to 1982: [[Diana Reader Harris]]
* 1998 to 2007: [[Gillian Joynson-Hicks]]
{{expand list|date=July 2018}}

=== CEO (with title changes) ===
'''General Secretary'''
* 1942 to 1963: [[Max Alexander Cunningham Warren|Max Warren]]
* 1963 to 1973: [[John Taylor (bishop of Winchester)|John Taylor]]
* 1975 to 1985: [[Simon Barrington-Ward]]
* 1989 to 1994: [[Michael Nazir-Ali]]
* 1995 to 2000: Diana Witts
* 2000 to 2011: [[Tim Dakin]]

'''Executive Leader'''
* October 2012 to 2018: [[Philip Mounstephen]]

'''Chief Executive Officer'''
* From May 2019: Alastair Bateman

=== Clinical Leadership ===
'''Medical Superintendent'''
*[[Harold Gilbee Anderson]] (1938-1959)
{{expand list|date=January 2024}}

==See also==
* [[Christian mission]]
* [[Timeline of Christian missions]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in the Middle East and North Africa]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in India]]
* [[Church Missionary Society in China]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==

* Groten, Miel. “Gates to the ‘Heathen World.’” in ''The Architecture of Empire in Modern Europe: Space, Place, and the Construction of an Imperial Environment, 1860-1960'' (Amsterdam University Press, 2022), pp. 41–84. [https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2zjz71m.6 online in JSTOR]

* {{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=John W. |title=We wish we'd done more: Ninety years of CMS and Aboriginal issues in north Australia |date=1998 |publisher=Openbook Publishers |location=Adelaide |isbn=0859108961 |url={{GBurl|srKUOwAACAAJ}}}}
* Hewitt, Gordon, ''The Problems of Success, A History of the Church Missionary Society 1910–1942'', Vol I (1971) ''In Tropical Africa. The Middle East. At Home'' {{ISBN|0-334-00252-4}}; Vol II (1977)''Asia Overseas Partners'' {{ISBN|0-334-01313-5}}
* {{Cite book
|last= McGregor |first= A. W. |year= 1904
|title= English–Kikuyu Vocabulary
|location= London |publisher= [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]]
|ol= 23468442M }}
*{{Cite book
| last =Murray | first =Jocelyn | year =1985
| title =Proclaim the Good News. A Short History of the Church Missionary Society
| location =London | publisher =Hodder & Stoughton
| isbn =0-340-34501-2
}}.
* Porter, Andrew, ed. '' The Imperial Horizons of British Protestant Missions, 1880–1914''. (2003).

*{{Cite book
| last =Stock
| first =Eugene
| author-link =Eugene Stock
| year =1899–1916
| title =The History of the Church Missionary Society: Its Environment, Its Men, and Its Work
| volume =1–4
| location =London
| publisher =CMS
}}.
*{{Cite book |last=Stock |first=Eugene |year=1923 |title=The Recent Controversy in the C.M.S. |edition=Reprinted from the ''Church Missionary Review'' |location=London |publisher=CMS}}.
* Ward, Kevin, and Brian Stanley, eds. ''The Church Mission Society and World Christianity, 1799-1999'' (Eerdmans, 2000). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Church_Mission_Society_and_World_Chr/r7UlAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=intitle:The+intitle:Church+intitle:Mission+intitle:Society+intitle:and+intitle:World+intitle:Christianity&dq=intitle:The+intitle:Church+intitle:Mission+intitle:Society+intitle:and+intitle:World+intitle:Christianity&printsec=frontcover online]
* Ward, Kevin. ''A History of Global Anglicanism'' (Cambridge University Press, 2006). [https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Global_Anglicanism/hQwU04vx98MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=A++History+of+Global+Anglicanism&printsec=frontcover online]
* ''Missionary Register''; c
ontaining an abstract of the principal missionary and bible societies throughout the world. From 1816, containing the principal transactions of the various institutions for propagating the gospel with the proceedings at large of the Church Missionary Society. They were published from 1813 to 1855 by L. B. Seeley & Sons, London
:Some are online readable and downloadable at Google Books; [https://books.google.com/books?id=NtsNAAAAQAAJ 1814], [https://books.google.com/books?id=VtsNAAAAQAAJ 1815], [https://books.google.com/books?id=QbIPAAAAIAAJ 1822], [https://books.google.com/books?id=7c0nAAAAYAAJ 1823], [https://books.google.com/books?id=RUUUAAAAYAAJ 1826], [https://books.google.com/books?id=SgIbAAAAMAAJ 1828], [https://books.google.com/books?id=zkYUAAAAYAAJ 1829], [https://books.google.com/books?id=kUQUAAAAYAAJ 1831], [https://books.google.com/books?id=HykPAAAAIAAJ 1834], [https://books.google.com/books?id=5MEPAAAAIAAJ 1846].
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://churchmissionsociety.org/ Church Mission Society]
*[http://www.cms.org.au/ CMS Australia]
*[http://www.nzcms.org.nz/ New Zealand CMS]
*[http://www.cmsireland.org/ CMS Ireland]

{{Protestant missions to Africa}}
{{Protestant missions to India}}
{{Protestant missions to Pacific Islands}}
{{Protestant missions to the Middle East}}
{{Protestant missions to Southeast Asia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Portal bar|Christianity}}
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1799]]
[[Category:Church of England missions]]
[[Category:Church of England missionary societies]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Anglican organizations established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:1799 establishments in Great Britain]]
[[Category:Christian missionary societies]]

Crosslinks

2025-10-20T00:57:44Z

YourUsername: 1 revision imported

{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Crosslinks
|full_name = Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society
|image =
|caption =
|abbreviation =
|formation = 1922
|headquarters = London England
|type = [[Anglicanism]]<br/>[[Conservative evangelicalism in the United Kingdom|Conservative evangelicalism]]
|status = Active
|affiliations =
|leader_title = Mission Director
|leader_name = John McLernon
|founder =
|membership =
|membership_year =
|website = {{url|https://www.crosslinks.org|crosslinks.org}}
}}
'''Crosslinks''' is an [[evangelicalism|evangelical]] [[Anglican]] missionary society, drawing its support mainly from parishes in the [[Church of England]] and [[Church of Ireland]]. It was known as the '''Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society''' ('''BCMS''') until 1992. The BCMS was created as the result of a [[Conservative evangelicalism in the United Kingdom|conservative]] split from the [[Church Missionary Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History {{!}} Christian Mission Opportunities {{!}} Crosslinks|url=https://www.crosslinks.org/about-us/history/|access-date=2021-02-22|website=www.crosslinks.org}}</ref>

==Foundation==
BCMS was founded on 27 October 1922 as a result of a split in the [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS). A number of CMS missionaries and supporters had become unhappy at its drift towards theological [[Liberal Christianity|liberalism]]. BCMS was intended as a continuation of CMS's original theological and missionary principles. The Society was quickly established under the forceful leadership of Daniel Bartlett, who dominated its first 25 years. Another significant early supporter was [[Henry Wace (Anglican priest)|Dean Wace]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB
| last1=Gregory
| first1=Stephen
| author-link=
| last2=Harrison
| first2=B.
| author2-link=
| year=
| date=
| publication-date=2004
| contribution=Wace, Henry (1836–1924)
| contribution-url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36669
| editor-last=
| editor-first=
| editor-link=
| editor2-last=
| editor2-first=
| editor2-link=
| title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
| edition=
| place=
| publication-place=Oxford
| volume=
| pages=
| id=
| isbn =
| doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/36669
| oclc=
| url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36669
}}.</ref> While the parting was less than amicable, Bartlett ruled that all BCMS missionaries should transfer to areas where the CMS had not previously operated, in an attempt to restore [[charity (virtue)|charitable]] relations. Another priority was the establishment of a training college (1925) in line with BCMS's theology, which later became [[Trinity College, Bristol]].

The ecclesiastical historian [[Adrian Hastings]] has argued that this is one of the few English parallels to the [[Fundamentalism#Origins and Development of the term|Fundamentalism]] controversy in the US. He notes that BCMS differed from CMS by "only one word" – Bible. However, it is noteworthy that in contrast to US examples, BCMS remained committed to the [[Church of England]] and the [[Church of Ireland]], despite their theological diversity.<ref>Adrian Hastings, ''A History of English Christianity 1920–2000''; 4th rev.ed. London: SCM Press, 2001</ref>

27 October anniversary has become part of Crosslinks' traditions, and is commemorated by enthusiasts as ''Crosslinks Day''.<ref>[http://www.ireland.anglican.org/index.php?do=news&newsid=749 ''Irish Times''; "Church of Ireland Notes", 28 October 2006 (via Church of Ireland website)]</ref>

==History==
The first BCMS missionary was 84-year-old Archdeacon A. W. Mackay of [[Saskatchewan, Canada]]. He worked among the [[Inuit]] of Canada. In 1923, work began in [[India]], followed by China and [[Burma]]. In 1927, officials in [[Ethiopia]] invited BCMS to begin work there, but it was not until 1929 that BCMS's first missionaries to Africa arrived in [[Morocco]]. The same year saw a specific request to begin work in [[Kenya]] and [[Uganda]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crosslinks.org/about/history/history.html |title=Crosslinks History (official site) |accessdate=16 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512160619/http://www.crosslinks.org/about/history/history.html |archive-date=12 May 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The worldwide turmoil around the [[Second World War]] led to the Society's withdrawal from a number of countries: Ethiopia ([[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|1937 war]]), Burma ([[Japanese occupation of Burma|1942 invasion]]), and China ([[History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)#Korean War|1949–51 expulsion]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.crosslinks.org/about/history/history.html |title=Crosslinks History (official site) |accessdate=14 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220145227/http://crosslinks.org/about/history/history.html |archive-date=20 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The late 1940s also saw Bartlett finally relinquish leadership to [[A. T. Houghton]]. The following decades saw an increasing focus on East Africa, particularly the [[Karamoja]] area of [[Uganda]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=g8W29Kq4CfoC&dq=missionary+%22Daniel+Bartlett%22+date:1920-2007&pg=PA71 Ben Knighton ''The Vitality of Karamojong Religion: Dying Tradition or Living Faith?''. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005, pp. 70–74 (via Google Book Search)]</ref> and the [[Church of Uganda#Dioceses|Diocese of Karamoja]] retains a strong Crosslinks connection.

In the second half of the twentieth century, the tide of [[decolonisation]] led to the scaling down and rethinking of activities in Africa and India. BCMS/Crosslinks has participated in two trends common to most Western missionary societies:
* Missionaries are as likely to come from the [[Global South]] as to go there. Given the distribution of Anglicans, this has tended to mean African mission partners joining Crosslinks.
* The West is now seen as a mission field. Crosslinks brings African pastors to England and Ireland, it has an environmental protection programme in Western Europe ([[A Rocha]]) and starts new churches in urban England as it traditionally did in rural Africa.

The Crosslinks name emphasises the society's principle that Mission is from everywhere to everywhere. The name also helps to make possible work in some of the 60 or so countries where Bible, [[Christian Church|Church]] and [[Missionary]] are not acceptable.

==See also==
* [[Church Mission Society]]
* [[History of Christian missions]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
*{{Citation
| last =Purser
| first =Alan
| date =2007
| title =The Story of the Society
| publisher =Crosslinks
| url =http://crosslinks.org/publications/indepth/0704/id0704.pdf
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110725204651/http://crosslinks.org/publications/indepth/0704/id0704.pdf
| archive-date =25 July 2011
| url-status =dead
}}
*{{Citation
| last1 =Hooton
| first1 =W. S.
| author-link =
| last2 =Wright
| first2 =J. Stafford
| author2-link =
| date =2007
| title =The First Twenty-five Years of the Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society
| edition =
| volume =
| publication-place =London
| publisher =Bible Churchmen's Missionary Society
| id =
| isbn =
| doi =
| oclc =
| url =
| accessdate =
}}.
*{{Citation
| last =Russell
| first =Stanley Farrant
| author-link =
| date =1972
| title =Full Fifty Years: the BCMS story
| edition =
| volume =
| publication-place =London
| publisher =Patmos Press
| id =
| isbn =
| doi =
| oclc =
| url =
| accessdate =
}}.

==External links==
*[http://www.crosslinks.org '''Crosslinks''' – God's Word to God's World] This is the official Crosslinks web site, and is frequently updated with news from mission partners. Publications are also available on-line. An RSS feed for site additions is available.
*[http://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=DServe.Catalog&id=XMS47 List of BCMS/Crosslinks archives at Birmingham University, including list of missionaries]

[[Category:Church of England missions]]
[[Category:Church of England missionary societies]]
[[Category:Church of Ireland]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Evangelicalism in the Church of England]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1922]]

Low church

2025-10-20T00:57:44Z

YourUsername: 1 revision imported

{{short description|Christian denominations without much ritual}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2016}}

{{update|date=July 2017}}{{Anglicanism}}
In [[Anglican]] [[Christianity]], the term '''''low church''''' refers to those who give little emphasis to [[Christian liturgy|ritual]], often having an emphasis on [[preaching]], individual salvation, and personal [[religious conversion|conversion]].<ref>[https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/low-church/ Episcopal Church website, Glossary section, ''Low Church'']</ref><ref>[https://www.compellingtruth.org/high-church-low-church.html Compelling Truth website, ''What are 'High Church' and 'Low Church'?'']</ref> The term is most often used in a [[Christian liturgy|liturgical]] sense, denoting a [[Protestant]] emphasis, whereas ''[[high church]]'' denotes an emphasis on ritual, often [[Anglo-Catholic]] (with respect to Anglicanism) and [[Evangelical Catholic]] (with respect to Lutheranism).

The term was initially pejorative. During the series of doctrinal and ecclesiastic challenges to the [[established church]] in the 17th century, commentators and others – who favoured the theology, worship, and hierarchical structure of [[Anglicanism]] (such as the [[episcopate]]) as the true form of Christianity – began referring to that outlook (and the related practices) as ''[[high church]]'',<ref>[https://www.anglican.ca/ask/faq/high-low-church/ The Anglican Church of Canada website, '' “High” and “Low” Church '']</ref> and by the early 18th century those theologians and politicians who sought more reform in the English church and a greater liberalisation of church structure were in contrast called ''low church''.

To an outsider, the difference between high church and low church may not be immediately obvious. There is a strong tradition of spiritual flexibility in Anglicanism, and many churches do not wish to exclude those who prefer one or the other. Most local churches do not identify as one or the other, and may try to accommodate many forms of worship. Churches that are more lax in ritual generally do not advertise as such, and the vast majority of Anglican churches, including most low church congregations, follow some kind of fixed liturgy. Low-church congregations, however, typically have plainer-looking churches, prefer modern language, have some aspects of [[contemporary worship]], and include more roles for [[Laity|layperson]]s during service. One definite indicator of a low-church parish is infrequent services for performing sacraments such as the [[Eucharist]]. Many low-church parishes are strongly influenced by [[evangelicalism]] and individual [[religious experience]], resulting in a tradition called [[Evangelical Anglicanism]].

==Historical use==
[[File:A British Janus (BM 1868,0808.3424).jpg|thumb|1709 satirical [[Broadside (printing)|broadside]] with an [[engraving]] showing a [[Janus]] figure preaching, the left half showing a bishop in a pulpit, the right half a puritan in a tub.]]
[[File:Adolph Tidemand - Low Church Devotion - Google Art Project (9QGXjFzX4Caijw).jpg|thumb|"Low Church [[Anglican devotions|Devotion]]" ([[Adolph Tidemand]], 1852)]]
The term ''low church'' was used in the early part of the 18th century as the equivalent of the term ''[[Latitudinarian]]'' in that it was used to refer to values that provided much latitude in matters of discipline and faith. The term was in contradistinction to the term ''[[high church]]'', or high churchmen, which applied to those who valued the exclusive authority of the Established Church, the episcopacy and the sacramental system.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Low Churchman |volume=17 |page=72 |inline=1}}</ref>

Low churchmen wished to tolerate [[Puritan]] opinions within the Church of England, though they might not be in agreement with Puritan liturgical practices. The movement to bring [[Separatists]], and in particular [[Presbyterians]], back into the Church of England ended with the [[Act of Toleration 1689]] for the most part. Though ''Low church'' continued to be used for those clergy holding a more liberal view of [[Dissenters]], the term eventually fell into disuse.

Both terms were revived in the 19th century when the [[Tractarian movement]] brought the term "high churchman" into vogue. The terms were again used in a modified sense, now used to refer to those who exalted the idea of the Church as a catholic entity as the body of Christ, and the sacramental system as the divinely given means of grace. A low churchman now became the equivalent of an [[Evangelical Anglicanism|evangelical Anglican]], the designation of the movement associated with the name of [[Charles Simeon]], which held the necessity of personal conversion to be of primary importance.<ref name=EB1911/>

At the same time, Latitudinarian changed to ''[[broad church]]'', or broad churchmen, designating those who most valued the ethical teachings of the Church and minimised the value of [[orthodoxy]]. The revival of pre-[[English Reformation|Reformation]] ritual by many of the high church clergy led to the designation ''[[ritualism|ritualist]]'' being applied to them in a somewhat contemptuous sense. However, the terms high churchman and ritualist have often been wrongly treated as interchangeable. The high churchman of the Catholic type is further differentiated from the earlier use of what is sometimes described as the "high and dry type" of the period before the [[Oxford Movement]].<ref name=EB1911/>

==Modern use==
In contemporary usage, "low churches" place more emphasis on the [[Reformed Christianity|Reformed]] [[Protestant]] nature of Anglicanism than broad or high churches and are usually [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] in their belief and [[wikt:conservative#Adjective|conservative]] (although not necessarily ''traditional'') in practice. They may tend to favour liturgy such as the ''[[Common Worship]]'' over ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]'', services of Morning and Evening Prayer over the Eucharist, and many use the minimum of formal liturgy permitted by church law. The [[Anglican Diocese of Sydney|Diocese of Sydney]] has largely abandoned the Prayer Book and uses free-form evangelical services.

Some contemporary low churches also incorporate elements of [[Charismatic movement|charismatic Christianity]].

More traditional low church Anglicans, under the influence of [[Calvinist]] or [[Reformed tradition|Reformed]] thought inherited from the Reformation era, reject the doctrine that the [[sacrament]]s confer [[divine grace|grace]] ''[[ex opere operato]]'' (e.g., baptismal regeneration) and lay stress on the [[Bible]] as the ultimate source of authority in matters of faith necessary for salvation.<ref name=EB1911/> They are often prepared to cooperate with other [[Protestant]]s on nearly equal terms. Some low church Anglicans of the Reformed party consider themselves the only faithful adherents of historic Anglicanism and emphasise the [[Thirty-Nine Articles]] of the Church of England as an official doctrinal statement of the Anglican tradition.<Ref>[https://www.reformedanglican.us/blog/2016/4/20/gleaning-what-is-reformed-anglicanism Reformed Anglican website, ''Gleaning - What is Reformed Anglicanism?'', article by H Barton dated April 20, 2016]</ref>

==Ecumenical relationships==

===United churches with other Protestants in Asia===
Several provinces of the [[Anglican Communion]] in Asia have merged with other Protestant churches. The [[Church of South India]] arose out of a merger of the southern province of the Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon (Anglican), the Methodist Church of South India and the South India United Church (a [[Congregationalist]], [[Reformed tradition|Reformed]] and [[Presbyterian]] united church) in 1947.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Church-of-South-India Britannica website, ''Church of South India'']</ref> In the 1990s a small number of [[Baptist]] and [[Pentecostal]] churches joined also the union.

In 1970 the [[Church of India, Burma and Ceylon|Church of India, Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon]], the United Church of North India, the Baptist Churches of Northern India, the [[Church of the Brethren]] in India, the [[Methodist]] Church (British and Australia Conferences) and the [[Disciples of Christ]] denominations merged to form the [[Church of North India]]. Also in 1970 the Anglican, Presbyterian (Church of Scotland), [[United Methodist]] and [[Lutheran]] Churches in Pakistan merged into the [[Church of Pakistan]].<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Church-of-Pakistan Britannica website, ''Church of Pakistan'']</ref> The Church of Bangladesh is the result of a merger of Anglican and Presbyterian churches.<ref>[https://churchofbangladesh.org/about/foundation/#:~:text=Church%20of%20Bangladesh%20Evolved&text=Therefore%2C%20the%20Synod%20of%20the,of%20the%20Church%20of%20Bangladesh. Church of Bangladesh website, ''Who We Are'']</ref>

===Great Britain and Ireland===
In the 1960s the [[Methodist Church of Great Britain]] made [[ecumenical]] overtures to the [[Church of England]], aimed at church unity. These formally failed when they were rejected by the Church of England's [[General Synod]] in 1972.<ref>[https://www.fulcrum-anglican.org.uk/articles/ministry-ecclesiology-and-theological-tidiness-reflections-on-the-history-of-anglican-methodist-unity/ Fulcrum Anglican website, ''Ministry, ecclesiology and theological tidiness: Reflections on the history of Anglican-Methodist unity'', article by Peter Webster dated February 7, 2018]</ref> In 1981, a covenant project was proposed between the Church of England, the Methodist Church in Great Britain, the [[United Reformed Church]] and the [[Moravian Church]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/ |title=Church of England/Methodist Church Covenant}}</ref>

In 1982 the United Reformed Church voted in favour of the covenant, which would have meant remodelling its elders and moderators as bishops and incorporating its ministry into the apostolic succession. The Church of England rejected the covenant. Conversations and co-operation continued leading in 2003 to the signing of a covenant between the Church of England and the Methodist Church of Great Britain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anglican-methodist.org.uk/ |title=Church of England/Methodist Church Covenant}}</ref> From the 1970s onward, the Methodist Church was involved in several "Local Ecumenical Projects" (LEPs) with neighbouring denominations usually with the Church of England, the [[Baptists]] or with the United Reformed Church, which involved sharing churches, schools and in some cases ministers.

In the Church of England, Anglicans of [[Anglo-Catholic]] churchmanship are often opposed to unity with other Protestants, which can reduce hope of unity with the [[Roman Catholic Church]]. Accepting women Protestant ministers would also make unity with the [[See of Rome]] more difficult.<ref>[https://www.americamagazine.org/faith/2024/02/02/anglican-catholic-christian-unity-summit-247105 America Jesuit Review website, ''A short history of Catholic-Anglican relations - and the last roadblocks to unity'', article by Gerard O’Connell dated February 2, 2024]</ref>

In the 1990s and early 2000s the [[Scottish Episcopal Church]] (Anglican), the [[Church of Scotland]] (Presbyterian), the Methodist Church of Great Britain and the United Reformed Church were all parts of the "Scottish Churches Initiative for Union" (SCIFU) for seeking greater unity.<ref>[https://www.christianpost.com/news/scottish-churches-first-steps-to-union.html Christian Post website, ''Scottish Churches' First Steps to Union'', article by Albert H Lee]</ref> The attempt stalled following the withdrawal of the Church of Scotland in 2003.<ref>[https://www.scotsman.com/news/kirk-rejects-move-to-form-super-church-2460893 The Scotsman website, ''Kirk Rejects Move to form Super-Church'', article dated May 20, 2003]</ref><ref>[https://oxford-institute.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/2013-6-kingston.pdf Oxford Institute of Methodist Theological Studies website, ''The Notion of Covenant as ecumenical instrument'', article by Gillian Kingston (2013)]</ref>

In 2002 the [[Church of Ireland]], which is generally on the low church end of the spectrum of world Anglicanism, signed a covenant for greater cooperation and potential ultimate unity with the [[Methodist Church in Ireland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ireland.anglican.org/archives/pressreleases/prarchive2002/covstmt2.html |title=Church of Ireland/Methodist Church Covenant}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Anglo-Catholicism]]
* [[Broad church]]
* [[Central churchmanship]]
* [[Conservative Evangelicalism in Britain]]
* [[Church of England]]
*[[Church of England (Continuing)]]
*[[Evangelical Anglicanism]]
* [[High Church]]
* [[Open Evangelical]]
*[[Provincial episcopal visitor]]
* [[Ritualism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Cross, F. L. (ed.) (1957) ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. London: Oxford U. P.; Low Churchmen, p. 824

==External links==
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09399a.htm "Low Church"] in the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]''
* [http://anglicansonline.org/special/highlow/ High Church vs. Low Church: Documentary Narrative of an Ecclesiastical Joke] compiled by Richard Mammana and Cynthia McFarland for [[Anglicans Online]]
* [http://igrejaanglicana.com.br Igreja Anglicana Reformada do Brasil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502044033/http://igrejaanglicana.com.br/ |date=2010-05-02 }}

{{Christian theology by tradition |Protestant}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Low Church}}
[[Category:Anglican Churchmanship]]
[[Category:Christian terminology]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Evangelicalism in the Church of England]]
[[Category:Protestantism-related controversies]]

Free Church of England

2025-10-20T00:57:42Z

YourUsername: 1 revision imported

{{Short description|UK Christian denomination}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name = Free Church of England
| image = Free Church of England logo.png
| imagewidth = 150px
| caption =
| main_classification = [[Christianity|Protestant]]
| orientation = [[Anglican]]
| scripture = [[Christian Bible]]
| theology = [[Low church|Low church Anglicanism]]
| polity = [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| founder =
| founded_date = 1844
| founded_place =
| separated_from = [[Church of England]]
| merger =
| separations =
| associations = {{ubl||[[Global Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans|GAFCON]]|[[Churches Together in England]]|[[Free Church Federation]]}}
| full_communion = [[Reformed Episcopal Church]]
| congregations = 18
| website = {{Official URL}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Free Church of England''' ('''FCE''') is an [[Episcopal polity|Episcopal]] Church based in England. The church was founded when a number of congregations separated from the [[State religion|established]] [[Church of England]] in the middle of the 19th century.<ref>Richard D. Fenwick, "The Free Church of England otherwise called the Reformed Episcopal Church c. 1845 to c. 1927", PhD thesis, University of Wales, 1995.</ref>

The doctrinal basis of the FCE, together with its Episcopal structures, organisation, worship, ministry and ethos are recognisably [[Anglican]] although it is not a member of the [[Anglican Communion]]. Its worship style follows that of the [[Book of Common Prayer]] or conservative modern-language forms that belong to the Anglican tradition.

The Church of England acknowledges the FCE as a church with [[Holy orders|valid orders]] and its [[Canon (canon law)|canons]] permit a range of shared liturgical and ministerial activities.

==History==
The Free Church of England was founded principally by [[Evangelical Anglicanism|Evangelical]] [[Low Church]] clergy and congregations in response to what were perceived as attempts (inspired by the [[Oxford Movement]]) to re-introduce traditional [[Anglo-Catholicism|Catholic]] practices into the Church of England, England's [[established church]]. The first congregation was formed by [[the Reverend]] James Shore at [[St John's Church, Bridgetown|St John's Church]] [[Bridgetown, Devon|Bridgetown]], Totnes, Devon, in 1844.<ref>Grayson Carter, ''Anglican Evangelicals. Protestant Secessions from the via media, c.1800–1850'' (2001/15)</ref>

In the early years, clergy were often provided by the [[Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion]] which had its origins in the 18th-century [[Evangelical Revival]]. By the middle of the 19th century, the Connexion still retained many Anglican features such as the use of the [[surplice]] and the ''[[Book of Common Prayer]]''.<ref>John Fenwick, ''The Free Church of England: Introduction to an Anglican Tradition'', London, Continuum, 2004, pp. 9–33.</ref>

The first Bishop was [[Benjamin Price (bishop)|Benjamin Price]], who initially had oversight of all the new congregations.

In 1874 the FCE made contact with the newly organised [[Reformed Episcopal Church]] in North America.<ref>Allen C. Guelzo, ''For the Union of Evangelical Christendom: The Irony of the Reformed Episcopalians'', Pennsylvania, State University Press, 1994, pp. 224–227.</ref>

In 1956, the FCE published a revision of the ''Book of Common Prayer'' to form the primary text of the denomination's liturgy. The stated intention of the revision was to remove or explain "particular phrases and expressions" from the Church of England's 1662 edition of the prayer book that "afford at least plausible ground for the teaching and practice of the [[Sacerdotalism|Sacerdotal]] and [[Roman Catholic (term)|Romanising]] Party".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Book of Common Prayer and Administration of the Sacraments and Other Rites and Ceremonies for use in the Free Church of England otherwise called the Reformed Episcopal Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland|date=January 1956|author=Free Church of England|location=[[London]]|publisher=Marshall, Morgan, & Scott }}</ref>

In 2003, due to differences in theology and practice, two Bishops and ten congregations split from the main Church and formed the Evangelical Connexion of the Free Church of England.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History and other fce |publisher=Evangelical Connexion of the Free Church of England|url=https://ecfce.com/other-fce/|access-date=28 September 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref> Despite its name, the body is not part of the official denomination. Three of these congregations returned to the FCE – those in [[Exeter]] (which subsequently left the FCE again in April 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=Mixed week for the FCE: looses a parish but gains a television show |url=https://anglican.ink/2023/04/19/mixed-week-for-the-fce-looses-a-parish-but-gains-a-television-show/ |website=Anglican Ink |date=19 April 2023 |access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref>), [[Middlesbrough]] (which eventually closed in 2021) and [[Oswaldtwistle]]. [[Leigh-on-Sea]] returned to the FCE in 2023. Two churches in [[Farnham]] and [[Teddington]] having become independent altogether, the ECFCE currently has four churches in [[Fleetwood]], [[Leeds]], [[Tuebrook]] (Liverpool) and [[Workington]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Churches |publisher=Evangelical Connexion of the Free Church of England|url=https://ecfce.com/church-reports/|access-date=28 September 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Ordained ministry==
The Church holds a [[Anglican ministry|threefold ministry]] of [[deacons]], [[presbyters]] and [[bishops]] and only ordains men.<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |title=The Constitution |url=https://fcofe.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/fce_constitution.pdf |website=fcofe.org.uk |publisher=Free Church of England |access-date=6 April 2024 |date=August 2022}}</ref> Its orders have been recognised as valid by the Church of England since 2013.<ref name="CoE recognised">{{cite web |title=Free Church of England Orders recognised |url=http://churchofengland.org/media-centre/news/2013/01/free-church-of-england-orders-recognised.aspx |website=The Church of England |publisher=Archbishops' Council |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213012503/http://churchofengland.org/media-centre/news/2013/01/free-church-of-england-orders-recognised.aspx |archive-date=13 February 2013 |date=28 January 2013}}</ref>

==Organisation==
The provision of contemporary language liturgies has been approved by Convocation and a process of drafting and authorisation has begun.{{When|date=February 2025}} The church has continued to ordain bishops in the [[apostolic succession]], with [[Moravian Church|Moravian]], Church of England and [[Malabar Independent Syrian Church]] bishops taking part on occasion.<ref>John Fenwick, ''The Forgotten Bishops: The Malabar Independent Syrian Church and its Place in the Story of the St Thomas Christians of South India'', Piscataway, NJ, Gorgias Press, 2009, p.582; The Glastonbury Review, vol. XXII, no. 114, (November 2006), p. 299; Free Church of England Year Book, 2006-2007.</ref>

==Dioceses==
The united Church enjoyed modest growth in the first part of the 20th century, having at one point 90 congregations, but after the [[Second World War]], like most other denominations in the UK, suffered a decline in numbers, though there has been a modest increase in the number of congregations in recent years.<ref>Year books 2007-2013.</ref> The UK churches are located across two dioceses, the [[Northern Diocese (Free Church of England)|Northern Diocese]] and the [[Southern Diocese (Free Church of England)|Southern Diocese]].

[[File:Holy Trinity Church Free Church of England, Oswaldtwistle - geograph.org.uk - 85391.jpg|thumb|Holy Trinity Church Free Church of England, Oswaldtwistle]]

=== Northern Diocese ===

The current Bishop of the [[Northern Diocese (Free Church of England)|Northern Diocese]] is [[John Fenwick (bishop)|John Fenwick]]. Fenwick also acts as Bishop Primus, an office that is elected annually at Convocation.

Churches in the Northern Diocese are located in the northern half of England, alongside Wales, Scotland and the Isle of Man, with a majority of these congregations in the Lancashire area. These churches include a congregation which worships in Farsi.

===Southern Diocese===

The current Bishop of the [[Southern Diocese (Free Church of England)|Southern Diocese]] is Paul Hunt.

Churches in the Southern Diocese are located in the southern half of England.

==Recognition of orders==
In January 2013 it was announced that the Church of England had recognised the [[holy orders]] of the Free Church of England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.churchofengland.org/media-centre/news/2013/01/free-church-of-england-orders-recognised.aspx |title=Free Church of England Orders recognised |website=www.churchofengland.org |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208083316/http://www.churchofengland.org/media-centre/news/2013/01/free-church-of-england-orders-recognised.aspx |archive-date=8 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This move followed approximately three years of contact between the bishops of the Free Church of England, the Council for Christian Unity and the Faith and Order Commission. The recognition was approved by the Council for Christian Unity and the Faith and Order Advisory Commission, and endorsed by the standing committee of the House of Bishops. John McLean, the then Bishop Primus of the Free Church of England, said: "We are grateful to the archbishops for this recognition of our common episcopal heritage. I pray that it will not be an end in itself, but will lead to new opportunities for proclaiming the Gospel." [[Christopher Hill (bishop)|Christopher Hill]], [[Bishop of Guildford]] and chair of the Church of England's Council for Christian Unity, said: "I hope there will be good relations between us and especially in those places where there is a Free Church of England congregation."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gledhill |first=Ruth |title=Church of England recognises 'free' order that is against women bishops |newspaper=The Times |date=28 January 2013 |location=London}}</ref>

Recognition of the orders of the Free Church of England under the [[Overseas and Other Clergy (Ministry and Ordination) Measure 1967]] (No. 3) means that FCE clergy are eligible to be given permission under that measure to officiate in the Church of England, subject to such procedures and authorisations as may be required. A number have been so authorised while remaining clergy of the FCE in good standing. The measure also permits FCE bishops to ordain and perform other episcopal functions at the request of the bishop of a diocese in the provinces of Canterbury and York, subject to the consent of the relevant archbishop.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukcm/1967/3/section/4 |title=Overseas and Other Clergy (Ministry and Ordination) Measure 1967 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref>

==Relationships==
The FCE is in communion with the [[Reformed Episcopal Church]], which itself is now a subjurisdiction of the [[Anglican Church in North America]]. Within the UK the FCE is a member of the Free Churches Group<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.churches-together.net/Articles/179473/Churches_Together_in/Free_Churches/FCG_Member_Denominations.aspx |title=churches-together.net |publisher=churches-together.net |access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref> and [[Churches Together in England]]. From 1992 to 1997 the FCE was in official dialogue with the Church of England, which the 1998 [[Lambeth Conference]] saw as a sign of hope.<ref>Mark Dyer et al. (eds.), ''The Official Report of the Lambeth Conference 1998'', Harrisburg, PA, Morehouse Publishing, 1999, p.228.</ref> It is a Designated Church under the [[Church of England's]] Ecumenical Relations Measure 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supplementary material |url=https://www.churchofengland.org/about/leadership-and-governance/legal-services/canons-church-england/supplementary-material |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=The Church of England |language=en}}</ref>

FCE bishops have attended the enthronements of [[George Carey]], [[Rowan Williams]] and [[Justin Welby]] as [[Archbishops of Canterbury]]. Since 2013, the Free Church of England has been in dialogue with the conservative [[Old Catholic Church|Old Catholics]] of the [[Union of Scranton]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnkk.no/Sentrale%20sider%20-%20engelsk/index.htm |title=Den nordisk-katolske kirke » for den udelte kirkes tro |work=Dnkk.no |date=29 August 2015 |access-date=6 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chadwick |first=Fr Anthony |date=2013-03-16 |title=Free Church of England and the Union of Scranton |url=https://sarumuse.org/2013/03/16/free-church-of-england-joins-the-union-of-scranton/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=The Blue Flower |language=en}}</ref> former FCE Deacon [[Calvin Robinson]] sought ordination in the Union of Scranton's [[Nordic Catholic Church]] while minister-in-charge at the FCE's Christ Church, Harlesden.<ref name="Ordination">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220703142101/https://fcofe.org.uk/2022/06/26/calvin-robinson-was-ordained-to-the-diaconate/ Calvin Robinson was Ordained to the Diaconate]. Free Church of England, 26 June 2022. Archived from [https://fcofe.org.uk/2022/06/26/calvin-robinson-was-ordained-to-the-diaconate/ the original] on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022</ref>

==Anglican realignment==
{{Main|Anglican realignment}}
The FCE has been involved in the [[Anglican realignment|realignments]] within the [[Anglican Communion]]. In 2009 the church was represented at the launch of the [[Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans]] (UK and Ireland), the local expression of the [[Global Anglican Future Conference]] (GAFCON) movement inaugurated the previous year in [[Jerusalem]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2019}} The FCE has been represented at the subsequent GAFCON Conferences – Nairobi (2013), Jerusalem (2018) and Kigali (2023). Its bishops are members of the GAFCON GBE Bishops’ Forum and the Bishop Primus is a member of the GAFCON GBE Regional Council.

In February 2016, [[Foley Beach]], Archbishop of the [[Anglican Church in North America]], signed an Instrument declaring the Anglican Church in North America to be in full communion with the Free Church of England, and recognising "their congregations, clergy, and sacraments, while pledging to work together for the proclamation of the Good News of Jesus Christ and the making of his disciples throughout the world". Archbishop Beach's declaration was ratified by the provincial council of the ACNA in June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Gross |date=2016-06-21 |title=Archbishop Foley Beach addresses Provincial Council 2016 |url=https://anglicanchurch.net/archbishop-foley-beach-addresses-provincial-council-2016/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=The Anglican Church in North America |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Free Church of England |volume=11 |short=x}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}
* [http://mammana.org/bcp/misc/free_church_of_england1956.pdf Free Church of England Book of Common Prayer] (1956) digitised by Richard Mammana

{{Christianity in the United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Religious organisations based in England]]
[[Category:Christian denominations in England]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:History of the Church of England]]
[[Category:Anglicanism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Anglican realignment denominations]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1844]]
[[Category:1844 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Reformed denominations in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Anglican organizations established in the 19th century]]

Clapham Sect

2025-10-20T00:57:41Z

YourUsername: 1 revision imported

{{Short description|Group of Church of England social reformers}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
[[File:WILLIAM WILBERFORCE AND THE CLAPHAM SECT WORSHIPPED IN THIS CHURCH. THEIR CAMPAIGNING RESULTED IN THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY IN BRITISH DOMINIONS 1833.jpg|thumb|[[Blue plaque]] commemorating William Wilberforce and the Clapham Sect]]
The '''Clapham Sect''', or '''Clapham Saints''', were a group of social reformers associated with [[Holy Trinity Clapham]] in the period from the 1780s to the 1840s. Despite the label "[[sect]]", most members remained in the [[Established Church|established]] (and dominant) [[Church of England]], which was highly interwoven with offices of state.

== History ==
{{expand section|date=December 2022}}
The [[Clapham]] movement grew from 18th-century evangelical trends in the Church of England (the [[Anglican Church]]) and started to coalesce around residents of Clapham, especially during the rectorship there of [[John Venn (priest)|John Venn]] (in office: 1792-1813)<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Venn
|first1 = John
|author-link1 = John Venn
|date = 8 March 2012
|orig-date = 1904
|title = Annals of a Clerical Family: Being Some Account of the Family and Descendants of William Venn, Vicar of Otterton, Devon, 1600-1621
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rRcFkXb_-OoC
|series = Cambridge Library Collection - Religion
|edition = reprint
|location = Cambridge
|publisher = Cambridge University Press
|isbn = 9781108044929
|access-date = 2 December 2022
|quote = [...] John [Venn] was the founder of an evangelical sect at Clapham (where his father had also been curate), and of the Church Missionary Society [...].
}}
</ref>
and came to engage in systematically advocating social reform.<ref>
{{cite book
|author1 = Nirmala Sharma
|date = 21 March 2016
|title = Unraveling Misconceptions: A New Understanding of E. M. Forster's ''A Passage to India''
|publisher = Xlibris Corporation
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hJ7XCwAAQBAJ
|isbn = 9781514475218
|access-date = 2 December 2022
|quote = 'The Clapham Sect was a group of evangelical reformers that presented a new “crystallization of power: parliament, the Established Church, the journals of opinion, the universities, the City, the civil and fighting services, the government of the Empire. Clapham found a place in them all, not infrequently a distinguished one.' [...] The Clapham Sect was also noted for its 'advocacy of the abolition of the slave trade.'
}}
</ref>

In the course of time the growth of evangelical [[Christian revival]]ism in England<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Ditchfield
|first1 = G. M.
|year = 2003
|orig-date = 1998
|title = The Evangelical Revival
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zWv9LeLsyhUC
|series = Introductions to history
|edition = reprint
|location = London
|publisher = Psychology Press
|isbn = 9781857284812
|access-date = 1 December 2022
}}
</ref>
and the movement for [[Catholic emancipation]] fed into a waning of the old precept that every Englishman automatically counted as an Anglican.<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Morgan
|first1 = Edmund S.
|author-link1 = Edmund Morgan (historian)
|date = 28 June 2017
|orig-date = 2015
|title = Visible Saints: The History of a Puritan Idea
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fAQqDwAAQBAJ
|publisher = Pickle Partners Publishing
|isbn = 9781787204683
|access-date = 1 December 2022
|quote = Every Englishman had been automatically transformed by government decree into a member of the new Anglican church.
}}
</ref>
Some new Christian groups (such as the [[Methodism|Methodists]] and the [[Plymouth Brethren]]) moved away from Anglicanism, and the Christian social reformers who succeeded the Claphamites from about the 1830s<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Twells
|first1 = Alison
|date = 17 December 2008
|title = The Civilising Mission and the English Middle Class, 1792-1850: The 'Heathen' at Home and Overseas
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YvyGDAAAQBAJ
|edition = reprint
|location = Basingstoke
|publisher = Springer
|page = 38
|isbn = 9780230234727
|access-date = 1 December 2022
|quote = The 'Claphamites' were a group of powerful and influential men associated with the Clapham congregation [...].
}}
</ref>
often exemplified [[Nonconformist conscience]]<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Bradley
|first1 = Ian C.
|author-link1 = Ian C. Bradley
|year = 1976
|title = The Call to Seriousness: The Evangelical Impact on the Victorians
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iX7ZAAAAMAAJ
|publisher = Cape
|page = 16
|isbn = 9780224011624
|access-date = 1 December 2022
|quote = [...] the [...] very important contribution made by Nonconformity to British life in the nineteenth century.
}}
</ref>
and identified with groups functioning outside the established Anglican Church.<ref>
{{cite book
|last1 = Carter
|first1 = Grayson
|editor-last1 = Litzenberger
|editor-first1 = C. J.
|editor-last2 = Lyon
|editor-first2 = Eileen Groth
|year = 2006
|chapter = Evangelical Religion
|title = The Human Tradition in Modern Britain
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=S8YbICxXWDQC
|series = Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series
|location = Lanham
|publisher = Rowman & Littlefield
|pages = 56–57
|isbn = 9780742537354
|access-date = 25 November 2022
|quote = By the end of the long eighteenth century [1688-1832], the members of the Clapham Sect were quickly passing from the scene. [...] The successors of the Clapham Sect lived at a time of rapid and fundamental social change, arising primarily from the continued effects of industrialization. [...] various issues challenged in different ways the spiritual aspirations of the evangelical movement, producing considerable pressure (and even unrest) within its ranks. As a result, during the late 1820s and early 1830s, the 'Gospel movement' began to fragment into a number of diverse, but not altogether distinct, parties and even denominations. Examples of millennial and apocalyptic speculation, ultra-Calvinistic doctrines, and even extreme forms of Pentecostalism, could now be found among the adherents of evangelical religion, leading many traditional evangelicals to lose confidence in the ability of the 'Gospel movement' to bring about the spiritual renewal of the English church and the nation as a whole.
}}
</ref>

==Summary and context==
These were reformists and abolitionists, being contemporary terms as the 'Sect' was – until 1844 – unnamed. They figured and heard readings, sermons and lessons from prominent and wealthy [[Evangelical Anglican]]s who called for the [[Abolitionism|liberation of slaves]],<ref>Ann M. Burton, "British Evangelicals, Economic Warfare and the Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1794–1810." ''Anglican and Episcopal History'' 65#2 (1996): 197–225. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611776 in JSTOR]</ref> abolition of the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] and the [[Prison reform|reform of the penal system]], and recognised and advocated other cornerstone civil-political rights and socio-economic rights. Defying the [[status quo]] of [[labour exploitation]] and consequent vested interests in the legislature was laborious and was motivated by their [[Christian faith]] and concern for [[social justice]] and fairness for all human beings. Their most famous member was [[William Wilberforce]], widely commemorated in monuments and credited with hastening the end of the slave trade.

Electoral and other political rights were a main cause of all [[Radicals (UK)|Radicals]] then their Northern successors the [[Chartism|Chartists]], their shared earliest success being the [[Great Reform Act 1832]]. Many of the other key rights saw a comparative context in treatises of the [[Age of Enlightenment]], and [[Age of Revolutions]]. France's 1789 [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]], together with the 1689 [[English Bill of Rights]], the 1776 [[United States Declaration of Independence]], and the 1789 [[United States Bill of Rights]], inspired, in large part, the 1948 [[United Nations]] [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref>Douglas K. Stevenson (1987), ''American Life and Institutions'', Stuttgart (Germany), p. 34</ref>

==Campaigns and successes==
[[File:A view of Freetown, 1803.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Freetown]], the capital of Sierra Leone, in 1803]]
The name stems from most of its figures being non-dissenting parishioners of [[Clapham]], then a village south of London (today part of south-west London), where Wilberforce and Thornton, its two most influential leaders, often lived and met. Liturgy, sermons and sometimes meetings at [[Holy Trinity Church, Clapham|Holy Trinity Church]] on [[Clapham Common]] were a central feature, largely neighboured by upmarket new homes and expensive single-home plots of land (fashionable villas in the terms of the time).

[[Henry Venn (Clapham Sect)|Henry Venn]], since seen as the founder, was lesser clergy, Curate, there (from at least 1754) and his son John became rector (parish priest) (1792–1813). The House of Commons politicians (MPs) [[William Wilberforce]] (first elected 1780) and [[Henry Thornton (reformer)|Henry Thornton]] (first elected 1782), two of the most influential of the sect were parishioners and many of the meetings were held in their houses. They were encouraged by [[Beilby Porteus]], the [[Bishop of London]], himself an [[abolitionism|abolitionist]] and reformer, who sympathised with many of their aims. The term "Clapham Sect" is an almost non-contemporaneous invention by [[James Stephen (civil servant)|James Stephen]] in an article of 1844 which celebrated and romanticised the work of these reformers.<ref>Gathro, John [http://www.cslewisinstitute.org/webfm_send/471 "William Wilberforce and His Circle of Friends"], ''CS Lewis Institute''. Retrieved 31 August 2016</ref>

The reformers included members from [[St Edmund Hall, Oxford]] and [[Magdalene College, Cambridge]], where the Vicar of [[Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge|Holy Trinity Church]], [[Charles Simeon]] had preached to students from the [[Cambridge University|university]], some of whom underwent an evangelical [[Conversion to Christianity|conversion]] experience and later became associated with the Clapham Sect.

Lampooned in their day as "the saints", the group published a journal, the ''[[Christian Observer]]'', edited by [[Zachary Macaulay]] and were also credited with the foundation of several [[missionary]] and tract societies, including the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]] and the [[Church Missionary Society]].

After many decades of work both in British society and in [[British Parliament|Parliament]], the reformers saw their efforts rewarded with the final passage of the [[Slave Trade Act 1807]], banning the trade throughout the [[British Empire]] and, after many further years of campaigning, the total emancipation of British slaves with the passing of the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]]. They also campaigned vigorously for Britain to use its influence to work towards [[Abolitionism|abolishing]] [[slavery]] throughout the world.

Some of the group, [[Granville Sharp]], [[Thomas Clarkson]] and William Wilberforce, were responsible for the founding in 1787 of [[Sierra Leone]] as a settlement for some of the African-Americans freed by the British during the [[American Revolutionary War]]; it thus became the first non trading-post [[Crown colony|British "colony"]] akin to a fledgling mission state in Africa, whose purpose in Clarkson's words was "the abolition of the slave trade, the civilisation of Africa, and the introduction of the gospel there".<ref name=tom/>{{rp|11}} Later, in 1792, another of the group [[John Clarkson (abolitionist)|John Clarkson]] was instrumental in the creation of its capital [[Freetown]].

The group are described by the historian Stephen Tomkins as "a network of friends and families in England, with [[William Wilberforce]] as its centre of gravity, who were powerfully bound together by their shared moral and spiritual values, by their religious mission and social activism, by their love for each other, and by marriage".<ref name=tom>Tomkins, (2010) ''The Clapham Sect: How Wilberforce’s circle changed Britain'',</ref>

By 1848 when [[evangelicalism|evangelical]] bishop [[John Bird Sumner]] became [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], it is said that between a quarter and a third of Anglican clergy were linked to the movement, which by then had diversified greatly in its goals, although they were no longer considered an organised faction.<ref>Boyd Hilton, ''A Mad, Bad, Dangerous People? England 1783–1846'' (2006), p 175.</ref>

Members of the group founded or were involved with a number of other societies, including the Abolition Society, formally known as the [[Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade]] (founded by Clarkson, Sharp and others)<ref>{{cite web | title=The role of the Clapham Sect in the fight for the abolition of slavery | website=Art UK | date=10 August 2020 | url=https://artuk.org/discover/stories/the-role-of-the-clapham-sect-in-the-fight-for-the-abolition-of-slavery# | access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> and run largely by white middle-class women<ref>{{cite web | title='Am I Not a Woman and a Sister?' | website=The National Archives | url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/rights/abolition.htm | access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> of [[Quaker]], [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] and Evangelical faiths<ref>{{cite web | title=History – British History in depth: Women: From Abolition to the Vote | website=BBC | date=23 January 2007 | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/abolition/abolition_women_article_01.shtml | access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref>
The [[Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions]] followed, in 1823, and there was also the [[Proclamation Society]],<ref name="Scotland">{{cite web | last=Scotland | first=Nigel | title=The social work of the Clapham Sect: an assessment | website=The Gospel Coalition | date=29 January 2020 | url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/themelios/article/the-social-work-of-the-clapham-sect-an-assessment/ | access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=History – William Wilberforce | website=BBC | date=7 November 2006 | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/wilberforce_william.shtml | access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> the [[Sunday School Society]], the [[Bettering Society]],<ref>{{cite journal|date=2001|journal=Knowing & Doing|url=https://www.cslewisinstitute.org/webfm_send/471|publisher=[[C. S. Lewis Institute]]|title=William Wilberforce and His Circle of Friends|first= Richard |last=Gathro|quote=...originally appeared in the Summer 2001 issue of the C. S. Lewis Institute Report.}}</ref> and the [[Small Debt Society]].<ref name="Scotland"/>

The Clapham Sect have been credited with playing a significant part in the development of [[Victorian morality]], through their writings, their societies, their influence in Parliament, and their example in philanthropy and moral campaigns, especially against slavery. In the words of Tomkins, "The ethos of Clapham became the spirit of the age."<ref name=tom/>{{rp|248}}

==Members==
Members of the Clapham Sect, and those associated with them, included:<ref>David Spring, "The Clapham Sect: Some Social and Political Aspects." Victorian Studies 5#1 (1961): 35–48.</ref>

* [[Thomas Fowell Buxton]] (1786–1845), leader of the movement for the abolition of slavery, MP for [[Weymouth and Melcombe Regis (UK Parliament constituency)|Weymouth and Melcombe Regis]] and brewer
* [[William Dealtry]] (1775–1847), Rector of Holy Trinity Church, [[Clapham]], mathematician
* [[Edward James Eliot]] (1758–97), MP for [[St Germans (UK Parliament constituency)|St Germans]] and [[Liskeard (UK Parliament constituency)|Liskeard]]
* Samuel Gardiner (1755-1827) and his wife Mary Boddam of Coombe Lodge, [[Whitchurch-on-Thames]]
* [[Thomas Gisborne]] (1758–1846), [[Prebendary]] of [[Durham Cathedral]] and author
* [[Charles Grant (British East India Company)|Charles Grant]] (1746–1823), [[Administrator of the government|administrator]], chairman of the directors of the [[British East India Company]], father of the first [[Lord Glenelg]]
* [[Zachary Macaulay]] (1768–1838), estate manager, [[governor]] of [[Sierra Leone]], father of [[Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|Thomas Babington Macaulay]]
* [[Hannah More]] (1745–1833), [[bluestocking]], playwright, religious writer and philanthropist
* [[Granville Sharp]] (1735–1813), campaigner for social justice, scholar and administrator
* [[Charles Simeon]] (1759–1836), Anglican cleric, minister of [[Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge]], promoter of [[Christian mission|missions]]
* [[William Smith (abolitionist)|William Smith]] (1756–1835), MP for [[Sudbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Sudbury]] and [[Norwich (UK Parliament constituency)|Norwich]]
* [[James Stephen (British politician)|James Stephen]] (1758–1832), [[Master (judiciary)|Master]] of [[Court of Chancery|Chancery]], great-grandfather of [[Virginia Woolf]]
* [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|Lord Teignmouth]] (1751–1834), [[Governor-general]] of [[India]]
* [[John Thornton (philanthropist)|John Thornton]] (1720-1790), prominent Clapham resident, philanthropist and founder member of the group
* [[Henry Thornton (abolitionist)|Henry Thornton]] (1760–1815), economist, banker, philanthropist, [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Southwark (UK Parliament constituency)|Southwark]], son of [[John Thornton (philanthropist)|John Thornton]] and great-grandfather of writer [[E.M. Forster]]
* [[Marianne Thornton]] (1797-1887), daughter of [[Henry Thornton (reformer)|Henry Thornton]]
* [[Henry Venn (Clapham Sect)|Henry Venn]] (1725–97), curate of Holy Trinity Church, [[Clapham]], and founder of the group, father of [[John Venn (priest)]] and great-grandfather of [[John Venn]] (originator of the [[Venn diagram]])
* [[John Venn (priest)|John Venn]] (1759–1813), Rector of Holy Trinity Church, Clapham
* [[William Wilberforce]] (1759–1833), [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] for [[Kingston upon Hull (UK Parliament constituency)|Kingston upon Hull]], [[Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Yorkshire]] and [[Bramber (UK Parliament constituency)|Bramber]], [[abolitionist]], and leader of the campaign against the [[History of slavery|slave trade]]

==See also==
{{Portal inline|Christianity}}
* [[List of abolitionist forerunners]]
* [[Testonites]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Brown, Ford K. ''Fathers of the Victorians: The Age of Wilberforce'' (1961).
* Burton, Ann M. "British Evangelicals, Economic Warfare and the Abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1794–1810." ''Anglican and Episcopal History'' 65#2 (1996): 197–225. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611776 in JSTOR]
*Butler, Ryan J. "Transatlantic Discontinuity? The Clapham Sect's Influence in the United States." Church history 88, no. 3 (2019): 672–695.
* Cowper, William. "'The Better Hour Is Near': Wilberforce And Transformative Religion." (Evangelical History Association Lecture 2013) [https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:d0N16AD0Mb8J:scholar.google.com/+clapham&hl=en&as_sdt=5,27&sciodt=1,27 online]
* Danker, Ryan Nicholas. ''Wesley and the Anglicans: Political Division in Early Evangelicalism'' (InterVarsity Press, 2016).
* Hennell, Michael. ''John Venn and the Clapham Sect'' (1958).
* Hilton, Boyd. ''The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1795-‐1865'' (1988).
* Hilton, Boyd. ''A Mad, Bad, Dangerous People? England 1783–1846'' (2006), pp 174–88, passim.
* Himmelfarb, Gertrude. "From Clapham to Bloomsbury: A Genealogy of Morals." ''Commentary'' 79.2 (1985): 36.
* Howse, Ernest Marshall. ''Saints in Politics: The 'Clapham Sect' and the Growth of Freedom'' (University of Toronto Press, 1952)
* Klein, Milton M. ''Amazing Grace: John Thornton & the Clapham Sect'' (2004), 160 pp.
* {{cite book|last=Major|first=Andrea|title=Slavery, Abolitionism and Empire in India, 1772–1843|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qq-GuJKf35wC|year=2012|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-84631-758-3}}
* Spring, David. "The Clapham Sect: Some Social and Political Aspects." ''Victorian Studies'' 5#1 (1961): 35–48. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3825306 in JSTOR]
* Tomkins, Stephen. ''The Clapham Sect: How Wilberforce's Circle Changed Britain'' (Oxford: Lion Hudson, 2010)
* Tomkins, Stephen. ''William Wilberforce: A Biography'' (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2007).
* Ward, William Reginald. ''The Protestant Evangelical Awakening'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002).
* Wolffe, John/ "Clapham Sect (act. 1792–1815)", ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' 2005; online edn, Oct 2016 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/theme/42140, accessed 13 Nov 2017]

== External links ==
* [http://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/1701-1800/the-clapham-group-11630311.html The Clapham Group – 1701–1800 – Church History Timeline]
* [http://www.cslewisinstitute.org/William_Wilberforce_FullArticle William Wilberforce (1759–1833): The Shrimp Who Stopped Slavery by Christopher D. Hancock]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/aug/02/wilberforce-condoned-slavery-files-claim William Wilberforce 'condoned slavery', Colonial Office papers reveal – The Guardian – Davies, Caroline. Monday 2 August 2010.]
* [https://www.economist.com/culture/2010/08/26/do-gooders-in-1790s-london Do-gooders in 1790s London – The Economist – Aug 26th 2010]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Clapham Sect| ]]
[[Category:History of the Church of England]]
[[Category:Church of England societies and organisations]]
[[Category:19th-century disestablishments in England]]
[[Category:English theologians]]
[[Category:Abolitionist organizations]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Anglican organizations established in the 18th century]]
[[Category:19th-century Protestantism]]
[[Category:18th-century Protestantism]]
[[Category:Clapham]]
[[Category:History of the London Borough of Lambeth]]

St Thomas's Church, Oakwood

2025-10-20T00:57:38Z

YourUsername: 1 revision imported

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{independent sources|date=April 2021}}

{{Infobox church
| name = St Thomas's Church, Oakwood
| fullname =
| other name =
| image = St Thomas's Church, Prince George Avenue, London N14 - geograph.org.uk - 2797444.jpg
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| coordinates = {{coord|51.64556|N|0.12675|W|display=inline,title}}
| osgraw = 
| osgridref = 
| location = Prince George Avenue, [[Oakwood, London]], N14 4SN
| country = England
| denomination = [[Church of England]]
| previous denomination =
| churchmanship = [[Conservative Evangelicalism in Britain|Conservative Evangelical]]
| membership =
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| website = {{URL| http://www.st-toms.org.uk/| st-toms.org.uk}}
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| status = Active
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| parish = St. Thomas, Oakwood
| deanery = Enfield
| archdeaconry = [[Archdeaconry of Hampstead]]
| episcopalarea = [[Bishop of Edmonton (London)|Area Bishopric of Edmonton]]
| diocese = [[Diocese of London]]
| province =
| bishop = The Rt Revd Rod Thomas (''[[Provincial episcopal visitor|AEO]]'')
| vicar = The Revd Richard Alldritt
| priest =
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'''St Thomas's Church, Oakwood''' is an Anglican church in the [[List of churches in the Diocese of London#Deanery of Enfield|Enfield Deanery]] of the [[Diocese of London]]. It is located in Prince George Avenue in the [[Oakwood, London|Oakwood]] area of the [[London Borough of Enfield]], England.

== History ==
St Thomas's is a modern Anglican church established in the 1930s as the suburb of Oakwood grew with the extension of the [[Piccadilly line|Piccadilly underground line]] to [[Cockfosters]]. Building stopped with the outbreak of the Second World War, and the church was not finished until the 1950s.<ref name="history">[https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/42073 St Thomas's Church, Oakwood], Geograph Britain.</ref> The architect was [[Romilly Craze]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.enfield.gov.uk/download/2468/church_architecture |title=London Borough of Enfield Information Sheets Church Architecture |publisher=London Borough of Enfield |accessdate=22 September 2011}}</ref> Later a parish hall was added, and a distinctive tall green spire. There is a [[Girl Guides|guide hut]] on the grounds across the car park from the main building.

Late in 2010 the spire was found to be unsafe and removed,<ref>{{cite web |author= |title=G'day from the Vicarage - Dec2010 |url=http://www.st-toms.org.uk/latest/gday-from-the-vicarage-dec2010 |url-status=dead |accessdate=22 September 2011 |publisher=St Toms Oakwood |archive-date=2 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402203912/http://www.st-toms.org.uk/latest/gday-from-the-vicarage-dec2010 }}.</ref> however this was replaced at the beginning of 2012.

===Present day===
The church holds weekly services on Sundays.

St Thomas's is within the [[Conservative Evangelicalism in Britain|Conservative Evangelical]] tradition of the Church of England. As a parish that supports [[Complementarianism|complementary gender roles]], it receives [[alternative episcopal oversight]] from the [[Bishop of Maidstone]] (currently [[Rod Thomas (bishop)|Rod Thomas]]).<ref name="Spring Newsletter 2017">{{cite web|title=Spring Newsletter 2017|url=http://www.bishopofmaidstone.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/spring-newsletter-2017.pdf|website=bishopofmaidstone.org|accessdate=8 April 2017|date=31 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="PP">{{cite web|title=St Thomas Oakwood - Full Parish Profile|url=http://www.st-toms.org.uk/userfiles/St%20Thomas%20Oakwood%20(Parish%20Profile%20-%20FULL).pdf|website=St Thomas Oakwood|accessdate=7 September 2017|date=19 June 2017}}</ref>

From May 2017 to 2018, St. Thomas' Oakwood was in [[interregnum]]; this followed the move of the previous vicar, Christopher Hobbs (1997-2017), to St Andrew's Church, Cheadle Hulme.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vane |first1=Ben |date=7 May 2017 |title=Goodbye Christopher & Margaret Hobbs |url=http://www.st-toms.org.uk/about-us/news/post/goodbye-christopher-and-margaret-hobbs |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108062737/http://www.st-toms.org.uk/about-us/news/post/goodbye-christopher-and-margaret-hobbs |archive-date=8 January 2018 |accessdate=16 May 2017 |website=St Thomas Oakwood}}</ref> On 16 April 2018, the next vicar, Rich Alldritt, was inducted at the church.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 April 2018 |title=Induction of Rich Alldritt as Vicar of St Thomas |url=http://www.st-toms.org.uk/sto/event/2018-04-16-induction-of-rich-alldritt-as-vicar-of-st-thomas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524082054/http://www.st-toms.org.uk/sto/event/2018-04-16-induction-of-rich-alldritt-as-vicar-of-st-thomas/ |archive-date=24 May 2018 |accessdate=23 May 2018 |website=St Thomas's Church}}</ref> The current musical director is David Reavley.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.st-toms.org.uk/ St Thomas's Church Website]

{{Churches in Enfield |state=autocollapse}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Thomas's Church Oakwood}}
[[Category:Church of England church buildings in the London Borough of Enfield|Oakwood]]
[[Category:Diocese of London]]
[[Category:Evangelical Anglicanism]]
[[Category:Conservative evangelical Anglican churches in England receiving AEO|Oakwood]]

{{London-Anglican-church-stub}}

Ray Sutton

2025-10-19T01:44:27Z

YourUsername: formatting

{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific_prefix = [[The Most Reverend]]
| name = Ray Sutton
| honorific_suffix = [[Doctor of Divinity|D.D.]], [[Doctor of Theology|D.Th.]]
| title = Presiding Bishop of the [[Reformed Episcopal Church]]
| image = Bishop-ray-sutton.png
| alt = Bishop Sutton presents an icon to the Anglican Deaconesses Association.
| caption = Bishop Sutton presents an icon to the Anglican Deaconesses Association.
| church = [[Reformed Episcopal Church]], [[Anglican Church in North America]]
| archdiocese =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Mid-America|Mid-America]]
| see =
| term = 2016–present
| predecessor = [[Royal U. Grote Jr.]]
| successor =

| ordination =
| ordinated_by =
| consecration = July 29, 1999
| consecrated_by = [[Leonard W. Riches]]
| rank =

| birth_name = Raymond Ronny Sutton
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|08|28}}
| birth_place = [[Louisville, Kentucky]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_post =
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list | [[Southern Methodist University]] | [[Dallas Theological Seminary]] | [[Wycliffe Hall, Oxford]]}}
| spouse = Susan Jean Schaerdel
| children = 7
}}'''Raymond Ronny Sutton''' (born 1950) is an American Anglican bishop. He was [[bishop]] [[coadjutor]] in the [[Diocese of Mid-America]] of the [[Reformed Episcopal Church]], since 1999, a founding member of the [[Anglican Church in North America]], in 2009. He is the former Rector of the [[Church of the Holy Communion (Dallas)|Church of the Holy Communion]] in [[Dallas, Texas]], president and Professor of Scripture and Theology at Cranmer Theological House in [[Houston, Texas]], and headmaster of Holy Communion Christian Academy (formerly Bent Tree Episcopal School).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.benttreeschool.org/content/view/13/30/#Bishop_Ray_Sutton |title=Bent Tree Episcopal School - Faculty and Staff |access-date=October 20, 2009 |archive-date=January 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118212656/http://www.benttreeschool.org/content/view/13/30#Bishop_Ray_Sutton |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sutton was born in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], and moved to Dallas at age thirteen.

He is currently head of the Ecumenical Relations Committee of the Anglican Church of North America.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.allsaintsanglicanshreveport.com/ |title=All Saints Anglican Church Shreveport Louisiana Traditional |access-date=October 17, 2022 |language=en |quote=He is also the Dean of the Province and Ecumenical Affairs of the Anglican Church in North America (ACNA), ... |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701110636/https://www.allsaintsanglicanshreveport.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="acna.sutton.2017.10.17">{{Cite web |url=https://anglicanchurch.net/bishop-ray-sutton-installed-as-new-presiding-bishop-of-the-reformed-episcopal-church/ |title=Bishop Ray Sutton Installed As New Presiding Bishop Of The Reformed Episcopal Church |website=[[Anglican Church in North America]] |date=June 15, 2017 |language=en |access-date=October 17, 2022 |archive-date=September 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927101835/https://anglicanchurch.net/bishop-ray-sutton-installed-as-new-presiding-bishop-of-the-reformed-episcopal-church/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

He took over the leadership of the Reformed Episcopal Church and the [[Diocese of Mid-America]] on November 24, 2016, upon the death of [[Royal U. Grote Jr.]], on a provisional level, with his installation taking place on June 15, 2017.<ref name="acna.sutton.2017.10.17"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rechurch.org/news.html#BishopGrote |title=News - Reformed Episcopal Church |website=www.rechurch.org |access-date=November 26, 2016 |archive-date=November 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126064629/http://www.rechurch.org/news.html#BishopGrote |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.virtueonline.org/dallas-bishop-ray-sutton-installed-new-presiding-bishop-reformed-episcopal-church |title=DALLAS: Bishop Ray Sutton installed as new Presiding Bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church, Virtue Online, 15 June 2017 |access-date=August 3, 2017 |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622010046/http://virtueonline.org/dallas-bishop-ray-sutton-installed-new-presiding-bishop-reformed-episcopal-church |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sutton is married to Susan Jean Schaerdel of Dallas. They have seven children and 8 grandchildren.<ref name="acna.sutton.2017.10.17"/>

==Education==
* Bachelor of Fine Arts [B.F.A.] – [[Southern Methodist University]] in (1972)
* Master of Theology [Th.M.] – [[Dallas Theological Seminary]] (1976)
* Doctor of Philosophy [Ph.D.] – [[Wycliffe Hall]], [[Oxford University]], in association with [[Coventry University]] (1998)
* Doctor of Theology (hon.) – Central School of Religion
* Doctor of Divinity (hon.) – [https://www.cumminstheoseminary.org Cummins Theological Seminary]

==Career==
[[File:Church of the Holy Communion in North Dallas, Texas.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Church of the Holy Communion in North Dallas, Texas. Seat of Bishop Ray Sutton.]]
Sutton served in parish ministry from 1976 until 1991. He was a co-pastor with [[James B. Jordan]] of Westminster Presbyterian Church in [[Tyler, Texas]], which was a prominent church in the [[Christian Reconstructionist]] movement. Other members included [[Gary North (economist)|Gary North]] and [[David Chilton]]. The church belonged to the [[Westminster Presbyterian Church (Tyler, Texas)|Westminster Presbyterian Church]] of the [[Association of Reformation Churches]] in America. North praised Sutton for uncovering that [[Meredith G. Kline]]'s five-point covenant model applied to the whole Bible, and that it applies to three covenant institutions of family, state and church.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.garynorth.com/freebooks/docs/a_pdfs/newslet/cr/8803.pdf |title=Stones and Cornerstones in Christian Reconstruction |magazine=Christian Reconstruction |volume=12 |number=2 |date=1988 |language=en |publisher=Institute for Christian Economics |access-date=October 17, 2022 |archive-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819171820/http://www.garynorth.com/freebooks/docs/a_pdfs/newslet/cr/8803.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.garynorth.com/freebooks/docs/a_pdfs/newslet/position/8701.pdf |title=Chilton, Sutton, and Dominion Theology |last1=North |first1=Gary |author1-link=Gary North (economist) |date=March 25, 1997 |language=en |website=garynorth.com |access-date=October 17, 2022 |archive-date=August 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819171826/http://www.garynorth.com/freebooks/docs/a_pdfs/newslet/position/8701.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5rmIKKLwDAC&q=gary+north%2C+ray+sutton&pg=PA39 |title=The Covenantal Kingdom: A Brief Summary of the Biblical Argument for Postmillennialism |isbn=9781930092235 |last1=Smith |first1=Ralph |year=1999 |access-date=January 2, 2021 |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017182808/https://books.google.com/books?id=V5rmIKKLwDAC&q=gary+north%2C+ray+sutton&pg=PA39 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sutton served as Dean and Associate Professor of New Testament at the [[Reformed Episcopal Seminary]] in Philadelphia from 1991 until 1995; and Dean and Professor of Theology at [[Cranmer Theological House]] in Shreveport, Louisiana from 1995 until 2001. Since the Synod of the Reformed Episcopal Diocese of Mid America in February 2013, he is once again the president of Cranmer Theological House based in the Houston area. Cranmer House also supports a satellite campus in Dallas at Sutton's parish, The Church of the Holy Communion (The DMA Pro Cathedral).

Sutton was ordained a bishop coadjutor of the Reformed Episcopal Church in 1999 and arrived at the Church of the Holy Communion in 2001.

==Works==
Sutton has authored several theology works:
* ''[[Daniel Waterland|The Sacramental Theology of Daniel Waterland]]'' (Doctoral Thesis—Coventry University), 1998.
* ''Signed, Sealed and Delivered: A Study of Holy Baptism'', Classical Anglican Press, Houston, TX (2001). {{ISBN|1-893293-54-8}}
* [https://www.stevemacias.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/captains_and_courts-1.pdf ''Captains and Courts, a Biblical Defense of Episcopal Government''].
* ''Second Chance: Biblical Principals of Divorce and Remarriage, Biblical Hope for the Divorced, Biblical Blueprint Series Vol. #10'', The Institute for Christian Economics, (1988).
* ''That You May Prosper : Dominion by Covenant'', The Institute for Christian Economics, (1987).
* [http://freebooks.entrewave.com/freebooks/docs/a_pdfs/rswf.pdf ''Who Owns the Family? : God or the State? Biblical Blueprint Series Vol. #03''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505034441/http://freebooks.entrewave.com/freebooks/docs/a_pdfs/rswf.pdf |date=May 5, 2006 }}, Dominion Press, [[Ft. Worth, TX]], (1986).
* Ray Sutton, [[David Chilton]], [[Gary DeMar]], Victoria T. deVries, Michael Gilstrap, ''[[Power for Living]]'', Arthur S. DeMoss Foundation, (1983).

===Articles===
* [http://www.garynorth.com/freebooks/docs/a_pdfs/newslet/sutton/8804.pdf Sutton, Ray R. "Covenantal Evil." Covenant Renewal 2 (1988) 4.]
* Sutton, Ray R. "Oath and Symbol." Covenant Renewal 3 (1989) 4: 1–4.
* Sutton, Ray R. "Clothing and Calling." in The Reconstruction of the Church. Christianity and Civilization Vol 4. ed. [[James B. Jordan]]. Tyler, Texas: Geneva Ministries, (1985).
* Sutton, Ray R. "The Saturday Night Church and the Liturgical Nature of Man." in The Reconstruction of the Church. Christianity and Civilization Vol 4. ed. [[James B. Jordan]]. [[Tyler, Texas]]: Geneva Ministries, (1985).
* Ray R. Sutton, "The Church as a Shadow Government," Christianity and Civilization III: Tactics of Christian Resistance, Geneva Divinity School, (1983).
* Ray Sutton, "The Baptist Failure", Christianity & Civilization, [[James B. Jordan]], ed., Geneva Divinity School, (1982).

===Editor===
* ''What is Anglicanism?'', Latimer Press (2004), by Mark F. M. Clavier, co-edited by Ray Sutton and Peter C. Moore.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{commons category-inline}}

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= Welcome to AnglicanWiki =

'''AnglicanWiki''' is a collaborative project to collect and share knowledge about the Anglican tradition — its history, doctrine, liturgy, saints, parishes, and people.

Our goal is to provide a resource faithful to the historic Christian faith, grounded in Scripture and the ancient creeds, and shaped by the Anglican formularies.

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== Getting Started ==
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